jafari m

Aerobic activities and herbal supplements are used as a methods to control and reduce many diseases caused by oxidative stress, including lung diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training and coriander seed supplementation on some indicators of oxidative stress and ATP levels in lung tissue of male rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide. 

42 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: control, poisoning, poisoning+ 5 mg/kg coriander extract (supplement 1), poisoning+ 10 mg/kg coriander extract (supplement 2), poisoning + exercise, poisoning+ Exercise+ Supplement 1, Poisoning+ Exercise+ Supplement 2. Interventions included 8 weeks (5 training sessions per week) running on a treadmill for 60 minutes and injecting coriander seed extract at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg over two weeks. Tissue concentrations of ATP, MDA and PAB indices were evaluated using special kits and the data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05.

Eight weeks of aerobic training significantly increased the concentration of ATP and significantly decreased the concentration of pulmonary PAB (P 0.05). On the other hand, only 10 mg/kg of coriander extract caused a significant increase in ATP concentration and a significant decrease in PAB in lung tissue (P<0.05). The interaction of aerobic exercise with doses of coriander seed extract also caused a significant increase in ATP concentration and a significant decrease in MDA and PAB concentration (P<0.05).

Despite the effect of interventions in modulating the effect of poisoning of some indicators, the greatest effect was observed during the interaction of aerobic exercise and high doses of coriander extract.

The purpose of paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of TVET and its role in improving the lives of prisoners and reducing the frequency of crime. This research is applied- descriptive. The research population includes whole participated prisoners in TVET training courses during 2014 based on 246 random samples. Effectiveness of TVET courses run based on the Kirkpatrick model in three levels:  response, learning and behavior change. The data collection tool was Kirkpatrick's (1966) Evaluation Questionnaire and Researcher's Scale Questionnaire to assess the prisoners' life status and reduce the frequency of crime.
Validity of questionnaires was confirmed by experts, and their reliability was calculated based on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (1.90), (80.8) and (78.) respectively. To investigate the research questions, one-sample t-test was used and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to investigate the research hypotheses. Lastly, the results represent that TVET courses held in prison based on the three levels of Kirkpatrick (response, learning, behavior change) were in suitable position, meanwhile TVET improved the life situation and decrease crimes.

Petrology and tectonomagmatic setting of the Eocene volcanic rocks exposed in the Ahovan area, east of Semnan are presented and discussed. The studied rocks include basic-intermediate and acidic volcanic lavas and dikes, accompanied by intercalations of nummulite-bearing limestone, shallow water deposits, hyaloclastite and hyaloclastic breccia. The basic-intermediate lavas are exposed at the base and the rhyolitic and andesitic lavas are exposed at the top of the volcanic series, all of which may be attributed to a bimodal volcanism. It seems that Eocene volcanic activity occurred in shallow water to subaerial environments. Based on petrographical investigations, the volcanic lavas show basaltic, basaltic andesitic, andesitic, dacitic, rhyolitic and acidic tuffs compositions. The lavas have phyric to aphyric textures. The phyric lavas include plagioclase, augite and hornblend phenocrysts. They show microlitic, microcrystalline and intergranular groundmass in dikes. Disrupted zoning and sieve texture in plagioclase phenocrysts and heterogeneous groundmass might be interpreted by magma mixing. Study of the geochemical analyses, indicates high-k calc-alkaline to shoshonitic magmatic trends in the Ahovan area. Trace and REE spider diagrams, normalized with standard values, display enrichment of LILE and clear depletion of Nb and Ti.  In tectonomagmatic diagrams, these samples plot in the arc field which tends toward an initial extensional back arc envirenment.  It appears that partial melting of adjusted mantle wedge above a subducted slab provided the parental magma which was enriched by fluids-melt released from partial melting of the subducted slab.

Sorghum is a tolerant grain against droughtness and rich source of starch, protein (kafirin) and physicochemical components. Sorghum can be used in an extruded products because of its bland flavor, light color and good expansion. According to factorial design, whole grain sorghum was extruded to evaluation the effect of moisture (14, 16 and 19 %) and screw speed (140, 170 and 190 rpm) at constant temperature (150°C) on textural and physicochemical properties. The most value of porosity (56.24 %), expansion (3.39), water absorption (6.67 g g-1) and hardness and also the lowest value of bulk density (.344 g cm3) and oil absorption (4.77 g g-1) was obtained from 19% - 140 rpm. The most value of water solubility (32%) was obtained from 14% - 190 rpm and the lowest value of L* (68.22) was obtained from 19% - 170 rpm. Sensory analyses showed that sorghum flour extruded at 190 rpm with 14% feed moisture had most general acceptability.

