jaber panahandeh

Production of double haploid plants is one of the most important tools to obtain superior parents in order to produce F1 hybrid seeds. Irradiated pollen technique is one of the most successful methods to produce haploid plants in vegetables. In this study, to produce haploid plants in Hani Dew x Samsuri hybrid melon, emasculated flowers were pollenated with gamma irradiated pollens. Pollen grains were irradiated with 100, 200, 300 and 400 Gray of gamma rays. Then the emasculated flowers were pollinated with these irradiated pollens on three different dates (July, August and September). Fruits were harvested 3 to 4 weeks after pollination. Immature embryos were rescued and cultured on E20A medium. Regeneration and shooting occurred after callus production. The results indicated that irradiation dose at 100 gray was the best dose for pollen viability, pollination success and fruit set. Also, June was the best date for these properties. The highest percentage of regeneration was observed at 200 gray Chromosome counting confirmed haploid plants occurrence. Gamma dose at 200 gray and June were the best dose and date to produce haploid plants. These results indicated that irradiation at lower doses could produce haploid plants in a short time and accelerate the process of oblation to F1 hybrid varieties.

The aim of this study was to evaluation of the effect of different nutrient solutions on the phsyological characteristics and fruit yield and quality of pepper for chosing and advaising the suitable nutrient solution for hydroponically growing of pepper plant plant. 

In this experiment, the effect of four nutrient solutions (Hoagland 1, Hoagland 2, England and Knop) on the fruit yield and quality were evaluated. The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on randomized compelet block with three replication, in which the first factor was the four nutrient solutions and the second was the two pepper cultivars (Dimaz and California wonder). Traits related to physiological characteristics (chlorophyll index, leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content) and pepper fruit characteristics (fruit length and diameter, TSS, EC, titratable acidity and vitamin C) were assesed. 

According to the results, Dimaz cultivar has the highest fruit total soluble solids (TSS) and pH. The highest chlorophyll index (49.5 spad units) was obtained in Hoagland 1 nutrient solution. The interaction of nutrient solution and cultivars on leaf nitrogen concentration was significant, so that the highest amount of nitrogen obtained in the combination of Dimaz variety with Hoagland 1 (3.2 mg/g DLW) and Hoagland 2 (1.3 mg/g DLW) and Californiawander cultivar with Hoagland 2 (3.15 mg/g DLW). The highest concentration of leaf phosphorus were observed in  treatment combination of Hoagland I with Californiawander cultivar (1.9 mg/g DLW) and the English nutrient solution with the Dimaz cultivrs (1.85 mg/g DLW). 

According to the results, England nutrient solution with a favorable effect on some qualitative characteristics was introduced as the most suitable nutrient solution for pepper cultivation in our experiment.

Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which is produced by chemical bio-synthesis. Therefor, they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated plants. The essences are natural, complex and volatile secondary metabolites which are mostly produced in medicinal and aromatic plants. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a hybrid from M. aquatica and M. spicata, is an herbaceous and perennial plant belonging to Lamiaceae family.  It is widely cultivated in temperate regions of Europe, Asia, America, India and Mediterranean countries due to its commercial value and unique odor.

In order to investigate the influence of putrescine treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, and salicylic acid treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, on the yield performance and essence components of peppermint, a field factorial experiment was performed based on complete blocks design with three replications at Research Station of Tabriz University during 2019. Peppermint seedling were prepared from Agricultural Jihad Organization of Bostan Abad and cultivated at a distance of 30×30 cm. Foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine was carried out twice during vegetative stage of plants (with one week interval). Harvesting and bio-chemical assessments were done at stage of 25 % flowering. The essential oil of peppermint was assessed to identify its main components.   

The results of the current study showed that the average yield of essential oil in plants treated with 1 mM salicylic acid was significantly increased compared to the control. A total of 24 compounds were identified in the essential oil of peppermint aerial parts. The main components of the essential oil were included menthone, menthol, L-menthol and 1,8-cineole. Menthone and menthol constituted 26.14 and 23.21 % of essential oil, respectively. Different concentrations of salicylic acid and putrescine increased the production rate of menthone, menthol, l-menthol and methyl acetate compounds in the essential oil compared to the control. The concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid had the greatest effect on the production of essential oil compounds. The correlation results between essential oil compounds showed that menthone has a positive and significant correlation with methyl acetate. Similarly, foliar application of salicylic acid (10 mM) and indole-3-acetic acid (1.5 mg L-1) increased the content of main component of peppermint and lemon balm. In the other study, foliar application of lemon balm plants with salicylic acid and putrescine caused a considerable increase in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes content which was in line with obtained results of the present study.      

