khadijeh aliabadi

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of integrative e-learning design model on the academic performance of farhangiyan university students in Hamedan province. The current research was of applied type in the category of semi-experimental design with unequal control group. The stoical population of the study included all male undergraduate students in the field of Persian language and literature education, 30 of whom were selected through available sampling and randomly assigned to two control and experimental groups. At first, the academic performance pre-test was taken from both groups. Then the experimental group was trained based on the integrative e-learning design model for 10 sessions 90 minutes. The training for the control group was without intervention and using the usual electronic method and the same number of sessions and hours. Then, the post-test of academic performance was performed on both groups. The instrument used included the researcher made pre and posttest of objective academic performance with expert validation and reliability calculated at 0/79(pretest) and 0/81(posttest) through Cronbach,s alpha. Then the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and covariance test. The finding showed that the application of integrative e-learning design model had a favorable effect on ...

Design thinking in education is "a kind of learner-oriented and creative problem-solving to respond to ambiguous and complex issues of education and propose innovative issues." The benefits of using design thinking in teaching and learning have led to the need to design and validate the design model of design thinking education for technologists and educational designers, which has not been addressed in the researches reviewed, the need to respond to the existing research gap. The aim of the present research is To achieve this goal, the mixed research method was used in a sequential exploratory manner. With the method of qualitative content analysis, selected specialized texts from the systematic review in the period from 1980 to 2021, extracted from related domestic and foreign databases, were studied and analyzed. By identifying the components of design thinking and effective factors in educational design resulting from research findings on the one hand and with the appropriateness of the social constructive approach in design thinking education on the other hand, the proposed model was designed. In the proposed quantitative section, it was validated. For internal validation, the proposed model was sent to educational technology experts for judgment and validation. Findings and data analysis of the questionnaire showed that the proposed model has good internal validity and can be used for educational technology students.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of flipped learning patterns on the dimensions of self-directed learning of English grammar skills to improve teaching and learning strategies. This study is a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-tests. The statistical sample was selected as available by the random replacement for all students in the Aladdin Center in Mashhad in the two academic years from 2018 to 2020 with 220 students. To collect data, the questionnaire of Fisher et al (2001) was first administered to the experimental and control groups as a pre-test. Then, English grammar was taught to the control group under flipped teaching patterns and to the control group through the traditional method. In the end, a post-test was performed on both groups. To determine the validity and reliability of the study Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α), to check the normality of the study population repeated measures, and to answer the research questions sample t-test was used. Findings showed that the use of flipped learning patterns had an effect on the desire for learning and self-control but had no effect on self-management. Regarding the results, it can be argued the value and acceptability of the pattern are effective in self-directed learning at different higher education levels and have improved teaching and learning.

The role of mathematics in the present digital world is very important. Due to its nature, mathematics is mostly disliked by students, especially those with learning disorders. Using e-learning in mobile environments and new teaching methods, the complementary sessions needed for students with learning disorders can be enriched. This group of students is most of the time forgotten. This study investigated the impact of adaptive game-based instruction on the mathematical performance of students with mathematics learning disorders.

The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of adaptive game-based instruction on the mathematical performance of students with learning difficulty in a mobile learning environment.

The current research design was the quasi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test and control group. The statistical population of the research included the students with a mathematics learning disorder in Malard, Tehran, in the second grade of primary school, in the academic year of 2022-2023 from which 10 samples were available that randomly were divided into two groups: experimental (5 people) and control (5 people). The experimental group attended 8 educational sessions in the Shad mobile environment in June 2023 using Shad facilities including messenger and games which are proposed by the experts of the Ministry of Education. For the pre-test and post-test, the questions from the Kangaroo Mathematics Competition 2021 were used and the data were analyzed using SPSS26 and univariate analysis of variance.

The research findings show that there is a meaningful difference between pre-test and post-test (F= 25.878, p= 0.001). There is also a meaningful difference between the control group and the experimental group in the post-test (F= 6.392, p= 0.039). According to the obtained results, it was concluded that adaptive game-based instruction has a positive impact on the mathematical performance of students with learning disorders in a mobile learning environment.