One of the appropriate methods to naturally enriching and improving the qualitative properties of bread is to use different alternative fiber sources such as aloe vera powder. This research seeks to investigate the effect of adding aloe vera powder to flour in order to produce Barbari bread and investigate the rheological characteristics of dough and the physiochemical properties of bread. In this research, the effect of aloe vera powder on of Barbari bread at five levels of 0, 1, 3, 6 and 9 percent (w/w based on flour) has been studied. The investigation of rheological characteristics of dough by Farinograph and extensograph devices, properties of the baked bread by texture analyzer and finally sensory analysis on the produced bread were evaluated. By adding aloe vera powder, the amount of water absorption increased accordingly and the highest absorption was recorded at level 9. Dough development time increased with adding aloe vera powder and the highest increase was recorded at levels of 6 and 9 percent. However, dough stability decreased with increasing the percentage of aloe vera powder. The hardness of control sample at intervals of 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours was increased and at the fourth and the first days had the highest and lowest hardness, respectively. Bread toughness was changed in the range 7.87-60.7 mJ. Adding aloe vera Powder at 6 and 9 levels caused an improvement in water absorption, a decrease in development and an increase in the resistance to elasticity of Barbary dough.

Scoria cone near Khatoon-Bagh, NE of Mahabad in West Azerbaijan province consists of 3 Parts: Lower part containlayer of scoria, ash and tephra, middle part consist of volcanic bomb-bearing scoria and finally (Cupper part) a layer full of bomb. Their composition is mainly olivine basalt. The morphometric data used for morphologic age were either derived by manual measurement on topographic maps and by Digital Elevation Model-based (DEM) calculations. The main parameters of cone such as height, basal and crater diameter have been measured for calculation of Hco/Wco ratio and average slope angle. The main parameters show that the basal shape of this cinder cone is elliptical and at the crater is super elliptical, therefore can categorize it as horseshoe-shaped cone. The comparison of main parameters from a number of previous studied cinder cones from around the world suggest that dimensions of Khatoon-Bagh cone is similar to global average. Since with the increase in age and degradation of cone, the height, height to diameter and slope angle of cone will decrease, so Hco/Wco could be used for morphometric ages. According to Wood (1980b) and Sucipta et al. (2006) aging data and Porker (1972)’s relations, the relative age of Khatoon-Bagh cinder cone estimate 0.7-2 Ma which is in agreement with stratigraphic age in geological maps.

The aims of this study were investigate the effects of Silybum marianum seed on the intestinal microflora and immune system of broilers. Current research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 20 chicks in every replicate. Treatments included: basal diet without adding Silybum marianum seed powder, basal diet with 0.2% seeds of Silybum marianum, basal diet containing 0.4% of Silybum marianum and basal diet containing 0.6% Silybum marianum seed powder. To evaluate the efficiency of the immune system by injection of sheep red blood cells as antigen, immune response with haemagglutination method were measured and weight of immune organs such as spleen and bursa of fabricius were measured too. Also at the ages of 21 and 42, two groups of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus were counted. Total immunoglobulin of treatments 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%, were increased significantly compared to the control. IgY in receiving treatment 0.6% of Silybum marianum significantly increased in comparison with the control and 0.2 0% of Silybum marianum. IgM of all Silybum marianum treatments are also higher compared to the control. The results showed that the number of lactic acid bacteria in treatments 0.4 and 0.6% of Silybum marianum compared to the control at 21 days was significantly increased (P

Regarding the ever increasing application and peaceful utility of nuclear energy resources and possibility of using non-conventional weapons, necessity of preparation for nuclear injured people and specifically in military hospitals is inevitable. Preparation of nurses as caring staff would be of great importance in reduction of the event consequences. Therefore, this paper aims at familiarizing the nurses with nuclear injures decontamination.
The present paper is an overview conducted through library studies and searching websites as SID, Pub Med and Google as well as keywords including "Nurse, crisis, nuclear events" in 2000-2013.
Findings: To encounter the great number of the nuclear events, it is required to have a precise planning and proper educations and training for nurses. Because they are the first responsible individuals in crises and the front line of relief and rescue. Morality reduces among injured people through planning and education. In this paper we are going to discuss about triage, undressing decontaminating the polluted wounds, healthy skins as well as support and treatment of the injured individuals, in details.
Nurses readiness in recognition of nuclear events has a crucial share in crisis management. Nurses must have a strong scientific basis and skills in order to take rapid decisions and to explain them to others. Hence, it is required to provide the nurses with necessity educations in various ways including long term and short term retraining and workshop.