The plant growth regulators used in this research increased the yield and composition of the essential oil of aerial parts of peppermint, which shows that both salicylic acid and putrescine have a high potential in increasing the potency and chemical composition of the essential oil in the peppermint plant and probably in other aromatic crops. Therefore, foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine during vegetative growth of peppermint could be introduced as influential technique to improve qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this aromatic and medicinal plant.

The endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, triploid plants are created by crossing between tetraploid plants and diploid plants. To carry out this method, it is necessary to create tetraploid lines, and it is possible to double the chromosomes of diploid species by using substances that inhibit the formation of the division spindle. The advantage of endosperm culture over the traditional method is that the production of triploid plants in endosperm culture is done in a single step, and the time required to generate a triploid plant is less than in the traditional method. Increasing the level of ploidy of the nucleus can affect the plant's physiological and biochemical processes as well as altering the rate of photosynthesis, respiration, activity of genes, enzymes, and expression of isoenzymes compared with diploid types. They will have a new phenotype and can surpass the range of traits of their diploid ancestors such as increasing biomass and changing the quality and concentration of plant active ingredients, increasing resistance to drought stress, and resistance to pests. Therefore, the chance of their selection will increase.

Immature seeds were collected in late May, about 35 to 45 days after pollination, and mature seeds were harvested after fully ripening approximately in late July, and disinfection using a stereomicroscope with 60 times magnification under a laminar hood. The endosperm tissue was separated from the seed coat and embryo. In this study, mature and immature endosperm tissues of the mooseer plant were cultured onto hormonal compounds for callus induction in dark conditions for three months. In further experiments, the effects of sucrose were investigated at two levels of 30 and 50 gl-1 and the combination of BAP and NAA treatments on mooseer production. The flow cytometry method and chromosome counting were used to determine the ploidy levels of regenerated plants.

In this study, the treatment of 1 mg L-1 of NAA and 1 mg L-1 of BAP indicated the highest percentage of callus formation in both mature and immature tissues of mooseer endosperm. Seedlings produced in the treatment of 0.5 mg L-1 of NAA and 3 mg L-1 of BAP in culture medium with 50 g of sucrose caused the production of bulblet with greater length and diameter. The present study identified the cytogenetic properties, chromosome counts, and stomatal sizes of triploid plants regenerated from both mature and immature endosperm tissue of mooseer, using flow cytometry. A total of 12 triploid seedlings were obtained from mature tissue, while 8 seedlings were obtained from immature tissue.

Traditionally, triploids are produced by hybridization between induced superior tetraploids and
diploids, but endosperm culture is a one-step protocol. In this study, according to the sexual and asexual propagation (propagation through daughter bulbs) of mooseer, the modification and production of the triploid plants in mooseer allow the propagation of this plant through daughter bulbs. Generally, triploid plants were successfully produced through the endosperm culture method.

Physiological traits of tomato including its resistance to stresses are a main breeding goal in producing new cultivars. This study reports on a combining ability analysis investigating the variance of general and specified combing abilities for some important physiological characteristics as a whole as well as their effects for individual parents and hybrids of 19 tomato genotypes of tomato under drought stress. Three commercial innate lines and four analyzers were used in a line-to-tester crossing plan at Ilam University, Iran. There was a significant difference between genotypes (parents and crosses) in all characteristics at three levels of stress. Evaluating the impacts of common combining capacity analyzers and lines showed that neither a single line nor an analyzer was a commendable common combiner for all of the characteristics examined at all three push levels. Estimation of the effects of specific combining ability indicated that for each specific physiological trait, a specific hybrid showed the highest effect at all three stress levels. In all of the traits under study, specific combining ability variance had a higher estimation than general combining ability variance, and the genetic variance ratio of additive variance to non-additive variance was smaller than one, indicating that non-additive gene action predominated in the inheritance of all of the characteristics in the three levels of stress. The degree of dominance under three levels of stress was higher than one for all attributes except total soluble solids, and it seems that dominance in the genetic locations controlling these traits is superseded.

The use of drought-tolerant rootstocks, such as seeded and rainfed watermelons, and pumpkins, is an effective solution for increasing tolerance to drought stress in watermelons. For this purpose, this experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate the effects of irrigation treatment at three levels (1-0.8; 0.6 -0.8; and 0.3-0.6 FC) and rootstock type at five levels (control, three rootstocks of rainfed and seeded watermelons including Sabzevar, Khajahe and Ashtian and one rootstock of pumpkin: Shintoza) on physiological and biochemical parameters in watermelon Crimson Sweet Super Dragon F1. The results showed that the number of leaf stomata in grafted and non-grafted plants decreased with the increase of dryness levels, and the grafted plants on Shintoza rootstock had a higher stomatal density. Drought stress caused a significant decrease in chlorophyll index and leaf relative water content and increased electrolyte leakage in studied watermelons. The total antioxidant capacity and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased as a result of drought stress, but this increase was greater in grafted plants on Shintoza and Sabzevar rootstocks than in plants grafted on Ashtian and Khajahe rootstocks as well as watermelons.. Watermelons grafted on Sabzevar and Shintoza rootstocks produced the highest content, while non-grafted and grafted watermelons on Ashtian rootstocks produced the lowest content of leaf phenolic compounds Potassium and phosphorus levels in plants with normal irrigation were higher than plants under stress. As a result, yield and vegetative growth traits were significantly affected by irrigation and transplanting treatments.

