jahangir safari

One of the most important elements of resistance literature is the element of freedom. This study attempts to examine and analyze one of the symbols of resistance, which denotes this element, in the poetry of Hossein Monzavi from the perspective of cognitive semantics. Monzavi used the symbol of "love" to denote "freedom" 106 times in total. In his poems, the abstract concept of "love" is associated with various concrete source domains in 27 metaphorical mappings, including human, animal, fire, sun, light, star, umbrella, book, lesson, story, secret, peace, messenger, leader, support, place, tavern, pond, flower, fruit, spring, breeze, death, blood, sword, axe, and chain. Monzavi also employs this metaphorical approach to achieve his symbolic perspective of the word "love" as "freedom," elucidating the common features of love and freedom, including providing warmth, illumination, guidance and leadership, destructiveness and constructiveness, serving as an essential for growth, expansiveness and care, being transferable and teachable, longevity, deliverance and lethality, conveying messages, security, raising awareness and alertness, beauty and attraction, being out of reach, quickly fading, extracting blood, and polishing within his metaphorical mappings of the word "love."

The Employment and unemployment issue is one of the disputed topics among sufists. In the Qur'an, hadiths (the statements of the prophet) and the prophet's life, occupation is emphasized. According to the tradition of the prophet of Islam, some mystics have emphasized occupation and others have suggested leaving it. Since mystics have different opinions about employment and unemployment in such a way that some prefer occupation and some prefer abandoning it, this article aims to analyze the employment and unemployment in mystic texts as much as possible. To answer the question ‘what is the status of the disciple in the discussion of occupation and joblessness it? The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data are collected through the documentary-library method. The results of the research indicate that the seeker (disciple) and the mystic, according to the requirements of their mood and rank, were interested in occupation and abandoning it, and there is a difference of opinion regarding employment and unemployment. Mystical books arose from this issue, and getting job and trust in God is one of the requirements for the states of ecstasy and fatality.

Considering the creation of the school of symbolism by French poets, as well as the prevalence of symbols and symbolism in contemporary Persian poetry, under the title of Harian social symbolism and often in the form of new poetry, one of the most important and widely used literary industries of contemporary poetry should be considered symbols. Until now, there have been various divisions of symbols, almost all of them have limited themselves to classifying symbols into public and private, or vulgar and innovative, based on criteria and application. In this research, we have tried to use the library-analytical and descriptive method, first of all, we have considered four criteria: background, application, origin, and basis for different types of symbols, and we have categorized the symbols separately based on each of these criteria. Although the criteria of background and application may not be separable due to their close relationship, and in the first method of division, we divided the symbols into 6 categories at the same time based on both of the above criteria. In this way, transformed symbols, which are not among the inventions of poets, and are not considered intrinsic and vulgar symbols, are among the new findings of the author of this research. In the second method, the symbols were divided based on their origin, and in the third method, we examined and categorized the symbols based on their symbolic basis.

The theme of anti-tyranny is one of the most basic components of resistance literature which is reflected in the poetry of contemporary poets, sometimes through a clear and direct expression and sometimes through a mysterious and symbolic language.  One of the famous contemporary poets who has always paid special attention to social concepts in his poems is Houshang Ebtehaj.  In this research, it is  intended to use the analytical-descriptive and library method to investigate the poems of this contemporary poet, and identify the symbols he has used to explain the concept of oppression.  The results of this research indicate that, in addition to the flow of social romanticism, Ebtehaj has also been influenced by the flow of social symbolism, and in his poems, he has used various symbols to show social themes and themes of resistance.  This contemporary poet has used various symbols, but his approach to symbolism regarding this theme is not an innovative and personal approach; rather he has often tried to harmonize using general and natural symbols that other contemporary poets have also used.  Also, the most used symbol of oppression in Houshang Ebtehaj's poems include the symbol of the night, which is repeated 42 times in his poems

“Taboo,” in its general sense, refers to all prohibited social behaviors, and in linguistics, it is interpreted as “prohibition in linguistic behaviors.” Due to the significant impact of this linguistic phenomenon, many sociolinguists have devoted studies to this area. Euphemisms are used to replace unpleasant concepts with more acceptable expressions. In order to reflect social status and maintain their credibility, most writers employ various euphemistic strategies to express different types of linguistic prohibitions. Using a descriptive-analytical method, we examine linguistic constraints in two selected contemporary novels: Island of Bewilderment and The Dog and the Long Winter. Findings indicate that in both novels, topics such as obscene words (profanity and insults), alcohol and drug use, romantic relationships, sexual matters, intimacy, kissing, and body parts undergo euphemistic transformations. Both authors attempt to express various linguistic prohibitions using techniques such as reduplication, omission, lexical borrowing, metaphor, semantic opposition, understatement, paradoxical negation, ambiguous words, and referential expressions.