Zn deficiency in plants is one of the prevalent micronutrient deficiencies which reduces both yield and nutrition values of the crops. In recent decades, considerable genetic diversity has been reported for tolerance to Zn deficiency in cereals and many efforts have being done to explore such a diversity in breeding programs. Nowadays, effective and reliable selection in plant germ plasms for quantitative traits has been possible using molecular markers and QTL analysis. Genetic maps with high density markers could play a significant role for efficient use of marker assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs. In this study, IRAP, REMAP and ISSR markers were applied to saturate barley genetic map in a population of 150 doubled haploid individuals derived from a cross of Clipper and Sahara, and chromosomal regions involving in seed Zn content were also identified. The preliminary genetic map of this population was used as a frame for further analysis. Eighteen markers segregated in population, out of which 12 assigned to 7 barley linkage groups. Two markers deviated from the Mendelian ratio of 1:1 (P≤0.05). In the next step of this investigation, QTL analysis for seed Zn content was performed using 100 double haploids and 4 QTLs on linkage groups 2, 3 and 5 were identified. QTLs located on linkage groups 2 and 3 explained 0.09 and 0.11% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively. QTLs identified on linkage group 5 explained 0.13 and 0.12% of the total phenotypic variation of the trait. The results showed that retrotransposon markers can be effectively used for saturation of intervals with low marker density in barley genetic maps with low density. Also, the results could be a starting point for use of MAS in barley breeding programs for producing vanities with high seed Zn content and cloning of the genes involving in this trait.

Respiratory failure is one of the most important respiratory problems in premature infants. Several studies have shown the efficacy of corticosteroids in gestational age less than 34 weeks. This study was done to determine the effect of prenatal betamethasone injection during 34 to 36 weeks of pregnancy on the prevention of newborn respiratory failure. This clinical trial study was conducted on 140 women with risk of preterm labor at 34 to 36 weeks of gestational age. Women in interventional group were received betamethasone 12 mg IM (2 doses, 12 hours apart). Women in control group were received the same volume of normal saline. Sex and birth weight, respiratory distress syndrome, requiring hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units and require respiratory support were recorded for each newborn. No significant difference was seen in sex and weight of newborns between two groups. The precent of newborns with respiratory distress syndrome in the intervention and control groups was 12.5% and 22%, respectively. This difference was not significant. No significant difference was seen in the need to respiratory support, hospitalized in the NICU between intervention and control groups. Adminestration of betamethasone in 36-34 weeks of pregnancy has no effect on the prevention of respiratory failure in preterm infants.

Economical consumption of natural plant resource always depended to the wise plan with dual policy of maximum harvest and minimum damage on plant survival and growth. In this respect, the white Astragalus (Astragalus gossypinus fisher) reported as an invaluable natural plant with several advantages such as high productivity and secretion of considerable quality of tragacanth gum currently are facing severely threatened as a result of habitat destruction, over-harvesting and a few additional environmental as well as man-made factors. In general several key factors influence quantity and quality of Production of gum tragacanth in different climate and soil condition and characteristics which need fitting suitable model for identification of related factors to maximize end point production amount. For this known motivation, the purpose of the present study was the determination of the linear model of gum production in As. gossypinus according to the soil habitats in Isfahan Tiran and Karvan. For this purpose the plants of introduced species have been harvested in different years with different ages, therefore the gum sample was taken along the transects at each vegetation types according to soil properties and the data were analysis by using SPSS software (method of Enter) to regression equation and modeling. The result of the study showed the existence of high various coefficients about game production in different regions. We demonstrated that production and storage gum in the plant require different time according to soil characterizes that to be ignorable.