Due to the fact that the use of nanomaterial technology has expanded in recent years in tissue culture studies, the present study is based on the use of graphene nanomaterials and has been studied its derivatives such as graphene oxide and graphene oxide with putrescine in different levels of Ammonium nitrate was studied for increase microtuberization efficiency . This study was performed with aim of to induce suitable environmental conditions for microtuberization and stimulate anatomical and biochemical changes for in vitro conditions on potato microtuberization of Agria cultivar.The general purpose of using these compounds is to increase the osmotic potential, as well as the possibility of increasing the amount of starch grains in cells by using these nanomaterials.Nitrogen content of control medium included control, 50 and 25 percent of nitrogen of MS medium. Graphene treatments were used as control (without graphene oxide), 25 and 50 mg / l graphene oxide (alone) and 25 and 50 mg / l graphene oxide with putrescine. In this experiment, the number of microtuber in the first, second and final month microtuber, as well as the number of microtuber sproute, number of eyes, average microtuber weight, diameter of microtubers and microtubers yield were evaluated.The results showed that the most positive response to microtuberization was obtained in treatments with 25 percent nitrogen and graphene oxide with putrecsine treatments. It was also observed that the reduction of 25 percent of the culture medium nitrogen and the addition of graphene oxide with putrescine increased the final microtuberization, while the microtuberization in the control treatment (without nitrogen reduction and without graphene oxide) showed the lowest percentage. On the other hand, the results showed that 25 percent nitrogen and 50 mg / l graphene oxide with putrescine had the highest average microtuber weight (39 mg) compared to the lowest average microtuber weight (graphene oxide with putrescine without nitrogen reduction treatment) that Showed 240 percent increase in microtuber weight. In general, the use of graphene oxide with putrescine and 25 percent nitrogen could have positive effects on the microtuberization.The general results showed that reducing the amount of nitrogen in the culture medium increases the amount of microtuberization and also its effective the use of graphene and graphene oxide with putrescine in microtuberization. The results of this experiment showed that the culture medium containing 25% nitrogen and graphene oxide with putrescine were the most suitable treatments for this experiment.

The commercial potato is an autotetraploid with a narrow genetic base, while wild diploid potato species are sources of genetic diversity and genes for resistance to most of the biotic and abiotic stresses along with quality traits. However, the utilization of wild species in potato breeding is restricted by pre- and post-zygotic crossing barriers resulting from different ploidy levels, endosperm balance number, or genomic structure. Diploid 1EBN species, due to such barriers, are considered the tertiary germplasm for potato breeding. Here we used Solanum verrucosum, a rare self-compatible wild diploid potato, as a bridge species along with rescue pollination and indolebutyric acid (IBA) application for germplasm transferring from four 1EBN species including S. commersonii, S. bulbocastanum, S. cardiophylum, and S. pinnatisectum. Results showed that rescue pollination for fruit retention seems slightly better than the IBA application. The same results were also obtained for the seed set. IBA mainly led to fully parthenocarpic fruits. Seeds obtained from these crosses had gibberellic acid resistance dormancy and low germination capacity. As it was expected, the crossability of S. commersonii with S. verrucosum was better than the other three species. Interspecific S. verrucosum × S. commersonii hybrids showed both male and female fertility. However, they were crossable with the cultivated diploid potato species S. phureja just as the female parent.

Plant breeding to created ploidy level is one of the most important parts of plant research in every country, where the breeding of native plants is a priority in every country. Spending a long time on breeding plants with traditional methods has made plant breeding research using in vitro techniques to become more important. In this study, to investigate the callus formation from the endosperm tissue of mature shallot seeds in MS culture medium containing growth regulators with the combination of different concentrations of 2-4, D (1.5 and 2 mg/L) and NAA (0.5 and 1 mg/L) L) of auxins and BAP (0.5 and 1 mg/L) and Kin (0.5 and 1 mg/L) of cytokinins were used. The results showed that using the treatment of 1 mg/liter of NAA and 1 mg/liter of BAP was the best treatment for callus formation. In this research, the concentration of sucrose and different concentrations of BAP hormone were effective for onion production. The results of onion diameter showed that the high concentration of sucrose (50 g/L) and the concentration of 3 mg/L of BAP hormone were suitable for the production of larger onions. By chromosomal analysis of the rooted chives, triploid plantlets were obtained at the end of the experiment. Due to the shortness of triploid plant breeding in this method compared to traditional crossing methods, therefore, this method and the best hormonal compounds are recommended for the production of chives in shallots.

Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound that plays an important role in inducing drought resistance in various plant species as a growth regulator.

Methods & Materials: 

In this study, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on chlorophyll content, relative water content, accumulation of osmotic compounds and fruit and seeds yield of medicine pumpkin under different levels of drought stress was investigated. Experimental treatments were included the foliar application of salicylic acid at 4 levels (control (spray with distilled water), 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg L-1) and drought stress at 4 levels (100% field capacity, 85% field capacity, 70% field capacity and 55% field capacity).

According to the present results, with increasing drought stress, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthesis rate and leaf water content significantly decreased, however drought stress increased the amount of proline and soluble carbohydrates. These changes were accompanied by a reduction of fruit and seed yield of medicine pumpkin, so that the lowest yield was achieved under severe drought stress (55% of field capacity). Foliar application of salicylic acid by enhancing the accumulation of osmotic and protein compounds led to the mitigation of the drought stress and improved plant water status, photosynthesis and fruit and seed yield.

Based on the present results, the use of 1 mg L-1 salicylic acid is recommended to improve the yield of medicine pumpkin especially under drought stress condition.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most important leafy vegetable. Due to importance and high demand the greenhouse and hydroponically growing of lettuce is increasing. One of the key points in effectiveness of hydroponic production is the formulation of suitable nutrient solution. Nitrogen as an essential element could be provided by two form in nutrient solution, ammonium and nitrate. Although both form provide the nitrogen for plants but they can affect the growth and physiological aspects differentiatly. In other side open systems of hydroponic in addition to to high cost for nutrient solution preparation can cause soil and water pollution, so its need to use hydroponic systems that decrease the amount of nutrient solution consumation. In this study we assessed the effect of three different NH4+:NO3- ratio in nutrient solution in an easy and very low cost closed hydroponic system so called Kratky method on lettuce production.

The experiment was conducted in hydroponic greenhouse as a factorial based on completely randomized design. Three nutrient solutions with the same level of total nitrogen but with different ammonium to nitrate ratio (0.5:8, 1:8 and 2:8) were used for growing the three lettuce cultivars (Local Romain, French red and Salinas) in closed hydroponic system without the exchange of nutrient solution during the growing cycle and just water were added to substition the of the consumed solution. The seeds of lettuce cultivars at first were planted in cell try that were filled with coco peat-perlite with 1:1 ratio and after emergence and until reaching to suitable size for transplating seedling were fertigated with hoglnd nutrient solution. Two lettuce seedlings were transplanted via the small plastic small baskets and styrofom plate in pots with seven liters volum until the end of growing period. The characters like leaf and root fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin content were assessed.

The results indicate that the ammonium:nitrate ratio had significant effect on the lettuce leaf and roots fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll index and anthocyanin contents. The cultivars had significantly difference effects on leaf and roots fresh and dry weight, collorophyl index, carotenoid and anthocyanin content. But the interaction between the ammonium:nitrate ratio and lettuce cultivars were not significant on the investigated characters. Between the cultivars Salinas and locally Romaine respectively had the highest and lowest yield. The highest and lowest root fresh and dry weights also were obtained from the 2:8 and 0.5:8 ammonium to nitrate ratios respectively while the 0.5:8 and 1:8 ammonium to nitrate ratio were not the significantly different from each other on the leaf fresh wight. The same rule also was for the leaf dry weight. The Salinas and French red had the highest dry weight and the localy romain significantly leaf lowest dry weight. On the roots fresh and dry weight characters there was significantly difference between the cultivars that was close to the results on leaf fresh and dry weight. So that Salinas withought the significantly difference with the French red had the highest root fresh weight and lowest root fresh weight belongs to locally romain. Result showed that lettuce being a vegetative crop satisfied by increasing the ammonium:nitrate ratio in nutrient solution. This is close to the results that previously has been reported by some authors.

The highest fresh and dry weights of lettuce were obtained by the solution with the 2:8 ammoniums:nitrate ratio, which indicate the superiority of the lettuce simultaneously feeding with nitrate and ammonium. In addition to quatitative characteristic like the yield the yield, simoultaneously feeding with ammonium and nitrate affected the qualitative characteristics like the anthocyanin and cartenoeid contents. Also providing the some parts of Nitrogen needs of plant as ammonium can reduce the nitrate accumulation. All of three nutrient solution with different ammonium to nitrate ratio but with the same level of total nitrogene and without any need to aeration also without the change of nutrient solution and only by substitution of consumed water were able to feed the lettuce plants without any visible disorders. This kind of hydroponic due to the drastic decrease of production costs would be suitable method specially for small scale hydroponic vegtable production greenhouse.

