فهرست مطالب issa ebrahimzadeh

Today, knowledge-based urban development (KBUD) is a model of development that seeks to achieve sustainability components through the strengthening of urban knowledge-based foundations to provide the grounds for continuous growth and development of the city by continuously injecting knowledge into productive activities. The purpose of this research is to identify and rank effective spatial and functional requirements to transform Tehran into a knowledge-based city. This research is based on a developmental-applicative goal in terms of nature and analytical-exploratory method. According to the purpose of the research, which is to identify the spatial and functional requirements of a Knowledge-based city, a combined documentary and field method was used to collect the necessary information, which is done in two main parts, descriptive and analytical. To compare and rank the identified spatial and functional requirements, the improved fuzzy hierarchical analysis model or fuzzy Buckley was used. The results of this research indicated that to transform the city of Tehran into a knowledge-based city, in the field of variable spatial requirements, the "multiplicity of knowledge-based companies" with a weight of 0.167 was the most important requirement for transforming the city of Tehran into a knowledge-based city after that, "development of knowledge-based industries" and "the existence of science and technology parks" are ranked in the next important positions with 0.148 and 0.133 ranks respectively, with a score of 0.163, the variable "absence of obstacles to the establishment of knowledge-based businesses" with a score of 0.144 and the variable "the presence of a field for attracting knowledge-based personnel" with a final score of 0.130 is in the first to third places of importance for transforming the city of Tehran into a knowledge-based city, respectively. In the end, some suggestions were made to achieve this goal.

One of the problems in cities which had been followed by serious challenges for the city and citizens from different directions is the existence of abandoned and unused lands in various areas as well as the city districts. This problem which is nowadays one of the main concerns of managers and city officials has been itself, the reason of many social, environmental, sanitary and economic problems in cities. The objective of this paper is to survey the role of abandoned lands in the urban instability at the three dimensions of social, economic and environmental (case study: Ilam city).

The type of research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptiveanalytical in terms of nature and method. To collect the data, the library and survey method were used. The statistical community of the investigated research includes land and housing experts in Ilam city; the sample size of the research was determined through Cochran's formula of 311 people that were questioned by stratified sampling method. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software, as well as some testing methods e.g. T test, and linear regression.

The obtained results from data analysis show that the abandoned lands effect on the urban instability in the three dimensions of environmental, economic and social. Among them, according to the obtained coefficients, the effect of abandoned lands on the environmental instability in the study area is more than that on the other two studied dimensions.

In overall, it could be said if the urban land is used and managed properly, there is no need to its physical development up to the next few decades and, it could be achieved to a sustainable urban form.

Establishing service centers in counties is among the main elements in improving social welfare. Nowadays, the majority of counties not only face a shortage in service centers but also an unbalanced distribution of services. In turn, efficiency measurement of counties regarding establishing service centers is in great importance. Hence, it is essential to improve the efficiency of urban services, while distributing services in a way by which all counties are provided with balanced services. This study aims to evaluate the efficient counties in terms of having service centers. Descriptive-analytic method was applied to achieve the mentioned aim. Data was also collected using documentary and library methods. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model is one of the effective ways to measure efficiency. The present study investigates the performance and efficiency of 17 counties in West Azerbaijan province in terms of having service centers using CCR and BCC models in data envelopment analysis method. The results indicate only 6 counties on CCR model and 7 counties on BCC model are relatively efficient and the remaining ones are inefficient. Finally, inefficient counties are modeled and the improvements needed for them to meet the efficiency boundary are explained.

Looking at the process of development and economic growth of developed and developing countries, it is observed that despite the fact that our country is rich in terms of resources, geographical location and economic development it has always been one of the middle countries. But so far regional studies have not mentioned the status of future approach in regional planning system and have merely addressed everyday issues of minor importance in order to aiming for Planning system. This research is a practical-developmental in purpose and descriptive-analytical in method. Combining documentary and survey data using Delphi techniques we tried to identify effective factors in lack of attention to the future approach research in the process of regional planning system, with a case study of Northern provinces and using MICMAC Analytical Techniques and Software. Key Factors influencing the future approach research in the process of regional planning system with emphasis on the Northern provinces were identify and explained. The results of the analysis show that factors such as the sovereignty of economic planning, the way of choosing the goals and tools of developing programs, lack of attention to possible future scenarios and centralization of the planning system is one of the main reasons for not paying attention to the future approach researches in the planning system process. Finally, appropriate solutions were presented to improve the process of logical planning system