Diazinon is one of the most important an organophosphate insecticide that widely used for insect control in homes and agriculture. This factor causes induces oxidative stress in different tissues. The aim of this study was to study the protective role of vitamins E and C as antioxidant in reduction of DZN-induced oxidative stress in rat kidney. In present experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups including: control group received (corn oil as a DZN solvent), DZN group (100 mg/kg), vitamin E group (150 mg/kg), vitamin C group (200 mg/kg), vitamin E+DZN group and vitamin C+DZN group, intraperitoneally. 24 hours after injection, rats were anesthetized by ether and kidneys were removed quickly. After tissues hemogenation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) anzymes activities and glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were determined by biochemical methods. DZN increased SOD, CAT and GST activities in kidneys. Also, reduced GSH concentration and increased concentrations of MDA were observed. Administration of vitamins E and C prevent changes in these parameters in the kidneys.Discussion & DZN by increasing lipid peroxidation membrane and reduced GSH concentration cause oxidative stress in kidneys. Administration of vitamins E and C as an antioxidant decrease DZN toxicity via purging the free radicals but not completely.

BBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women, annually more than half a million women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) is a recombinant DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. A course of treatment, however, is very expensive and a full one-year course of treatment for a single patient costs more than 2000,000,000 IRR. In this study, the feasibility of trastuzumab production in tobacco plants (N. tabacum) using A. tumefaciens-mediated stable transformation was investigated. Leaf explants of tobacco cv. Gewone groene were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harbouring the binary vectors pBIN19-NTopTras-LC and pBIN19-NTopTras-HC containing the genes encoding heavy and light chains (HC and LC respectively) of trastuzumab. Southern blot analysis demonstrated the integration of 1-3 copies of the transgenes into the tobacco genome. The expression of transgenes at RNA transcription level was revealed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Protein accumulation in plants was detected by western blot analysis and antibody content were ca. 0.1% of total soluble protein in transgenic plants. Immunoblot analysis of crude plant extracts revealed that trastuzumab accumulates within plants, mostly in the fully assembled tetrameric)H2L2 (form. T1 progeny analysis confirmed stable inheritance and co-segregation of the introduced transgenes as a single dominant Mendelian locus. The results of the present study indicate that plants can be used as an alternative platform for the cost-effective production of high value pharmaceutical proteins. This study for the first time represented the first crucial step towards the development of a plant-derived trastuzumab in our country.

Fungal diseases are the major factors of sugar beet yield losses worldwide. Expression of pathogenesis-related proteins such as chitinases is considered as one of the plant defense responses against pathogens. Chitinases are cell wall degrading enzymes which have been shown to have high antifungal activity against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi. In this study, two diploid sugar beet genotypes, SBSI-02 and SBSI-04, were used for transformation through Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harboring the pBI-BCH plasmid containing the chi gene under the control of the CaMV35S promoter and the nptII selectable marker gene. Leaf blade with attached shoot bases were used as explant substratum for transformation. Green shoots were successfully screened using different concentration of kanamycin. PCR screening with chi-specific primer showed the presence of the transgene in more than 50% of regenerated kanamycin-resistant plants. Dot blot analysis confirmed the integration of at least one copy of the chi gene into the genome of putative transgenic plants. Western blot analysis revealed chitinase protein accumulation in transgenic plants. The content of chitinase protein varied among the five T0 transgenic plants. Bioassay analysis using detached leaves and at the whole plant level revealed increased resistance of T0 transgenic sugar beet lines against the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata compared to non-transformed control plants.

Introduction & valerian root extraction is used in the treatment of sleep disorders, stress, depression, anxiety, muscle stiffness and tension. Astrocytes have role of nutrition, protection and support of the neurons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Valeriana extract on nucleus raphe magnus in the number and size of rat astrocytes. In the present experimental study, forty male Wistar rats weighing170-250g were randomly divided into four groups, including control and three experimental groups. The control group received distilled water and three experimental groups received 300, 400 and 60 mg valerian root extract daily respectively for two weeks by gavage. Phsophotangestic acid staining was used to examine astrocytes. The size and number of astrocytes were calculated with LS.starter software. Data were analyzed, using SPSS software for statistical analysis and ANOVA and LSD tests. The mean number of astrocytes in the experimental groups of three and four with the control group and experimental two showed a significant increase (P <0.05). Compare mean of great length of astrocytes in experimental groups of two, three and four with the control group showed a significant decrease and between the experimental group two and experimental groups of three and four a statistically significant differences were observed (P <0.05). Oral administration of hydro alcoholic extract of valerian increases astrocytes number and decreases their size in nucleus of raphe Magna, which indicated the effect of this extraction on proliferation of astrocytes increasing.