The results showed that using game-based adaptive learning in a mobile learning environment for students with mathematics learning disorder can help these students improve their mathematical performance at their preferred pace and content with educational support. As Shad environment facilities are available for all students in Iran, schools and learning disorder centers can use game-based adaptive instruction in Shad environment to help the students improve their performance through ongoing learning.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of educational computer game produced on the academic performance of boy students in first grade of secondry high school in Tehran. This study is based on the objectives and hypotheses of the type of inter-group experimental design with pre-test and post-test along with the control group and according to the method of data collection, it is a semi-experimental type. The statistical population of this study is all boy students of the first grade secondary school students in Tehran who educated in the academic year of 2017-18. Using a targeted sampling method, a school in Tehran 2 region was selected as the sample and 50 subjects were divided into two experimental and control groups. Research tool of present study was questionnaire of academic performance. The results of ANCOVA and MANCOVA showed that the level of significance was less than 0.01 (p <0.01). Thus, the statistical zero assumption is rejected and it was found that there was a significant difference between the students in the experimental and control groups in the scores related to the academic performance in the post-test. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the educational computer game produced on the variable of academic performance has been effective and has led to its increase.

The purpose of this study was the effect of mobile learning on improving the performance of Allameh Tabatabai University staff. The research method is quantitative and quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study was the staff of Allameh Tabatabai University that 54 university staff (28 in the control group and 26 in the experimental group) were selected by convenience sampling method. Which were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. First, the pre-test was performed on the members of the experimental and control groups, and then the training package prepared on the subject of time management on mobile learning was provided to the experimental group. The conventional method was taught at the university for 4 weeks. At the end of the post-test was performed on both groups. The training package including the four dimensions of time management in the form of text, PowerPoint and short educational videos (micro learning) along with educational goals and end-of-course evaluation was provided to the staff of Allameh Tabatabai University. After training by the training package and conducting pre-test and post-test to evaluate time management knowledge, a staff performance questionnaire has been reviewed to assess the amount of adequate time utilization. This questionnaire had validity, reliability and scoring. Therefore, the mobile learning training package has increased the knowledge of time management of Allameh Tabatabai University staff and also due to the high

Due to the need for autonomy (self-control and self-management), desire to learn, and performance of medical students to learn English conversation, the present study aims to investigate the effect of conducting the flipped learning pattern on improving effective teaching strategies.

The present study is a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical sample was selected in an accessible manner with a random replacement of 100 people (50 people in each group). To collect data, the Fisher, King, and Tague’s (2001) autonomy and self-directed questionnaire was first administered to control and experimental groups. Then the control group learned English conversation in the usual way and the experimental group under the flipped learning pattern. Finally, a post-test was performed in both groups.

The results of univariate analysis of covariance (ANCova), repeated measures test and comparison of self-directed learning readiness of the studied samples before and after the intervention showed a significant effect of this teaching method on improving students' self-direction and autonomy.

The results indicated that the value and acceptability of the pattern besides traditional teaching methods have a great impact on students’ autonomy, desire to learn, and learning performance. Implementing similar research in different courses and on more examples is two suggestions for future research.

 Considering the problems of traditional teaching methods in promoting the professions of medical students and the urgent need of this group to update their knowledge, educational methods should be adopted that can enhance students' reasoning, judgment, and decision-making. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of the problem-solving teaching through flipped-learning pattern on the capability of their problem-solving styles.

 This quasi-experimental study is pre- and post-test. The statistical population was students of medical sciences at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. It performed during 14 periods in two control and experimental groups at Aladdin English Center in Mashhad. Participants were 120 individuals available by random replacement. To collect data, a questionnaire taken from other studies was first administered to the two groups as a pre-test. Then, in the control group, the teaching method was in traditional, and in the experimental group, it was under the problem-solving teaching through flipped-learning pattern. The effect of this teaching method was investigated by comparing the post-test scores of the two groups. Data analysis was performed through descriptive statistics.

 According to the findings, mean and standard deviation results were 5.05±15.62 obtained in the pretest of constructive problem-solving styles and 1.61±20.78 in non-constructive. Meanwhile, they were 5.86±17.16 in constructive and 2.44±21.86 in non-constructive in the post-test of the control group. The same cases in the experimental group were 2.95±12.66 in the pretest of constructive problem-solving styles and 0.91±19.76 in non-constructive, changing to 6.59±18.68 in the post-constructive and 2.81±22.4 for the non-constructive.

 Learning in this way is one of the basic needs of today's education at all levels. Considering the benefits such as enhancing analytical thinking, critical thinking, creativity, confidence in decision making, and problem-solving, it can be used as a complementary method alongside traditional teaching methods.