Green economy is one of the new topics in scientific societies in recent decades; its goal is human welfare and social justice by creating confidence in environmental protection along with economic growth. But achieving such a stage of sustainability depends on fully recognizing the ecological potential of each land as a platform for economic growth and development. Each region has a certain level of power and talent that must be evaluated before investing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological potential of the land in order to achieve a green economy in the province of West Azarbaijan. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. First, a list of destructive factors and their severity in West Azarbaijan province was compiled by qualitative method and through interviews with 10 experts, and then the vulnerability of the province was calculated with the "Makhdoom" destruction model. After determining the three characteristics of the destruction model, the destruction coefficient in each of the land units was examined and analyzed. In total, the destruction coefficient for the province was estimated to be 36.92, which is in the sensitive range and requires protection measures. Then the ecological potential of the province in three areas of residential, tourism and industrial development has been studied. Using information layers and GIS software environment, effective factors in ecological potential assessment were determined, weighted, evaluated and the resulting layers were drawn, and finally an ecological capacity map was prepared for the three mentioned uses. A brief look at the research results indicates the difference in the ecological potential of the counties of the province and also the difference in the three components in each city. According to the results, in the field of ecological potential of residential development; Poldasht, Mako, Bukan counties have the most potential and Sardasht, Chaldoran and Takab counties have the least capacity. In the field of tourism, Poldasht, Sardasht and Shahindej counties have the most, and Salmas, Piranshahr and Oshnoyeh counties have the least potential. In terms of industry development capacity, Shut, Bukan and Miandoab counties have the highest capacity and Sardasht, Oshnoyeh and Chaldoran counties have the lowest capacity.

In fact the crisis is a large and specific psychosocial stressor that disrupts conventional patterns of life and social reactions and creates new needs with physical and financial injuries threats and dangers. Crisis management as a systematic process is obliged to identify and predict potential crises in different areas with proper understanding of the past, present and future and then formulate active preventive systems against them. So, there should always be asset of plans and practical programs to deal with future crises in order to be prepared to face unpredictable events for managers; therefore, crises management emphasizes the necessity for regular prediction and preparation to deal with those internal and external issues that seriously threaten the life of the organization.

The present study aims at presenting a social crisis management model with a security approach in Sistan and Baluchistan province. For this reason, 30 crisis management officials of the province were interviewed deeply using qualitative method and data-focused theory. The data set which were collected after continuous comparison process of data and open, axial and selective coding, were organized into five identity, influence and 3 security-political, managerial and social-cultural classes.

The final result of data analysis collected in the form of social crisis management model with security approach in Sistan and Baluchistan province was presented. This model aims at explaining the important features and indices of each crisis related to the model according to environmental conditions of Sistan and Baluchistan province.

In fact, these findings show social-security crisis management perspective of Sistan and Baluchistan province that can be used as a model for policymaking and decision-making in crisis situations.

Regarding the affordances of an online learning environments, it is expected that such environments facilitate teaching and learning processes and increase higher-order thinking skills, especially critical thinking skills. However, evidence suggests that many of online learning courses are designed in ways that do not carry the required capacity to enhance higher order thinking skills such as t critical thinking skills. The purpose of this study is to design and validate a model for reinforcing students' critical thinking skills in an online learning environment.

The present study uses a mixed-method research approach including content analysis and survey. The content analysis focused on a corpus of all research articles indexed in the database. We used a targeted sampling method for inclusion. For survey research we used a convenient sampling method to select among the body of experts in the field of instructional technology. The sample size included 20 participants.The instrument used for the survey was developed by the researcher and was validated using a expert panel of seven experts in the field of instructional technology. The reliability of the tool was ensured using a test-retest method. The correlation coefficient (0.94) between the two tests was significant at the level of p = 0.01.

The findings of the research indicated that the proposed model elements for reinforcement the students' critical thinking skills in the online learning environment, including the presentation of the problem and the stimulating events, explored and searched the nature of the problem, the discussion, and argumentation about the proposed problem, the presentation of the solution, cognitive presence and social presence. Guided by the observed themes, we also came up with proposed design model. Finally, the themes were cross validated in consultation with a subgroup of 20 experts in the field of educational technology.

Based on the results of the present study, the presentation of the problem or stimulating events should happen in the early phase of the instructional design model. In the next stage, the learning environment should provide an opportunity for students to explore the nature of the problem. This stage should be followed by an opportunity for learners to discuss different sides of the problem and ultimately present their solutions and reasoning that comes with it. Both social and teaching presence are elements that are present throughout the steps and processes of reinforcement critical thinking skills in online learning environments. The two aspects are important in design of learning environment because they create not only an affective bond for students but also balance and systematize the process of learning activities.The results of the present study indicate that online learning environments, if designed systematically and following sound design principles as shown in the present study, have the very potential to enhance critical thinking skills.

The present is carried out aimed at developing a plan for development and sustainable rural livelihoods with an emphasis on Baghdan village in Nikshahr county. Accordingly, a  participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method is used to collect the research data. Data analysis is also performed using the Seven Capital and the Radar Models. The participants of the study consist of 23 experts who are selected purposefully. The findings of the research showed that Baghdan village has appropriate natural and social capital, and its human capital is increasing. At the same time, it is found that the village does not have good spatial capital. However, according to the existing context and the demand of the villagers, implementing the scenario of relocating the village in the proposed location will create new spatial and employment opportunities for the village and villagers. There are also some weaknesses in the infrastructural capitals of the village that they can be addressed by implementing the relocation scenario. Besides, there also some weaknesses in the institutional capital of the village in terms of legal documentation. The development plans for tourism and agriculture have some problems in terms of the coordination of inter-organizational programs, and the effectiveness of the programs for job creation and livelihoods is also under question. Finally, according to the radar model and based on the opportunities available in each of the seven capitals of the village, the future development and employment plan of Baghdan village is elaborated.