Counter-discourses with religious, mythological and metaphorical motifs are among the most diverse counter-discourses in the novel Jazire sargardani. The novel Jazire sargardani by Daneshvar is one of the socio-political novels after the Islamic Revolution, in which the author was able to examine the social forces and intellectual developments of the revolution generation, taking into account the conditions of Iran in the 1950s, and give a realistic picture of Iran's social situation. In this novel, to express ideologies such as the ideology of freedom, westernization, conflict and class divide, seeking justice, etc., the scholar has been influenced by Quranic verses, hadiths, national stories-mythologies and metaphorical antidotes. Investigating the types and methods of deepening and intellectual, semantic and cultural development of counter-discourses and their structure is essential for better understanding of the narratives; Therefore, in this research, the reflection of religious, mythological and epic counter-discourses in the novel Jazire sargardani has been investigated with a descriptive-analytical method. The emerging data show that in some cases, the author has used pods to emphasize or justify discourses or to convince and persuade his audience. For example, to oppose Westernization, while some characters consider following the West and imitating it as the only way out of problems, using Quranic verses reminds Iranian Islamic culture, or to express the concept of seeking justice from the story of Bahram Khorramdin and the epic. Ashura has benefited. By this method, he strengthens and supports critical discourses.

Critical discourse analysis is an approach that examines language as a form of social function and emphasizes on the reproduction of social and political power through text and dialogue. Discourse analysis or speech analysis refers to studies that analyze written, spoken or sign language. Fiction is considered the most serious format in terms of mixing with human, cultural and social dimensions. Therefore, it can be claimed that the capacity of the story in terms of proportionality with the discourse analysis is to the extent that the stories can be considered as the container of the discourse of the author’s time and the mirror of his society. One of the important components in critical discourse is Norman Fairclough's model. Using his components, one can find features in the text that are ignored by normal reading. Due to its unique nature and close links with society and social and political events, the novel "Jazirey-e sargardani" has a lot of significance with the method of discourse analysis and the discovery of its special stylistic elements; By pondering and re-reading it, one can understand the important events and the political currents of Iran and the biggest issues in the minds of the novel's characters. In this research, the interaction and intertextual communication of the discourses of the novel "Jazirey-e sargardani" by Daneshvar, with political-social issues, effective linguistic and paralinguistic features and logical relationships between words are investigated. According to the investigation, these results were obtained: that all the rhetorical and grammatical techniques, including the types of semantic layers, metaphors and their dynamic use, the choice of vocabulary appropriate to the characters, the process of modeling and metaphorical explanation, the selection of the third person point of view, the use of adverbs as (one of the most important linguistic profiles that show the extent and intensity of worldview) and... all serve the author's purpose i.e. to express the historical realities, the contemporary cultural, intellectual and social conditions of Iran and the spiritual and psychological concerns of his personal life.

Paying attention to the negative effects of the culture industry is among the principles of critical aesthetics of Frankfurt School. Culture industry eliminates one's creativity and individualism through their assimilation. In this documentary research that was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach, the first five books of Simin Behbahani, including Jay-e Pa (Footprints), Chelcheraq (Chandelier), Mar Mar (Marble), Rastakhiz (Resurrection), and Khatee ze Sorat va az Atash (A Trajectory of Speed and Fire), were analyzed from the critical aesthetics perspective. The results of this research showed that besides depicting the life narration of the persons such as the dancer, the prostitute, the employee, and the rich man as some manifestations of the culture industry like beauty industry and entertainment industry in her poems, Simin Behbahani has represented reification as the consequence of the culture industry in the form of gender reification and administrative reification. Regarding the form area, Behbahani is, at first, an imitator by following the literary tradition, but she has liberated her art from imitation and entered the creative art area by bringing a manifesto in Khatee ze Sorat va az Atash manuscript and using the unprecedented and rare weights in Persian poetry. It can be said that her poem is an authentic one and complies with the principles of Frankfurt School. This way, Behbahani has, in fact, criticized the consequences of the culture industry by negating the status quo and presenting an indictment against the established rhyme.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the family structure in selected novels for teenagers based on Boerman's point of view. Boerman considers seven patterns and structures for the family. This essay examines Boerman's seven-fold structure in the novels of Hasti, man nowkare baba nistam, and asheghanehaye yunes dar shekame mahi' , using the method of content analysis, in order to determine what the family structure is like in the novels in question, and the teenager What is the role and place of being a member of the family in this structure? And which of Boerman's structures is more reflected in the studied novels? The method of gathering information is by examining and analyzing the content of works and library documents. The results of the research showed that among the desired patterns and structures, authoritarian structures, non-intervention and free and condescension were seen in all the studied novels. The structure based on equality was only one case and democratic and benevolent structures were not observed in any of the novels, which shows the passive and weak role of teenage characters in important family decisions. The role of mother as a member of the family has a different function in novels. In the novel Hasti, the mother plays the role of the supporter of Hasti; As it is, with the support of this support, he was able to change his father's authoritarian and authoritarian personality. In the novel man nowkare baba nistam, the mother has a passive role.