Due to the human activities and natural phenomena, the face of the earth is constantly changing. The use of remote sensing technology is considered as the best tool for change detection and evaluation. With advances in this technology and satellite images with high spatial and spectral resolution as well as a variety of image processing techniques, the changes in land-use could be estimated and managed. In the present study, the land use changes of Kashan Salt Lake were investigated in a 12-year period. Landsat TM images of 1990 and Landsat ETM+ images of 2002 were used in this study and after carrying out the required actions in the preprocessing stage the map of change detection was produced by supervised classification. Results showed that 35.18% of the study area has changed and the highest percentage of the changes is related to the mulching land class. Although, several considerations, including spatial resolution changes and spectral power changes should be taken into account in interpretation and comparison, significant changes in the study area indicate the necessity of further studies to achieve more accurate results.

This research with the aims of microbial flora determination in pasteurized milk and it’s shelf life study based on microbial and physicochemical parameters were performed within 10 days. In this study، 60 pasteurized milk samples randomly were selected and then total count of bacteria and total psychrophilic bacteria count were performed. To investigate microbial flora of pasteurized milk، colonies in each of the plates with different appearance were selected and transferred to a nutrient inclined medium agar inside tubes and incubated at 30 ºC for 24 hours. After 24 hours، individual colonies were investigated for shape، oxidase and catalase tests and gram staining. Depending on the needs، specific media and confirmation tests were used. Alkaline phosphatase، alcohol، acidity and pH tests and fat، protein، lactose، freezing point، moisture and specific gravity measurements were done daily on the milk samples. The results of this research showed that the total bacteria count of pasteurized milk was above the standard level of Iran after the seventh day of keeping and therefore their shelf lives in the refrigerator storage were determined maximum 6 days. Alcohol test was positive after the fifth day. The studied physicochemical factors showed no statistically significant differences during 10 days and were not found significant relationship between the studied physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Identified bacterial genus were Micrococcus، Lactobacillus، Bacillus، Corynebacterium and Pseudomonas. This study showed that the shelf life of pasteurized milk is low in Shiraz that could be due to high microbial load in primary raw milk.

The inbreeding effects on pre-weaning growth traits and lamb survival from birth to weaning for Iran-black sheep were estimated from 5716 data for birth weight (BW), and lamb survival (LS) and 4801 data for weaning weight (WW), per-weaning average daily gain (PADG) and kleiber ratio (KR), respectively. Data were collected by Sheep Breeding Station of Abbasabad, located in Khorasan Razavi province, north-eastern of Iran, over the period from 1984 to 2011. Genetic parameters were estimated with univariate animal models using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures. The 55 percent of population was inbred. The mean of inbreeding coefficients in population and inbreed animals were 4.19 and 7.59, respectively. Minimum and maximum level of inbreeding coefficient for inbred animals was 0.02 and 34.7%, respectively. Inbreeding trend per year and per generation was 0.34 and 1.33 percent (p<0.05). The estimates of inbreeding depression per 1 percent of increase of inbreeding coefficient were 9, 29, 0.34 g for BW, WW PADGand -0.03 percent for LS respectively, (p<0.05). The estimation of inbreeding depression per increasing of inbreeding coefficient for KR was not significant (p>0.05).

Statistics indicate increase of HIV/AIDS incidence in Iranian youth. Knowledge and high risk behavior assessment in youth is important in preventive planning of HIV/AIDS. Present study aimed to determine knowledge and frequency of high risk behaviors about HIV/AIDS among newly accepted students at Tehran University in 2009 in order to use study findings in designing preventive educational programs on AIDS. A total of 664 students from 12 faculties of Tehran University were chosen using random stratified systematic sampling. Data collection instrument consisted of 29 questions regarding transmission and prevention and high risk behaviors of this disease. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (tables، central criteria and frquency) and analytical tests (Chi-square). Based on findings 92% of them reported their knowledge level regarding AIDS as satisfactory and about 71. 1% of them identified themselves to be at low risk of HIV/AIDS. The most previous information source was media including television and publications (93. 1% and 82% respectively). However more than 20% of students had high risk behavior towards HIV/AIDS and almost 45. 6% didn''t have satisfactory knowledge on ways of HIV/AIDS transmision. In addition there was a significant relationship between knowledge level and age and field of study (p<0. 0001). Considering the results، students had appropraite knowledge level on HIV/AIDs but they are unware of STDs and preventive behaviors. In addiation، many of students had high risk behavior toward HIV/AIDs. It is recommended to implement university STDs and HIV/AIDs educational programs by emphasizing preventive behaviors for newly entered students.