Tomatoes are highly sensitive to a variety of environmental stresses, including drought stress, so the selection of hybrids adapted to dehydration and have good performance by studying the effects of GCA, SCA and physiological response of parents and tomato hybrids in conditions of dehydration It can help to better understand the mechanisms of drought resistance and their use in tomato breeding programs.

In this study, 12 hybrids obtained from the combining four testers and three commercial lines of tomato in terms of response to water deficit stress and evaluation of cross combinations in the layout split plots according to randomized complete block design with three replications and three stress levels (100% FC, 60% FC and 40% FC) in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Ilam University. Dates were evaluated by line × tester method. The studied genotypes were L1: Bitstoik, L2: Kingstone, L3: Petoearly, as lines, and T1: LA1607, T2: LA2656, T3: LA2080 and T4: LA1579 as Testers. Plant yield traits, average fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, pericarp thickness, Number of Locules, total acidity, pH and total soluble solids were measured.

The analysis of genetic variance indicated the more contribution of non-additive variances in the occurrence of the studied traits. The analysis of variance indicated that genotype, parents, crosses and line×tester effects were significant for all of the studied traits, which showed high differences between general combinig ability of parents and specific combinig ability of hybrids. The effect of the line under stress-free conditions was not significant for total acidity and soluble solids. For plant yield and average fruit weight, the parental line Bitstoik under severe drought stress conditions (0.83 kg and 1.26 g, respectively) and the tester LA2656 in non-drought stress (0.321 Kg and 2.18 g, respectively) were found to be the best general combiner. The crosses Kingstone×LA157 under drought stress condition (0.083 kg) and Petoearly×LA1579 in non-drought stress conditions were the best combination for plant yield, which can be suggested for use in drought stress breeding programs.

These results can be used in breeding programs and develop tolerate tomato hybrids as suitable experimental cultivars in hybrid production programs under stress conditions.

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is perennial plants belong to the Asteraceae family. Chicory root can be forced in the dark for producing chicon as a vegetable crop. Also chicory roots have been reported to be the most abundant source of inulin and other oligofructoses.

in this experiment the effect of two factors including four plant densities (12, 17, 25 and 50 plants/ m2) and two cultivars (Pagana, Yellow star) with three replications were evaluated based on the randomised complete block design. The experiment was conducted during 2018 in Khalat Pushan Agricultural Research Station (KPARS), University of Tabriz. In the growth period the chlorophyll index were assessed. After harvest the root yield recorded based on the yield of mean row with length of 1.5 m in each plot. in addition to root yield the foliage and root dry weight, root: foliage ratio and inulin content of roots via the colorimetric methods were assessed.

the yellow star cultivar had the higher chlorophyll index and also roots: leaf ratio than Pagana. while about leaf and root dry weight yields, there were no significant differences between two cultivars. Results showed that plant density and cultivar had not any significant effect on inulin content in chicory roots.

The using of true potato seed (TPS) could be overcomes some of limitation in potato production in developing countries. The development and acceptance of TPS cultivars depend on the production of suitable TPS cultivars with high homogeneity and yield. The hybrids between the selected Andigena clones with Tuberosum are one of the approaches to developing such cultivars.

Some clones of S. tuberosum ssp. Andigena that has been selected previously from the three cycle of population breeding for adaptation to long condition in university of Tabriz, were used in cross with four tuberosum cultivars (Diamond, Moren, Picasso and Satina). Totally 12 TPS families including the four Tuberosum× Andigena hybrid family, five Tuberosum× Tuberosum hybrid, one Tuberosum OP along with two Andigena population (selected and non-selected) were compared with experimental layout as complete randomized block design with three replication. The evaluated traits were number of tuber, yield per plant, tuber appearance and tuber dry matter.

Analysis of variance showed significant difference between the families. The highest and lowest tuber yield was belonging to Picasso× Satina and unselected Andigena respectively. The highest tuber number was observed in Picasso Andigena and selected Andigena family and Picasso Op had the lowest tuber number. Results indicate the superiority of some Tuberosum× Andigena for yield and dry matter in relation to Tuberosum× Tuberosum. But for tuber appearance generally Tuberosum× Tuberosum were better than the Tuberosum× Andigena. The yield and dry matter of selected Andigena population was better than Picasso OP progeny and non-selected population of Andigena. The orthogonal comparison between the families having the Andigena germplasm versus pure Tuberosum showed that except the dry matter in the other evaluated trait there was significant difference between two groups, and the mean yield and tuber number in families having the andigena germplasm were higher than pure tuberosum. These results indicate the importance hetrosis in yield and other traits of Potato.