The metaphor of humanism from Lakoff and Johnson's point of view means assigning some aspects of human existence(the destination field)to mental concepts and inanimate objects(origin field) orThe significance of this metaphor is that by taking advantage of the knowledge that it has about many aspects of his existence, he can help to better understand and accept abstract concepts by humanizing themThe aim of this study was to compare the humanism of death in Hadigheh and Masnavi based on Lakoff and Johnson's viewpoint and by documentary method.The findings show that death anthropomorphism in these two works is depicted in the form of a generalmetaphor of "death as a human with social relations and interaction", which has two subcategories of "Death as human with relation and confrontational interaction" and "Death as human with relations and amicable interaction".The results of his research show that, in Sanaei's thinking, death is in relation and "confrontational" interaction, as a colonel, warrior and murderer who seeks to exercise power to the lower hand, and in loving relations, in the form of shepherds, old andguests,he"cooperates"with other people.In Rumi's thought, the humanization of death is more than a "confrontational type, in which death as a judge, a martyr, colonel and warrior is at odds with people such as thecriminal,theconvictandthereceiverofawareness.Consequently,in Sanaei's thought, a person is introduced as helper In fact, based on a military and violent atmosphere,Rumi has drawn the relationship between man and death,but Sanaei has also focused on the relationship and interaction of peace, solidarity and tranquility.

Darab Raisi is one of the contemporary bilingual poets who has expressed himself as a poet at the national level with his Persian and Bakhtiari poems, and it is expected that his poetry will have such characteristics. Analyzing his poetry from the perspective of ritual and mythological literature is important considering the poet's bilingualism and the lack of research in this field. The present research has chosen his two Persian poetry notebooks named "Awai Il" and "Khunnameh Alidad" and one of his Bakhtiari poetry notebooks named "Golbang Bakhtiari" as indicators of his poetry and based on the descriptive-analytical method, These questions should be answered: What is the reflection of ritual and mythological literature in the poetry of this bilingual poet, how does the poet approach these categories in Persian and Bakhtiari poems, what are the most used themes of this type of literature in his poetry? The results of the research showed: Persian poetry by Bakhtiari Raisi is ritualistic. In all three poetry books, according to the style of the predecessors, there is a religious and formal initiation as the beginning. The frequency of his religious rituals in his Persian poems and the dominance of extra-religious rituals and his mythicism are often in his Bakhtiari poems. His thought system is organized by three cultural currents of pre-Islamic Iran, Bakhtiari ethnic culture and post-Islamic cultural current. In his Persian poems; Rituals and religious myths in his Bakhtiari poems; Rituals and national and ethnic myths are fascinating.