Knowledge of the types of land cover and human activities in different regions is of particular importance as basic information for regional planning. Because of the special characteristics، remote sensing techniques are of great importance. In the present study، the ETM + satellite data of Kashan related to 10 July 2002 was used. Image enhancement was performed using enhanced contrast، color composite images، principal component analysis، and digital elevation model. To determine the best combination band for classification and color composite images، OIF and the correlations between bands were used. Monitoring method was used for classifying the data. Ground truth map was prepared by sampling and field surveys. After classifying، land cover map was obtained with an accuracy of 82. 45% in different classes. The results showed that the highest and lowest level of land use classes was related to alluvial fan with 29. 33% and puffy salty lands with 0. 11%، respectively. In this study، to detect the vegetation، vegetation indices including NDVI، TSAVI، RVI، DVI، SARVI and SAVI were used. The correlation coefficients among the indices showed that the highest correlation coefficient (Re = 0. 99) was related to NDVI; therefore، vegetation condition was assessed using NDVI index. Results indicated that the type and level of different land uses could be determined using satellite data by spending less time and money on a large scale with a high precision in a particular year or in different years.

To determine the effects of furrow practices on carbon sequestration and nitrogen fixation in Artemisa sieber shrublands، the areas under furrow and surrounding areas without furrow practices were identified in vegetative regions of Eyvan-key، Sorkheh and Ahovan growth areas of Semnan province. Random –systematic sampling was used in 30-40 plots of 1 square meter، along 3-4 transects of 100 m length. In each plot، canopy cover percentage، density، length، width and height، litter، above ground and underground biomass were measured. Soil sampling was carried out to a depth of 0-100 cm (average depth of root development). In laboratory for each plant، organic carbon، nitrogen، dry weight of above ground and underground and total weight were measured. Soil characteristics including bulk density، organic carbon and nitrogen were also measured. The effect of furrow on C and N storages in different parts of the ecosystem was compared by independent t-Student''s test. Results showed that in Eyvanekey region furrow increased carbon and nitrogen storage of ecosystem (32% and 37%، respectively). But in Sorkheh and Ahovan، it had no effect on carbon and nitrogen storage of ecosystem because of the project location، vegetation and soil condition. According to the different effects of furrow practices on C and N storages of Artemisia sieberi shrublands in different areas، normative location should take priority for projects like this. Doing such projects in the appropriate areas has significant effect on increasing carbon sequestration potential in ecosystems.

In order to maintain the nutritional status of livestock and achieve optimum performance of livestock on rangeland، range forage must be able to provide the minimum requirement of grazing animal at various phenological stages. However، to be aware and getting informed of whether the rangeland forage does have such a potential or not، it is necessary to provide a framework on the basis of scientific principles to classify the forage quality index. Moreover، this framework must be simple in terms of functionality and applicability to be used by the specialists. Until now، such a framework has not been provided for range forage. Therefore، in the current paper، not only was the information of forage quality index of species in rangeland types of Taleghan provided، but also the desirable forage quality of species was classified. The species having more than 7 % crude protein (CP) were very desirable; the ones having less than 5 % crude protein were considered undesirable and if the crude protein of species were between 5 and 7 %، they would be desirable. The species having more than 60 % dry matter digestibility (DMD) were very desirable; the species having less than 40 % dry matter digestibility were undesirable and if the dry matter digestibility of species were between 40 and 60 %، they would be desirable. The species having more than 8 Mj/Kg DM metabolisable energy (ME) were very desirable; the species having less than 5 Mj/Kg DM metabolisable energy were undesirable and if the metabolisable energy of species were between 5 and 8 Mj/Kg DM، they would be considered desirable. The values of 7% crude protein (CP)، 50% dry matter digestibility (DMD) and 8 Mj/Kg metabolisable energy (ME) were considered as the critical levels for maintenance requirement of an animal unit (non-pregnant and dry sheep with a mean weight of 50 kg). The daily requirement (dry forage) of grazing animal unit equivalent (Fashandi breed sheep with the weight of 60. 7 Kg) in rangeland types varied between 1. 5 and 2. 4 Kg per day when the forage quality was desirable. This value was less than 1. 5 Kg when the forage quality was very desirable while it reached to 2. 4 Kg when the forage quality was undesirable. Daily requirement of animal unit equivalent in rangelands of Taleghan in phenological stages of vegetative stage، flowering and seeding stage were 1. 3، 1. 6 and 1. 9 Kg، respectively that the minimum and maximum values were recorded for vegetative and seeding stage، respectively. Results، discussion and the presented framework of classification in this paper are regarded as the fundamental information for management of animal and the rangeland in Taleghan and similar habitats in Iran، being able to provide a part of information for methods of determining the range condition، range trend and grazing capacity.