Three cycle of selection on original Andigena improved its yiel and tuberization in long day condition yet its tuber appearance did not changed. Hybrids of tuberosum andigena had yield similar to tuberosum material. Considering that andigena had the same ploidy level with cultivated Potato and its rapid response to selection under long day made it suitable choice for broaden the genetic base of cultivated Potato.

The genus Satureja is one of the main plants in food, pharmaceutical and healthcare industries by having important secondary metabolites. In this study, three Satureja species including S.sahendics, S.hortensis, S. atropatana were cytogenetically investigated. According to the results, the average chromosome lengths of the Satureja species ranged from 1.39 µm in S.sahendica to 4.82 µm in S.atropatana. The largest chromosome was observed in S.atropatana (5.940 µm) and the smallest in S.hortensis (1.022 µm). Between the studied species there were significant differences in long arm length (TL), arm ratio (AR), centromeric index (CI), total form percentage (TF%), difference of range relative length (DRL%), intra-chromosomal symmetry index (A1) and inter-chromosomal asymmetry index (A2). The chromosome types were determined “metacentric” and “submetacentric”. The Karyotype formula in S.sahendica, S.hortensis and S.hortensis species were respectively 14m, 20m+4sm and 4m+2sm. The S.sahendica species had the smallest values of Romero-Zarco index (A1 and A2), which is probably linked to its high capability with hard environmental conditions. In compared to the other species, S.sahendica showed the smallest DRL% and the largest TF%. It can be concluded that S.sahendica has more symmetrical karyotype and is more primitive species than two others. Because of the obvious genomic differences, it is expected that the direct crossing between S. atropatana and shandica with cultivated savory would be impossible and use of these species in savory breeding may need the ploidy manipulation and bridge species.

12 hybrides of tomato and their parents were evaluated for their response to drought stress in a randomized complete block design with three replications and three irrigation levels (FC, 60%FC, and 40%FC). The studied genotypes were including Kingstone, Petoearly, Bitstoik, LA1607, LA2656, LA2080 and LA1579. Experiments on crossing the genotypes, seedling production and field evaluation, were done in experimental greenhouses and experimental field of Ilam University in 2014-2016. The studied traits consisted of proline, MDA, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, Relative Water Content (RWC), Chlorophyll a, b and total, electrolyte leakage, total yield, potential yield and single plant yield. The statistical analysis showed that drought stress significantly affected all assessed traits under drought condition. Increase in Proline and MDA content was observed in all genotypes under drought stress. The highest values of proline )31.93 µMgFW-1) was obtained under severe stress in Petoearly× LA2080. RWC, total yield, potential yield, single plant yield, Chlorophyll a, b, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase contents were reduced and proline, electrolyte leakage and peroxidase content were increased by increase in drought stress. Under severe drought stress, the highest amount of total yield (15.74 t.ha-1) was observed in LA2656×Petoearly hybrid, Petoearly line (19 t.ha-1) and LA1579 tester (32 t.ha-1).

12 single crosses (F1) achieved by combining four testers and three commercial lines of tomato were evaluated for their response to water deficit stress and the combining ability of yield and some yield components. The layout was split plots according to randomized complete block design with three replications and three irrigation levels (FC, 60%FC and 40%FC). Crossing among lines and testers, seedling production and field evaluation, were conducted in greenhouses and field of Ilam University during 2014-2016. The studied genotypes were L1: Bitstoik, L2: Kingstone, L3: Petoearly, as lines, and T1: LA1607, T2: LA2656, T3: LA2080 and T4: LA1579 as Testers. The studied traits consisted of total yield, potential yield, yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, plant height and days to 50% flowering. The analysis of variance indicated that significant differences existed among, genotypes, parents, parents vs. crosses, crosses, lines, testers and line × tester for all studied traits on both non- stress and water deficit stress, which showed a significant difference between general combining ability (GCA) of parents and specific combining ability (SCA) of hybrids. In general, the parental testers, LA2656 (T2), LA1607 (T1) and Line L1 (Bitstoik) were found to have the highest GCA for total yield and potential yield, and the number of fruits per plant in both conditions. The Petoearly×LA1579 in non- stress, Bitstoik× LA1607 and Kingstone×LA1579 in mild and severe-stresses had the highest SCA for total yield. Analysis of variance for combining ability manifested the predominance of dominance gene action for total yield, yield per plant and potential yield. The general combining ability (GCA) effects were generally found higher than SCA effects in terms of the agronomic traits. As a result, the low ratio of δ2A/ δ2D showed that non-additive effects controlled the studied traits.