Basically, the earthquake is one of the natural disasters that have devastating effects on human settlements, causing heavy casualties and deaths on their inhabitants. At the same time, the physical vulnerability of the city has a direct impact on human-induced casualties. Usually, the vulnerability is aggravated by uncontrolled construction in faults, non-observance of standards and standards, inappropriate distribution of population and facilities in the city. An analysis of how to resist threats and mitigate their effects, based on the results, will be necessary to explain the relationship between physical and organizational resilience to this natural hazard. Now, the present study has been carried out to assess the level of urban blocks in Piranshahr. The research method is descriptive-analytical, using ANP model and GIS (Geographical Information System (GIS)), a scientific estimation of the city's resilience using spatial and non-spatial data. The results of the analysis show that 27% of the city's area has low and very low resilience, 56% moderate resilience and 17% high resilience. Hence, in the spatial dimension of the city, residential buildings and other physical elements located in old urban areas of the old age (parts of the south, west and east of the city) are more vulnerable than the newly built neighborhoods of the city (north and northeast of the city), which management Urban and national and regional planners can exploit these findings to make good use of urban regeneration.

Water is a common treasure of humans, and the destruction of water resources is the destruction of the foundations of development. A critical look at the urban and regional overview and plans suggests that it is important to look at signs of a change from traditional thinking to a systemic look at the developing waters. According to the international standards, the city of Birjand is among the water sensitized cities and the assessment of water institutional capacity to improve management performance in the studied area seems critical. The present study is a quantitative and qualitative approach in terms of analytical-descriptive method and, accordingly, is an applied objective. In order to collect required information and documentary documents, 50 questionnaires were completed by the experts of the urban area, water, including policymakers, managers and experienced water and technical experts in the city of Birjand. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos statistical software, using structural equation modeling, analytical and analytical methods. The results of the analysis suggest that the relationship between politics and laws is significant in enhancing institutional capacity, while strengthening the institutional capacity of water to improve and develop the operational capacity of water management. Therefore, encouraging private sector participation, user participation and order in accountability and accountability The least impact and decentralization of laws and the use of new science and technology have the greatest impact on institutional capacity building in the study area. Hence, institutional reform of water is necessary to increase the efficiency, productivity and development of water distribution justice in Birjand, and the final strategy of water management change is to stimulate the collective will of the activists in a single direction in order to achieve a desirable water governance.