In literary studies, metaphor is considered as the basic element of creativity and a characteristic expression of the author's artistic individuality. Metaphor can be used by writers in various social contexts to support the basic propositions and beliefs of a specific ideology or point of view. Every social context contains a dominant ideology and several subordinate ideologies. In the battle between these ideologies in social contexts, metaphors play an important role. Fauconnier and Turner (1995) raised a new issue in cognitive linguistics and metaphor by showing that all metaphors are not made from matching the source and target domains, as proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). According to Fauconnier and Turner (1999), mental spaces are small conceptual domains that are created in a person's mind while speaking or thinking. Contemporary novels, including Shahrnūsh Pārsipur’s The Dog and the Long Winter (Sag va Zemestan Boland) are more appropriate and opt to be viewed from this theoretical point, due to their metaphorical language and the proximity of their language to the metaphorical pole; they are free from the limitations governing some formal types of literature such as classical poetry and technical prose. The current research is a theoretical in the sense that it is library-based and the data is investigate via the descriptive-analytical method. To this end, Pārsipur’s novel was carefully studied, and its metaphors were thoroughly extracted. Then, all the metaphors were described and analyzed in order to determine the conceptual domain used in the construction of their mental spaces. The findings revealed that the conceptual domains used in the metaphors of The Dog and the Long Winter play a role in the construction of the mental spaces proposed in the theory of Fauconnier and Turner. The metaphors were classified in terms of eight group as follows:  ontological metaphors (phenomenal or material), characterizing metaphors, directional metaphors for positive and negative entities, structural metaphors (the conceptual domain of objects, body parts, and the concept of life, natural phenomena and animals). In general, it can be said that, in all constructed metaphors, the use of conceptual domains in the construction of metaphors and conveying specific meanings to the audience has been done intentional.

In the contemporary period, poets with different political tendencies and even differences in the level of benefit have not been able to avoid referring to examples of religious beliefs in their poems. Pejman bakhtiari is one of the poets who, although he does not have deep religious beliefs, but in her poetry, he used the examples of religious belief and the description of Shia imams. In this article, an attempt has been made to portray a general image of religious beliefs in Pejman bakhtiari's poetry, and by categorizing these religious beliefs, the contradictions and confusions that exist in the divan of this contemporary poet have been investigated. his study shows that Pejman Bakhtiari is not a completely religious poet, but he is not devoid of the beauty of religion in her poetry, and especially when he is bored and tired of the material world, he pays more attention to religion, religion and God, and in a way he heals his tired and painful heart by this means it relieves. 

Critical discourse analysis is an approach that examines language as a form of social function and emphasizes the reproduction of social and political power through text and dialogue. One of the types of discourse analysis is critical discourse, which tries to systematically explore the unknown relationships between texts, events, discourse practices and structures, the relationships of cultural and social processes at a wide level. In this research, the discourses related to the ideology of "freedom" in the novel "Dog and Long Winter" have been investigated with the descriptive-analytical method and by referring to Fairclough's critical model, the level of influence and the set of tricks used by the author to express his ideological goals are determined. The purpose of the author of this research is to discover the natural implied propositions that have an ideological meaning and are used in the discourses related to the hegemony of freedom in the novel "Long Dog and Winter". Perhaps a large number of these assumptions (for example, the use of metaphors, symbols, or the selection of words specific to female writers, etc.) have become completely natural, and people are generally unaware of their existence; The emerging data show that all the elements of the novel - including "title selection", "repetition", a large number of negative words against positive words, the gray theme of the novel, metaphors, the author's perspective, the context of the situation, etc. coherent, they contribute to the presentation of the ideological concept of "freedom".

The entrance of modernity into Iranian traditional society had a major impact on changing the mentality and social status of women. Because of the undeniable relationship between literature and society, this article investigates the evolution of the Iranian woman's mentality in dealing with modernity, relying on Persian novels. For this purpose, two novels "Black Times" and "Ziba" have been selected from the early years of the 14th century. The confrontation of the female characters of these two novels with modernity is compared with the confrontation of the female characters of the novel "Night One Night Two" written in 1974. women play a central role in these three novels so by analytical and descriptive comparisons it can show, in the authors' view, what has changed in the fifty years of the Iranian woman's mentality towards the components of modernity (based on Giddens's theories). To this end, the female personality in the face of the components of education, women's social presence, male and female equality, women's individuality, humanism, secularism and anti-tradition in the novels have been compared and investigated.

The present study analyses the status of researchers in the field of Persian Literature with a scientometric approach based on the articles of Persian journals in the field of Persian Literature and tries to determine the importance and influence of each of the authors and research institutions in the field of Iranian academic Persian Literature, provided the possibility of evaluating the previous scientific policies of the country in this field. In this research, first, the trend of the rise and fall of the number of articles and co-authorship patterns over time has been investigated and researchers with the largest number of articles have been identified. In the following, after the formation of the co-authorship network, the relationships and importance of authors in this field have been investigated. Observations indicate that the number of articles has grown greatly since the 2000. According to the present research, despite the increase in the number of three-person articles, the collaboration of two authors in writing articles is still considered the most common pattern of co-authorship. According to the results of this study, the scientific centre of Tarbiat Modares University and Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies and the scientific centre of the University of Isfahan are the most influential research centres in terms of publishing scientific articles in the field of Persian literature in Iran.