In order to study the changes of nutrient uptake in potato plantlets under in vitro conditions in responce  to osmotic and temperature stresses , this research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with three replications and each experiment unit included a glass container containing five plantlets.  The first factor was osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 in four levels of control, 0.5-0.1, and 1.5-1.5 MPa, and the second factor was temperature at three levels of 15, 25 and 35 ° C. The third factor was plantlets of potato including three promising clones (143, 301 and 306)  and Two cultivars (Marfona and Picasso) were planted in MS medium. Eight weeks after stress’s period, the content of P, K, Ca and Na were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of factors as well as their interactions at 1% level were significant on traits. Mean comparison of treatments showed that the simultaneous effects of stresses decreased the uptake of P, K, Ca but Na uptake increased. Based on the results, increasing of temperature from 15 to 35 ° C, increased the absorption of P and Na, but the amount of K and Ca were greatest  25 ° C (no temperature stress).

Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) is a perennial herb which contains precious metabolites such as hypericin, pseudo-hypericin and hyporforin widely used in the treatment of mild to moderate depression.  In order to evaluate light density (three levels including full light condition, 75% and 50% of full light intensities) on plant height, gland number per leaf, stomata number, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight, as well as hypericin production of Topaz cultivar and Mishu ecotype of H. perforatum under hydroponic conditions in the greenhouse, an experiment was carried out as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the University of Tabriz in 2017. The chlorophyll and hypericin contents were used by spectrophotometry. The results showed that the light density significantly affected on fresh and dry weight, plant height, gland number per leaf, chlorophylls a and b, photosynthesis and total hypericin content in the H. perforatum. The highest fresh and dry weight, gland number per leaf, stomata number, photosynthesis and total hypericin content were belonged to the full light conditions (100% light). The highest plant height, chlorophyll a and b were belonged to the 50% of prevalent light intensity. The results indicated that Topaz cultivar is better than Mishu ecotype. In conclusion, increasing hypericin content in Hypericum perforatum by managing of light intensity is possible

In this experiment one determinate line and one indeterminate F1 hybrid tomato (Moneymaker × San Marzano) were grafted on two potato cultivars (Agria and Satina) as root stock. Experiment was conducted as factorial based on CRD design with four replications. Some traits related to growth, physiology, yield and fruit quality of tomato including the foliage fresh and dry weight, plant height, chlorophyll index, fruit weight, total soluble solids and titratable acidity were assessed. The highest fruit yield (0.29 kg per plant) was obtained in graft combination of indeterminate tomato on Agria rootstocks this treatment also showed the best growth parameters and fruit quality. When indeterminate growth tomato was grafted on potato rootstocks, none of them (cv. Agria and Satina) produced tubers, while when these potatoes were grafted by determinate growth tomato both of them produced tubers as well as tomato fruits. Results indicated the existence of scion-rootstock interaction at least for potato tuberization and it seems producing two satisfactory crops from one grafted plant need more search for finding suitable tomato scion and potato rootstocks.

In order to study responses of potato plantlets under in vitro conditions to osmotic and temperature stresses, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. The first factor was osmotic stress caused by polyethylene glycol 6000 in four levels including control, 0.5, 0.1 and -1.5 MPa which were equal to 0, 200, 300 and 370 grl-1 PEG. The second factor was temperature at three levels of 15, 25 and 35 °C applied on plantlets of three Promising clones (143, 301 and 306) and two commercial cultivars (Picasso and Marfona) in MS medium. Physiological and biochemical traits including relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL), proline, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as well as protein content were measured. Results of variance analysis showed that the simple effects of three factors as well as the interaction were significant at 1≤0.01 on the mentioned traits, but the protein content was not significant. Comparing the mean of treatments showed that by increasing the temperature and concentrations of PEG, RWC was reduced, while EL, proline content, CAT, POX and APX enzymes activity were increased. Also, results indicated that Marfona was more tolerant to stress conditions than other varieties and clones, which seems is due to preventing the effects of stress by increasing the accumulation of proline and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Clone 306 was more susceptible than other varieties and clones and showed more vulnerability to stress and its plantlets were killed by increasing stress levels. The combination of osmotic and temperature stresses were not tolerated by potato’s plantlets under in vitro conditions, because osmotic stress of -0.5 MPa and higher in combined with 35°C caused the plantlets to dry.