The urban development strategy approach as a strategic plan in responding to management inefficiency and reducing the quality of life of cities since 1999 has been raised with the goal of reducing poverty, sustainable development and promoting participatory and good urban governance. In the meantime, one of the CDS axes has been neighborhood-based approach and attention to urban neighborhoods. Therefore, the present research intends to prioritize the neighborhood (Darb Shazdeh, Bazaar Morgh Market, Sang siyah and Sare Duzak) in eight district based on four principles of urban development strategy (good urban governance, bankiness, viability and competitiveness). Required data were collected through library studies and completed questionnaires. The statistical population of this study is citizens of four neighborhoods of the neighborhoods of the eight district of Shiraz (N = 24871), which was selected using Cochran formula. 318 people were selected and a proportional to each neighborhood population was distributed randomly in the neighborhood. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software and one-sample T-test were used and the Ralspi model was used for leveling the neighborhoods. The results of a single-sample T test indicate that the overall mean of urban development strategy indicators at the level of these neighborhoods is at an unsatisfactory level. The findings of this model indicate that from the total area of study, the neighborhoods of Sare Duzak and Darbe Shazdeh, respectively, with the first and second rank, with a final score of 0.5109 and 0.4634, to some extent, and Bazzar Morgh locations and Sang siyah are at a very depreciated level with a final score of 0/1638 and 0/0052 respectively. In 2016, almost 50% the 7.3 billion people in the world resided in cities. It is estimated that about 67% of world's population will live in cities by 2050. Such a situation has created a huge demand for the development of basic infrastructures and provided the basis for a serious study of urban planners and planners, as well as for the politicians.  In addition to these, the complexity of urban systems and the inefficiencies of traditional methods that provide case solutions and inability of these methods to meet the existing multidimensional needs and problems has caused many developing cities, Without a proper and comprehensive program, it is in a state of fragility and faced an excessive spread of poverty and an uncertain future. Hence, in response to the uncertain future of the future, management inefficiency and quality of life in cities, a new urban planning approach called the Urban Development Strategy (CDS) has been created by the Alliance of Cities since 1999, that of its goals, increasing competitiveness, efficiency, improving the quality of housing, reducing poverty and improving urban management can be counted. The present study is based on the nature of practical and in terms of method, descriptive-analytical. Data and information collection was done by using both documentary and field method (questionnaire). The statistical population of this study is citizens of four neighborhoods of the neighborhoods of the eight district of Shiraz (N=24871). Using Cochran's formula, 318 people were selected and the research questionnaire proportional to the population of each neighborhood was distributed and completed in a simple random method. In order to analyze the collected data, SPSS software and T-test one-way test were used.  Finally, the RALSPI model has been used to evaluate the total urban development strategy indices and the ranking of neighborhoods surveyed. It should be noted that for comparison of each criterion and indicators of the urban development strategy in this model, after obtaining the opinion of 20 relevant experts (Using personal estimate) we used an ANP model to weigh each criterion. The averages of the urban development strategy indices in the studied neighborhoods indicate that in the good urban governance index, the average of most components is less than the initial set value of the test, that is, the numerical value is 3. So that apart from the "concordance orientation" component, the mean value of other good urban governance factors is less than the average of the test. Therefore, the average of the sample can be generalized to the total inhabitants of the studied neighborhoods. In the banking index, the numerical mean of "security infrastructure" and "communication infrastructure" is more than the set value of the test, that is, the number 3. The components of "educational infrastructure" and "security infrastructure" with the mean values of 2.20 and 3.45, respectively, were the lowest and most average. Therefore, the total average banking level at the neighborhood is 2.77. In the livability index, the average of all components of life is lower than the assumed mean of the test. Meanwhile, the components of "urban challenge" and "infrastructure" with average value of 2.72 and 2.25 have the highest and lowest average values and Also, the average life livability is equal to 2.44, which indicates that the neighborhoods of the Shiraz area of eight are unfavorable. Finally, in the Competitiveness Index, the average for all factors related to the "Competitiveness" factor is less than the average value of the test. So that the urban infrastructure, which is considered as one of the main factors of the growth and development of the city and neighborhoods and the main factor in the competitiveness issue, is with average (2.16) lower the limit of desirability compared to other indicators. Also, the total average competitiveness is 2.29, which is lower than the average. The present study aims to evaluate neighborhoods (Bazar-Morgh, Darbe Shazdeh, Sare duzak, Sang siyah) in the 8th district of Shiraz based on four principles of urban development strategy and itsindicators. The results of the research indicate that the general mean of urban development strategy indices in the neighborhoods is lower than the average. So, in the Good Governorate Index, the Darbe Shazdeh Neighborhood with an average of 2.73 in the best situation and the Sang Siyah area with an average of 0.00 is in the worst position. In the bankability indexes of the Darbe Shazdeh and Sare duzak, due to the existence of bankability branches and commercial position of these neighborhoods, the area is located at a better level and the Sang Siyah area with the average of 2.37 is located in the lowest category. In the livability index, the Sare duzak and Sang siyah were arranged at an average of 2.93 and 1.63 in the best and worst conditions. Finally, in the competitiveness index of the Sare Duzak neighborhood with an average of 2.62 in the best situation and the Sang siyah with an average of 2.00 is in a bad position. In the end, in order to rank the neighborhoods of the eight district of Shiraz in terms of urban development strategy indicators, the RALSPI model was used because of decreasing the amount of indices' success. The findings of this model indicate that from the total area of study, the neighborhoods of Sare Duzak and Darbe Shazdeh, respectively, with the first and second rank, with a final score of 0.5109 and 0.4634 at a partly favorable level and the neighborhoods Bazar Morgh and Sang siyah with a final score of 1,6383 and 0.0052 at the most deprived level.

This paper aims to design and validate a model for evaluation of educational aspect in distance education system. As an applied research, an exploratory mixed methods approach was used.  The participants in the qualitative study included 15 professors and researchers who were purposefully selected and interviewed. The statistical sample in the quantitative part of the study consisted of 215 managers, planners and experts of Payam Noor University Central Organization who were selected by convenience sampling and were asked to complete the research questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 52 indices whose content validity was evaluated by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89. Open and axial coding was used to analyze the qualitative data, and confirmatory factor analysis was used in addition to the central tendency indices. The findings showed that a comprehensive model of educational evaluation in a distance education system consisted of following seven aspects: Organization, teacher, learner, pedagogy and technology generation, educational materials and content; educational methods and approaches; and learning time and place.  It also revealed that this model covers 52 indicators which can be used for evaluating educational aspects of the system via appropriate appraising methodology and tools.

The purpose of this paper is to provide solutions for improving the professional competencies of teachers and determine their effectiveness. In this mixed method study, the strategies were extracted through the study of authoritative internal and external resources and the review of the views of the experts. They were classified in four categories based on "Teacher Education Curriculum Architecture in Iran". They were classified under four headings: Competencies related to subject knowledge, Competencies related to educational knowledge, Competencies related to subject-oriented training, and Competencies related to general knowledge. The views of some people of four groups including faculty members, teachers of teacher training students, outstanding teachers, student teachers about the status and priority of the effectiveness of the solutions were collected and analyzed. The average solution rates for all responses were the same in all cases (with the exception of two cases). These results show that there is a similarity (at least on the basis of statistical analysis), about the identified strategies, between the views of experts (university professors) and stakeholders (teachers and student teachers). This shows the alignment of the fields of "opinion" and "action" which makes it easier to plan the professional growth programs for teachers. Also, the "acquisition of competencies related to subject knowledge" strategies with the highest average of 84/15 have the highest ability and the "acquisition of competences in the subject-oriented training" with the average of 52/95 have the least ability.