ancient literature. In this process, the authors try to interpret the ancient literature in accordance with the spirits and mentalities of modern man. This plays an important role in enriching literary works and the relationship between cultures in different periods. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contemporaryization of ancient lyrical poems in some Persian novels(Winter 62 by Ismail Faceeh, Bamdad Khomar by Fataneh Haj Seyed Javadi, His eyes by Alavi Bozorg, Kiss God on the moon by Mustafa Mastoor, Dal Mahmoud Golabderehi, Night harmony of the wood orchestra by Reza Qasemi) is based on the documentary method. The results of the research show that the mentioned authors have mostly focused on contemporaryizing Hafez's poetry and have presented a new reading of lyrical poems according to the cultural, social and political conditions of the time and in accordance with their mental perceptions. They have used ancient lyrical poems to show the mentality of their characters and identities, and the themes of many of these novels have been conveyed through these poems or the theme of the novel is derived from the dominant thought. These poems have also played an important role in describing the place, atmosphere, creating realism and the connection between past and contemporary culture in Iran.

Saeed Naji is one of the activists of the philosophy program for children in Iran who has done a lot of research in this field. One of his most important works is the story of " the Philosopher's Child, Leila ", which he has adapted from the philosophical story " a Child at School, Lisa," by Matthew Lipman, the founder of philosophy for children. He has tried to preserve the structure and philosophical content of this work, to adapt it to our beliefs and culture. To this end, using the methods of adding, deleting, refining, changing the title and matching, has made changes in the content and structure of Lisa's story. Comparison of these two stories shows that the author's emphasis on localization has affected some components of philosophical adequacy such as credibility, philosophical discourse, open end, etc., and by damaging the philosophical function of Leila's story, this story has caused Philosophical adequacy to act weaker than its predecessor.

Influenced by European literature, constitutionalist intellectuals began to critique past literature in a revolutionary way; moreover, in order to establish "literary democracy," they called for literature that would serve to awaken people and bring about political change. Confrontation with Europe is the main cultural issue in the constitutional period. The attitude of the traditional Iranian society towards the European civilization caused the intellectual awakening of the intellectuals and the adoption of a new attitude towards politics and culture. Fascination with Western civilization and uncritical treatment of its effects made the humiliation of Iran's cultural heritage seem like a kind of modernism. With the arrival of Western culture in Iran, some believed that moving towards Western models could elevate Iranian society and return it to its former greatness. Imitating the West, they made reforms (Westernization) because they believed the prosperity of Iranian society could result from a comprehensive imitation of the West, so they tried to follow the example of the West in form/content (Westernization). But the third group, by emphasizing the system of indigenous values, Islamic-Iranian culture, etc., found a principled solution to achieve progress. In this study, we have tried to identify the discourse of "westernization" in the novel "Dog and Long Winter" by Shahrnush Parsipur, with political, social and ideological issues, and to explain the production of each discourse. Also, the complex structure of textual production, linguistic features and metalanguage effective in creating this work have been examined based on the method of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis.

Phenomenology began with Husserl's research; From that time, it began its evolution and was expanded by other philosophers. This evolution continued and reached its peak with Heidegger's efforts. One of the prominent positions of the study of existence, everyday life and space in the field of phenomenology is in the examination of the personality of novels; Especially in the personality of Iranian women, who have been subjected to everyday life due to the duties of being a wife and housekeeper, they have forgotten their original existence. In this research, which was carried out by analytical-descriptive method, Zari's character as a housewife has been investigated. The research results indicate that Zari's existence goes through three stages from the beginning to the end of the novel. 1- the stage of neglect and degraded human reality; 2- The stage of fear and awareness, emptiness and despair as a result of internal and external factors; 3- The stage of transformation from degraded human reality to authentic human reality. Therefore, Zari's existence as a result of everyday life is full of emptiness, sadness and self-doubt; The hadith of the soul, which Heidegger refers to as conscience, after Yusuf's death, causes Zari to release himself from the degraded human reality and finally realize his original existence

Modernity and modern humanism have played an essential role in the growth of Iranian women's minds. One of the sources which reflect the changes and developments of modernity and modern humanism is Persian novels. This article based on Anthony Giddens' viewpoint investigates the effects of modernity on Iranian women by reviewing selected Persian novels which were published in this three periods of time: from 1300 to 1320, from 1320 to 1345 , and from 1345 to 1357 . The research demonstrates that generally in the first period, the evolution caused by the prevalence of modern humanism has not been able to liberate women thinking from traditional perspectives. In the second period, growing the popularity of modernity elements has provided a variety of human interests and desires for women. Although increasing feminist ideas shows the prevalence of modern rationalism in this period, behavioral contradictions between women reveals the superficiality of the viewpoint among them. Overindulgence in following instinctive desires in the third period indicates a jump in humanistic thinking. During this period, the passivity caused by fatalism has also been criticized by the authors.