In order to study the effect of biofertilizers, on the yield, quality and antioxidant capacity of tomato fruit, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications was carried out at Khalatpoushan station, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. seeds of Super Chief tomato variety were inoculated with individual and combined treatments of potassium releasing bacteria (Pseudomonas sp. S19-1, Pseudomonas sp. S14-3), phosphate solubilizing (P. putida Tabriz, P. fluorescens Tabriz) and nitrogen fixing (Azospirillum sp. Acu9, Azotobacter sp.) In the nursery cultivation. In addition, control treatments were performed, without bacterial inoculation and fertilization (control 1) and control treatment without bacterial inoculation and with fertilization (macro elements) based on the soil test analysis (control 2) compare the results. Traits assessed include: total yield, economic yield, non-economic yield, the number of total fruit, average weight of fruit, fruit dry matter, lycopne, vitamin C, total acid and fruit potassium. Results showed that inoculation with bacteria had significant effect on yield, potassium content of fruit, acidity of fruit, dry matter, vitamin C and lycopene content and the highest yield, potassium content of fruit, acidity and fruit dry matter were observed in potassium releasing bacteria treatment. The highest amount of vitamin C was observed in the potassium releasing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria combined treatment while the highest amount of lycopene was obtained in the potassium releasing and phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen fixing bacteria combined treatment. According to the above results, potassium releasing and phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen fixing bacteria as a biofertilizer could be employed to improve yield and quality characteristics of tomato.

In order to investigate the effect of using wild species as a rootstock in grafting plants on salinity tolerance in tomato, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design were conducted. The first factor was grafting including Money maker non- grafted (M), Money maker self-grafted (M+M), Money maker grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA0722 (M+P1) and Money maker grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA 2184 and the second factor was three concentration of NaCl including the 0, 40 and 80 mM along with Hogland nutrient solution that were applied to tomato in the hydroponics greenhouse, Department of Horticulture, University of Tabriz. The results showed that the increasing salinity had a negative effect on leaf area and yield, and total fruit number in tomato cv. Money maker, the use of S. pimpinellifolium as rootstock showed the best performance under different salinity conditions. Also, in the highest salinity concentration, the lowest sodium content was observed in the plants grafted on S. pimpinellifolium LA0722. The results indicate that, use of pimpinellifolium as rootstock in 80mM NaCl level had 69% higher fruit yields than the non and self- grafted Money maker plants.

In order to investigate the responses of potato plantlets under in vitro conditions to osmotic and temperature stresses, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Each replicate contained a glass jar with 5 explants grown in it. The first factor was water deficit at four levels of osmotic stress caused by polyethylene glycol 6000 including control, -0.5,-0.1, and -1.5 MPa and the second factor was temperature at three levels of 15, 25 and 35° C.  Five potato cultivars, including 3 promising clones, 143, 301, and 306 as well as Marfona and Picasso cultivars were exposed to stresses in MS medium. Eight weeks after stress period, indicators such as fresh and dry weights of plantlets, electrolyte leakage, proline, catalase, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations were measured. The results of variance analysis indicated that the simple effects of factors as well as the interactions of the investigated factors at P≤0.01 had a significant effect on the study traits. Mean comparison showed that the temperature stress decreased the fresh and dry weights of plantlets and potassium concentration but increased electrolyte leakage, proline, catalase, and phosphorus concentration. On the other hand, osmotic stress reduced fresh and dry weight of plantlets, P and K, while proline, CAT, and electrolyte leakage increased. The combination of stresses lowered plantlets’ resistance to stresses because osmotic stress of -0.5 MPa and higher, in combination with 35° C caused the explants to dry. Finally, results showed that Marfona cultivar was more tolerant to stress conditions than other genotypes. This seems to be the result of accumulating more proline and high antioxidant activity. On the other hand, clone 306 was more susceptible to stress than other genotypes and the plantlets 306 experienced more damage and dried.

Oxidative stress is one of the most important consequences of drought stress. Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound which serves as a growth regulator in the induction of resistance to drought. In order to investigate the role of salicylic acid on some Anti-oxidant Enzymes and some biochemical attributes of medicinal pumpkin under drought stress, an experiment was designed 2014 in Zanjan University’s Research Farm. The study was arranged as factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications including drought stress at four level; control, mild stress, moderate stress, and severe stress have been arranged in four levels including (100, 85,70 and 55%FC). Salicylic acid treatments included Salicylic acid were applied as foliar application spray in 4 levels: zero mg/l (solution spray with distilled water), 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/l. Measured traits that included peroxidase, catalase, Beta-sitosterol and oil yield proline, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (membrane peroxidation index) content. The results showed that increasing drought stress levels reduced the oil yield, but in contrast, increased the Beta-sitosterol, membrane peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, anti-oxidant enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase, while application of salicylic acid at 0.5 and 1 mg/l decreased oxidative stress, membrane peroxidation and Electrolyte leakage through increasing the anti-oxidant enzymes activities such as catalase and peroxidase and proline which led to a balanced rise in oil yield and Beta-sitosterol in mild and moderated stress. These results shows an increase in plant resistance to drought as a result of salicylic acid application.