Councils are the tools of civil society that after the victory of the glorious Islamic Revolution, with regard to the emphasis and innocents Holy Quran and also due to the necessity of implementing decentralization and local organizations, their formation was considered. In this study, using constitution and law administration tasks, duties and Council elections has been the responsibility of the Council To review and compare the three periods of Council approvals in the Kashmar city in three areas of development - physical, social - cultural and economic - financial have paid. The research method is analytical - descriptive and quantitative analysis and substantive decisions of the City Council in three periods of activity were evaluated using analysis of variance. However, the result of analysis using ANOVA test shows a lack of strategic vision and clear vision for urban development, reflected in the decisions of the City Council. However, in comparison approvals in each of the three areas of civil, economic and social, nearly ⅔ approvals related to the field of development, approximately ⅓ of the economic and only about 8.5% of the total three resolutions related to the cultural. This indicates that the social - neglected to a large proportion of the city council and in the economic domain, although steps have been taken, but the main concern of the Council of Civil is Sector development that are of interest to most citizens.

Quality of Life is a concept used to chart the development of welfare in a society and has two (qualitative) and objective (quantitative) aspects. Measuring the quality of life in the mental dimension is essential in order to monitor development plans in urban areas. Consequently, the city of Konarak, which is one of the most deprived areas of the country (southern province of Sistan and Baluchestan), has more than one of the indicators of development and quality of life, doubles the necessity and value of this research. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the quality of mental-perceptual life and explain some effective factors. It was done in the city. The research method was descriptive-analytic and its field information was collected based on a completed questionnaire and a simple random sampling method. The statistical population of the research consisted of all households in the city of Conarak, including 7975 households. The sample was calculated using Cochran's method of 310 people. The validity of the research instrument (questionnaire) was confirmed by expert opinion and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 898/0. Data were analyzed using one-group t-test, Pearson correlation analysis and variance analysis using SPSS software. The results of the research showed that the quality of life in the economic, social and physical-environmental dimensions is less than average and the average value is (2.85). Nevertheless, the results of the analysis show that there is a significant relationship between the level of education, occupational status, average land ownership and durable goods, along with the level of fidelity, and the quality of mental life, but there is not much relation between the type of housing ownership and the quality of life.

Cities have always been a place of invention, innovation and creativity. In fact, in a creative environment conducive to the training of human creativity that provide breeding grounds have delivered the creativity of their residents. Cities have always been a place of invention, innovation and creativity. In fact, in a creative environment conducive to the training of human creativity that provide breeding grounds have delivered the creativity of their residents. The present study sought to assess the situation in Zahedan is the creative city indices. The research method is the analytical and practical purpose. Obtaining data and information, both documentary and field (questionnaire) in five indicators: participation, urban diversity, the vibrancy of urban spaces and communication technologies, efficiency and effectiveness, has been made. The study population consisted of Zahedan residents (575,116 people) through the sample and the sample size of 323 was calculated and randomly distributed. Spss software for data analysis and statistical tests of analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis were used. The results of analysis of variance among regions creative city of Zahedan in terms of indices, there is a In the final classification, based on the average of indices creative city, Zahedan, lower than average, average and unfavorable respectively. Now in order to fulfill in Zahedan, according to research findings, helpful strategies presented in the paper.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial distribution of service utilities and the layering of urban neighborhoods in Dehgolan, Kordestan province, with a social justice approach. The method of carrying out the research is descriptive-analytic and for this purpose, ANP models, the nearest neighbors, Moran and TOPSIS techniques have been applied. Also, the Super Decision has been used for ArcGIS software to perform this operation. The results of the research indicate that there is a social and spatial inequality in terms of having urban services and significant differences between the neighborhoods of Dehgolan so that the most affluent neighborhood with a degree of 0. 6 is far from the most deprived area with a 0. 05 degree.

Context: Promoting the quality of learning and teaching processes at the tertiary level, including distance education, has been considered as a strategic approach by policy makers in higher education, throughout the world. For this reason a reliable and comprehensive evaluation mechanism can play an important role in assessing the current situation and identifying the needs and problems from one hand and identifying the most important appraisal indicators on the other hand. This study aimed at critically reviewing the literature and theoretical frameworks of previous relevant researches to highlight the most important components and indicators that must be applied in appraising distance education.
Due to the importance of using the findings of previous studies as a foundation for extracting the most important appraisal indicators, 42 national and international research studies relevant to the evaluation of distance education were selected and analyzed, which were published in refereed journals during year 2006 to 2015. The eligibility criteria for selecting these studies were their relevance to any aspect of distance education. For this reason and in order to identify indicators, the content of these studies were analyzed based on the open coding method. Later on, all findings were categorized, outlined, and summarized according to the main components, which may form a comprehensive evaluation system for distance education at the higher education level.
The findings of this meta-synthesis showed that pedagogical knowledge, technology, learning organization, educator, learner, learning content, teaching models and strategies, time, place and space were the most important components of a comprehensive appraisal system that should be considered in evaluating distance education systems and its mechanisms and processes, continuously.
The rise of distance education in Iran’s higher education sector has urged that new comprehensive evaluation system has to be applied as a platform for improving and guaranteeing the quality of learning and teaching processes, curriculum and learning materials, and even the way by which these institutions are managed. Consequently, it is important to be assured that our policies and practices in higher distance education are on the right pathway. Therefore, based on the theoretical frameworks and studies performed before, the outcome of this meta-synthesis however, has highlighted some critical components which are necessary to be taken into account if this system has to be evaluated comprehensively.