Contemporaneity is concerned with the application of the literature of earlier eras in contemporary literature and the harmonization of this type of literature with the spirits and minds of today's human beings This plays an important role in the creation of literary works, their enrichment and the connection between culture in different periods. SiminDaneshvar is one of the storytellers who has used this method in creating her stories. In the novels"Jazire-ye Sargardani andSareban-e Sargardan" (Island of Wandering and Wandering camel-driver), the poems of various poets such as Hafez, Moulavi, Saadi and Khayyam have been contemporaryized.The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of these poems and the way of their contemporaryization in the novel based on the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that Daneshvar has used Hafez's poetry more in the mentioned novel and in the new reading of old poems and harmonizing them with the atmosphere of today's Iranian society, she has given them more meaning and social-political meaning. Also, these poems have become part of the structure of his novel and have a very important role in the characterization, showing the type of thoughts and mental dependencies of the characters in the novel, plot design, strengthening the themes, describing the place, the verisimilitude and connections between Iran's cultural and social past and its present time.

In the philosophy for children stories, all elements of the story including the title, theme, and characterization, have features matching with the criteria of the philosophy program for children and are in line with the philosophical goals of this program. The title in these stories also has different characteristics and conforms to the criteria of philosophy for children, some of which are in line with the characteristics of the title in ordinary stories and some of which are in conflict with it. Using the names of the characters in choosing the title, not being absolutist in the title, not revealing the content of the story, and avoiding judgment and inducing thought, are among the characteristics of the title in philosophy stories for children. Examining the title of a hundred philosophical stories shows that some extratextual factors, which include beliefs, norms and ideologies governing the thoughts of the authors, have influenced the choice of the title of the stories and sometimes it is in conflict with the mentioned criteria. Absolutist ideas, the dominance of the superior-inferior relationship and the lack of individuality have been effective extratextual factors on the selection of the title of the stories, which puts the title of these stories in opposition to the standards of philosophy for children.

AbstractThe recitation of ancient poems in contemporary Persian novels has a different function according to the style of the story and the school of the author; As in postmodern Persian novels, ancient Persian poems have been used to create incoherence, timeliness and change in historical characters. According to this point, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the function and role of the reflection of ancient poems in the novel "The Man of Always Anxiety" by Mohammad Ayoubi by documentary method. The results of the research show that Ayoubi, using this technique in the novel, has created polyphony and by using certain poems from Shahnameh, he has portrayed a helpless and hopeless character of Ferdowsi. Also, the martyrdom of characters such as Bijan to the poetry of Manouchehri and Ferdowsi to the poetry of Hafez and Saadi, has led to a kind of aphorism in the story and the narrative aspect of the novel has been highlighted. Ayoubi has also highlighted issues less important than her life in literary history by selecting marginal poems about Ferdowsi's life.

The world of short stories includes the characters and events in which they are created, and the ultimate goal of any writer is to persuade the reader to enter this creative world. The entrance that opens the way for the reader to enter and be drawn to this imaginary world is the threshold of the story. Bozorg Alavi is one of the storytellers who has played a significant role in the evolution of short stories and the spread of critical realism insight, and in this regard, he has tried, especially in his early stories, to pay attention to modern storytelling techniques, including paying informed artists. Drawing on elements such as mystery and ambiguity, dialogue, conflict and indicative scenes evoke the reader's attention and interest. In the present study, the author, after a brief analysis of the theories presented in the field of storytelling, seeks to rely on Robert Funk's theory and add adverbs to it, using a descriptive-analytical method, after determining the beginning and end of the threshold of great short stories. Alavi and the mechanisms of their beginning, examine the initial sentences of the stories and, if necessary, point out their strengths and weaknesses. The results indicate that the great Alavi in his stories paid special attention to the combination of beginning and beginning with staging, and most of his storytelling skills were reflected in the initial staging section. Also, among the tricks of how to finish the threshold, he paid the most attention to the details of the story, which is the central focus of the narrative "clarity", but in this way, due to the rupture between the threshold and the middle of the story, he did not act very craftily.