Today, remote sensing data can provide the latest information for the study of land cover and land uses These images are of utmost importance due to the providing updated information, variety of forms and the possibility of processing for making land use maps. Determining the location of each land use together with land cover helps managers in making decisions. Also, the current status of the land cover can be studied by using land use maps at different levels. In order to evaluate the ability of multitemporal satellite data of TM and ETM + in land use classification and the effect of the thermal band on increasing the accuracy of the land use maps, Landsat TM digital data relating to the September 27, 1990 and Landsat ETM + digital data of 10 July 2002 from Kashan were analyzed. Initial studies were performed on images in terms of the presence of geometric errors. In order to prepare the images for digital processing, improved operation and image enhancement were applied on the images. Ground truth map was prepared in the same stage. Then, the supervised classification of satellite images with algorithms and different approaches including a variety of bands were tested and the accuracy of each of the methods and approaches were investigated. The results showed that the highest Kappa accuracy in both Landsat TM and ETM + with all the bands were 86.34 and 83.21, respectively. While the elimination of the thermal band decreases the accuracy to 82.46 and 79.93 % The results of this study showed that using thermal bonding caused an increase of 4 percent in Kappa accuracy, and the highest accuracy was occurred in the classes of clay plains, flood plains, mountains and puffy salt lands. Therefore, despite the lower spectral resolution, the use of thermal bonding is recommended in such studies.

Biomass is an important structural parameter for investigating for ecosystems dynamic، the level of biodiversity، carbon cycle and ecosystems sustainability. In addition، the quantification of biomass resources is required in many studies، such as the analysis of fixed-emission of CO2. This research focused on quantifying the influence of grazing intensity on aboveground and belowground biomass on the arid shrublands that is covered by Artemisi sieberi. Intensity levels were quantified as non-grazing، moderate and heavy based on the rate of vegetation utilization. In all treatments، aboveground and belowground (0-25، 25-50، 50-75 cm) were sampled. To estimate aboveground and belowground biomass، their relationship and effect of grazing intensity in biomass compartments، simple biomass equations were extended in each treatment. There were strong linear relationships between volume and aboveground biomass and also between aboveground and belowground biomass in all the treatments. These relationships and functions could be used in similar studies. Although the result showed aboveground and belowground biomass and their relationship can be affected by livestock grazing، the dimension of these changes was highly depended on grazing intensity. Aboveground and belowground biomass was decreased significantly by grazing intensities in both heavily and moderately grazed sites in comparison with non-grazing treatment. It was seen that grazing not only had a potential to change the amount of aboveground and belowground biomass in ecosystem، but also could change the allocation of these elements and relative allocations of belowground that were increased by grazing intensity. In our study، although heavy grazing reduced the amount of biomass، moderate grazing didnot respond to plant biomass in this area.

Breast cancer is one of the principal causes of mortality in women of 35-65 years old. Ductal Carcinoma Insuitu is a colonal prolifration of suspicious malignant cells which accumulate in breast ducts، with no evidece of invasion to epithelial basement membarane in the neighborhood of stromal tissue. In this review study، we used clinical trials، case- control and open access studies with sufficient validity. Key words like: DCIS، HER-2 new، Tamoxifen، sentinel Lymph node biopsy، for searching in reliable sites (eg: ISI، puBMED، EMBASE) is used. The most important predicting factor for DCIS bahaviour are grade، size and tumor margin. About 50% of tumor cells Presents neuroendocrine marks like: chromogranin A، synaptophysin، CD56، somatostatin. MRI is a very helpful method for DCIS diagnosis. Breast conservative surgery followed by sonography or Mamography is a confident method for patients with DCIS without considering the histological type.