Social capital is a spiritual and an intellectual dimension of the community, which has received considerable attention in development debates  over the past decades. The present viewpoint indicates the importance of the role and influence  of components on and relationships with other  development components including economic, cultural, physical etc. On the other hand, utilizing  social capital along with other resources leads to the growth of any society, since it facilitates social action and reduces cost of interactions.  Trust, coherence, participation, awareness social are among the components of social capital that are prerequisites for any development. One of the main components contributing to the  explanation of social capital is security. Given  that women account for half of the population,  addressing women’s issues, including security as social and human capital, is one of the most urgent needs of our society today. It is necessary to measure women social capital and its role in explaining the level of security. According to the above mentioned facts, the aim of this study  is to measure social capital of women in five  regions of Zahedan and its role in explaining their security. We followed Giddens, Coleman and Pontham theories. Regarding the studied components, this study is an applied study based on its goal and a descriptive-analytical  one regarding its methodology. The statistical  population includes all women living in Zahedan  (A total of 288180 women based on 2016 statistical data). The sample size is estimated as 383  using Cochran formula. Data were collected by random sampling. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach’s  alpha coefficient. The relationship between social capital variables and security was measured and analyzed using statistical and inferential  methods and Spss software. The results indicate  there is a significant relationship between social  capital and women’s security.

The rapid growth of urbanization and the expansion of industrial activities over the past few decades has reduced urban infrastructure and increased environmental waste (Ebrahimzadeh, 2009: 29). The growing urban community, driven by the extraordinary growth of population and migration, has led to unplanned and unsustainable urban development, creating many changes in their spatial development. (Bartonet, 2003: 18). At the same time, one of the factors influencing on the problems
of urbanization and urbanism is the lack of attention to the spatial effects of economic policies in the countries; the lack of a logical connection between the distribution and allocation of investments with the factor of space and location on the one hand and Distribution of resources, on the other hand,
involves unwanted spatial effects, including imbalances in the distribution of facilities and
inequalities of income between regions and the tendency to focus on one or more limited points. Due to the importance of the role that middle cities can play, the need for research around it is felt more and more. In this research Iranshahr has been studied in Sistan and Baluchestan, the city has a heterogeneous development. In fact, due to its location among agricultural lands, its development has generally been associated with the degradation of agricultural lands, but due to rapid population development and the physical development of the city, the urgency of planned development is highly felt. So, the direction of physical development with regard to the factors influencing this development should be such that, along with the favorable physical development of the city, the least damage to the agricultural lands should be made and it can be achieved by preserving the environment for sustainable development of the city. ; A development in which economic, social, and physical goals are linked.
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Geography and Development, 16nd Year, No.50, Spring 2018 Methods and material In this research, using a cross sectional descriptive approach, sought to evaluate the country’s condition in terms of the sustainability of human development. Then , the economic, social, environmental and physical (architectural) features of Iranshahr city in terms of development indicators were evaluated and analyzed and were compared with the average urban system in Iran using the Wilcoxon test, the results of which were presented and explained in this study. Compared to the average urban system. Therefore, consistent with the applied and developmental nature of the study, for the optimal planning and moving towards sustainable urban development in Iranshahr, the most significant and effective variables were selected, accordingly. Then, based on the existing conditions, each variable was assessed and weighed using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and then were analyzed by Wilcoxon Test and Expert Choice software.
Results and Discussion The results of Wilcoxon test analysis and the use of the AHP model and Expert Choice software indicate that in total, According to the analytical results of the Wilcoxon test, "Iranshahr City does not have a better performance than the average urban system in terms of sustainable urban development indicators." Of the four factors examined, the physical factor with a score of 0.468 is the most influential factor and in the first priority. As well as economic, socio-cultural and biological
indicators, with the score of 0.266 , 0.189 and0.078 , the priorities of the second, third and fourth ranking are in the indicators of sustainable urban development. At the same time, among the indicators of physical, residential, health and educational per capita are the top priority for planning. And among the economic indicators, minimizing unemployment, facilitating investment and employment are the highest priority. Among the socio-cultural indicators, poverty reduction and social disparities, change in behavior and change in consumption patterns are most important. Finally, among the indicators of biology, providing safe drinking water and providing comprehensive transportation plans are most important in the planning and sustainability of the city of Iranshahr.

The city of Iranshahr has had Extensive physical development in recent decades. At the same time, lack of proper development in terms of urban sustainability is clearly visible. Therefore, in order to analyze the level of stability of the city of Iranshahr, this study firstly compares the indicators of sustainability of this city with the urban system of the country. The results of the comparative study show that in general, the stability of this city is not significantly different from the urban average of
the country. The results of Wilcoxon test analysis and the use of AHP model and Expert Choice software indicate that in total According to the analytical results of the Wilcoxon test, "Iranshahr City does not have a better performance than the average urban system in terms of sustainable urban development indicators." Of the four factors examined the physical factor and most influential factor in the first
priority. As well as economic, socio-cultural and biological indicators, the priorities of the second,
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third and fourth ranking are in the indicators of sustainable urban development. At the same time, among the indicators of physical, residential, health and educational per capita are the top priority for planning. And among the economic indicators, minimizing unemployment, facilitating investment and employment are the highest priority. Among the socio-cultural indicators, poverty reduction and social disparities, change in behavior and change in consumption patterns are most important. Finally, among the indicators of biology, providing safe drinking water and providing a
comprehensive transportation plan are most important in the planning and sustainability of the city of
Iranshahr. In general, and given the priorities, the natural, climatic, economic, and social
characteristics of the city of Iranshahr and the existing challenges, planning in the field of physical,
socio-cultural and economic is very necessary.

Land use planning is at outmost importance in urban planning. Monitoring and spatial organizing of local and functions of cities is an important factor in resistant development. The resistance of residential functions for urban development is important as well. Therefore, this study tends to survey the quantities and qualitativenature of land use of Dehgolan city development process. This study aimed to assess the quality and quantity of urban land use with an emphasis on sustainability and strengthening residential users in Dehgolan. Methods of investigation include analytical - applied method which incompasses the use of qualitative and quantitative assessment of Dehgolan city land use; process across which quantitative assessment criteria for residential users were deployed by making use of rigid planing and author's field observations to provide triangulating suport. In this study, in order to evaluate the quality and consistency of residential users of the software with other users’ and in order to probe qualitative land use consistency for residential purposes an evaluation of ARC GIS and Distance model were applied. The results showed the lack of age of personal share for most users; primarily residential users that was observed to be about 15.11 square meters. Residential neighborhoods possess the so much differnce for the uses adjacency. Therefore, in most residential sites due to the inconsistency in use or lack of residential users dedicated to it.

Housing is a multi-dimensional structure, and it has, economical, social and environmental aspects in addition to physical features. In fact, all these aspects form performance and acceptance of housing. Housing planning for low-income groups, has been one of the major challenges in developing countries. But, the low-income housing is seen only a roof over head in most cases, due to technical and financial constraints. The Mehr housing plan is one of the most expensive low-income housing policies in Iran. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of these policies (with regard to the sustainability of the housing) and to create a measure for evaluating its performance. This research is a descriptive and analytical type. Data collection was done by two survey and library methods. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The multiple and linear regression models, as well as T-test were used. The results showed that the average of all the indicators is below the mean in the fourth level of the model and accessibility sub-criterion has been minimum average among others. Only the quantitative dimension is equal to theoretical average in the third level conceptual model of research. In the second level of model, only the economic dimension has been mediocre. The sustainability housing index (which is a combination of four dimensions), is lower than the average in the first level of model. In addition, the results of the regression analysis showed that housing sustainability and its sub-criteria were affected the Mehr housing performance indicators greatly.

Climatic changes and environmental degradation has had a significant impact on the movement of people around the world. Reactions of people is different in response to the climatic changes and the most important reaction of people is toward the environmental deterioration and removal of the relocation risk, that migrations caused by climatic changes and its consequences form the shape of climate refugee. The idea of Climatic refugee or climatic change refugee is a relatively new idea. Lack of adaptability and the required capacity for climatic changes are the most important causes of the humans vulnerability. Southern Khorasan Province located in the southeast of Iran is one of the places vulnerable to climatic changes. In this study to assess the climatic changes, the precipitation and temperature data and the number of days of dust and groundwater resources have been used for 20 years up to 2014. To identify and predict the climatic changes of South Khorasan province, Statistical Down Scaling Model (SDSM) by using LARS- WG model and Evaluation Indices of climatic changes have been used. For the assessment, the climatic changes of 10 stations of the province for period 2010-2030 have been made under Lars Model. By using such data, firstly ,the centers of the crisis due to the climatic changes have been identified and zoned in GIS environment. Then the dispersion of the settlements which are subject to such risks has been specified. For the assessment of climatic refugees, the migration statistics of year 1996 and up to 2011 have been used and the rural settlements at these areas which have been evacuated and removed in this period have been determined. Processing of climatic data shows that most of the province districts were affected by climatic changes, but south of the province centered by Nehbandan, has had the greatest impacts of climatic changes. These events led to population displacement and the formation of climatic refugees in the south of the province and the population of the southern provinces has moved to the north of the province. The human settlements of the province in 1996 was equal to 61.76 percent which decreased to 45.61 percent in 2011. So that the role of climatic changes in the last 20 years is evident with the challenges such as drought, degradation of water resources, desertification, particularly in the west and south part of the province.

Today, in urban system with Service dense centralization, Facilities and infrastructures in the big populated cities and dominance of large cities in an region, has been occurrence cause polarized urban system in each of the country's urban zones. this phenomenon of Inharmonious, preserved his advantages and governance on the middle and small cities and so create many problem underhand these towns and their rural hinterland. now in order to solve the problem and exit from the crisis, urgent need for planning at all levels cities, especially small towns. because this group of the town since the, they have the role of linkages and linkage between rural and middle town and then big cities, can be provide level of service for them, provided context up to this group of towns get of the performance and power necessary for services residents of influence area that in provided necessary context for to prevent unwanted movement, control and stabilize population. therefore, the population of until yesterday must to spend a lot of time and costs in the other city for buy their need, now they can spend lesser time and cost buy their need in the small town. also this event will help Up to addition reduce intensity of population movements to the big and middle cities, over time this group of small town will have greater functional strength and will act as a center of attraction spheres of influence population. eventually, this pattern help to the balanced in urban system at the regional level and definitely will decrease if the population difference and a large gap between the big city, middle and small town. In order to pursue and the realization of this important in this study, analysis amount the role of jouybar city among the major city and important and effective Mazandaran province in the spatial and locative distribution of population and influence spread, to analysis population and size cities, analysis regional resources, spatial analysis of regional communications, analysis accesses and also analysis performance gap and the other functional analysis have been discussed. What won over all the graces of this paper gives a new method of implementing the Regional Studies in Iran.
Methodology In this paper, the software Promethee Area for analysis and works with data and indicators to be employed. By examining the four areas studied in this research was collected from all the cities of the province, Results of analytical methods and Promethee Fuzzy reflecting the large inequality in terms of entitlement to facilities, infrastructure and services. As big cities of the province have the highest services and go towards the smaller cities of the Midwest group having reduced the rate of decline will take. As part of the (economic, cultural, physical and infrastructural) city of Surrey, above all, the city is located. Middle and small towns that were seen in each of these cities have to have two of the four indices are relative and other parameters to zero or negative benefit. The results of the detailed manner in this study is shown. the results of the analysis findings indicate that the four first county: sari, amol, babol and ghaemshar keep its position as the top four cities in the urban system structure the province of mazandaran in the past decade. analysis result of Lorenz model and Gini coefficient for the periods 1375, 1385 and 1390 showed the presence of inequality of development. also as regards impact the spatialy - locative result of Fuzzy VIKOR model showed that sari county is in the first place, ghaemshar is in second place, babolsar is in the third place and joubar county was the last. the analytical results of original indicators (cultural, physical, economic and infrastructure) affecting on the functioning of county province, that was used PROMETHEE software show that, babolsar only physical indicators is in good condition, but in cultural and infrastructural indicators there is not appropriate facilities. particularly in the economic sector there is the lowest having compared to other three indicators. however this county compared to sari and ghaemshar at located lower in conditions but is richer than to jouybar. but also jouybar county economic indicator is in good condition, but other three indicator, all of them proportionally is in lowest condition and in general has the lowest resources compared to other three county.
Results and Discussion sari county in four of indicators ( cultural, economic, physically and infrastructure) has a good condition compared to other three county. ultimately ghaemshahr county though have facilities relatively adequate in the cultural sector and development but have not suitable condition in terms of economic and physical factors. however this county is lowerdan from sari and higherdan of babolsar and jouybar. analysis of the questionnaire results from the perspective of citizens show that can be held accountable most of residents ana citizen needs. however, in some cases there is a significant shortage that they should be attention more than before. also output results questionnaire analysis of the rural groups shows that jouybar county is able very effectively and efficient act in the their rural sphere of influence. the main results include is rural areas sphere of influence of the jouybar county for fulfilling their needs in the areas of teaching, service, administration, banking, agriculture, and etc in the most cases, they have interact with jouybar county. this important represents a powerful and positive role that is this county in the their sphere of influence is exhibited. however, findings of analytical shows thatv in the jouybar county during past decades from the percentage amount of employment in agricultural sector has declined and the percentage amount of service jobs was added and this suggests that this county the changing of roles, particularly in the agricultural sector and receptive getting new roles in the service. In fact, jouybar county has a growing and development and attract more population from rural sphere of influence and is increasing of offering Services to them. the changing role from the agriculture to services is evidence for functional development.

Today, it is important to assess how urban lands are used to provide a telling picture of urban view and also, urban space allocated to various required applications over time and to achieve the objectives of urban development. Because, it reflects the strengths and weaknesses in the quality and quantity of urban land use. Studying from different perspectives on urban land use shows that stable development approach to land use is importance because it structurally stress on the principle of fairness in the distribution of user space. The study aims to assess the qualitative and quantitative analysis of urban land use with an emphasis on stability of residential usage in Saman city. This research is conducted with descriptive and analytical method. For quantitative assessment uses in this research, the current situation and a detailed plan has been compared; as well, both compatibility and optimal adjacency of urban land-use with residential land-use matrixes. ARCGIS software and ANP network analysis model are used to assess the quality of applications. The quantitive analysis show that residential users per capita in Saman city in a desirable state. The qualitative analysis show noticeable lack of services. It is evident that there is spatial imbalance and inequality in the distribution of municipal services and applications in four areas of the city.