Learning is a transformational activity that prepares people to cope with events and adapt to the environment. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of a flipped learning model based on the problem-solving teaching approach on students' English language learning problem-solving styles. This research is a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-test in two control and experimental groups. participants were 320 people available by random replacement. To collect data, Cassidy and Long's problem-solving questionnaire was administered to the two groups as a pre-test. Then, the teaching method was traditional in the control group, and under a flipped teaching model based on the problem-solving teaching approach in the experimental group. To evaluate the amount of learning, the post-test scores of the two groups were compared. To measure the normality of the study population, a repeated measure test and independent t-test were performed. The results indicate the use of this method has an impact on students' constructive and non-constructive problem-solving styles of learning English. Also, the performance of the experimental group was better than the control group, and the learning difference was more significant. But no significant superiority was observed in the effect of the method in the two groups. Learning in this way is one of the basic needs of today's all levels of education. Given the benefits of reinforcing in-depth thinking, analytical thinking, critical thinking, creativity, confidence in decision-making, and problem-solving, this teaching method can be used as a complementary method alongside traditional teachings.

Financial literacy, which means having knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to this area, is of double importance for young people, especially students who are moving from dependence to independence, and their financial mistakes will have continuous consequences in their future. Despite the importance of measuring and evaluating financial behaviors, there is a research gap in the field of investigating this issue in the studied society.

The purpose of this research was to measure the level of financial literacy of student-teachers at the Farhangian University of Gilan and to analyze the relationship between several psychological and demographic variables with it.

The present research was descriptive and surveys study. The statistical population of the research consists of 613 students of Farhangian University of Gilan province, of which 242 were selected by simple random sampling. Two questionnaires by Moinuddin (2011) and Patrich et al. (2016) were used to collect the data.

The findings showed that the average score of student-teachers in financial knowledge is 4.50 (out of 24), financial attitude is 60.29 (out of 75) and financial behavior is 62.45 (out of 100). Also, the examination of the relationship between psychological and demographic variables with the dimensions of financial literacy showed that, except for a few variables, the status of students' financial literacy is similar in most of the variables, and different groups of students have the same financial literacy.

These findings show that the financial literacy of students is at a very low level in terms of knowledge, but the status of students' financial literacy is good in two dimensions, attitude, and behavior. Different groups also have a similar level of financial literacy.

Research shows that learning design and learning analytics together have a synergistic potential to promote learning. However, it is controversial how this synergy works. In this qualitative study, content analysis method was used to develop a constructivist learning design and learning analytics (CLDLA) model. For this purpose, 14 subject experts were selected through purposeful sampling method and were interviewed. The logic for selecting this number of experts was the theoretical saturation rule, which refers to the adequacy of collected data. The validity of the model was assessed by a survey of 20 subject experts. Research tools include an unstructured interview and the Model Validity Assessment Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in three stages inlcudig open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The results of data analysis led to the identification of components and the proposition of the CLDLA model. According to the results of this study, it is suggested to use the CLDLA model in the application of learning analytics in constructivist learning environments.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Hexad player styles and Kolb learning styles. The research method was a correlation. The statistical population of the study included all students of Zanjan University in the 2019 academic year, of which 120 people were selected as a sample of research by available sampling method. To measure the variables, the Hexad player style Questionaire (Marczewski, 2016) and learning styles Questionaire (Kolb's,2005) were used. The research data were analyzed using the logistics regression method. The results of data analysis on the relationship between game styles and learning styles indicate that the social player style is predictable by divergent, pragmatic, and convergent learning styles and the direction of the relationship in these three styles is positive: divergent (p = ./05), pragmatic (p =./05) and convergent (p =. /05). Also, the results show that the Diverging learning style significantly predicts achiever player style. The direction of this relationship is negative (p = ./05); That is, people who have a higher achiever player style have a less divergent learning style. Also, the Converging learning style can significantly predict the Disrupter player style. The direction of this relationship is positive so learners who have a convergent learning style also have a Disrupter player style. As a result, the dimensions of learning styles and their components can be a good predictor of game styles.

Family performance is one of the factors that can affect students and their learning quality. The purpose of the present study was to design and develop a proposed model of parental involvement and its impact on the learning of first grade students.

In this study, mixed method was used. In the qualitative part of the research, inductive content analysis was used and in the quantitative part, a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test was used. In the qualitative part of the research, documents, articles, books and texts that were extracted from interviews with 27 expert teachers and parents were analyzed. The teachers and parents were selected in a purposeful manner. Inductive content analysis including key text, coding, subcategories and categories were used to analyze the qualitative data. According to the content analysis, five main components (analysis, decision making, family interaction and education, dimensions of family participation and evaluation and feedback) and 55 sub-components were extracted for the main components. In the quantitative part of the study, the statistical population includes all first grade male students studying in Tehran province, Iran. The sample in the quantitative section consisted of 60 first grade elementary school students in the city of Quds, who were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two groups of 30 (experimental and control). Also, Cronbach's alpha method was used to collect quantitative data. At the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and at the level of inferential statistics Univariate analysis of covariance were used to compare the two experimental and control groups in terms of the mean score obtained.

The results obtained from the analysis of data related to the research hypothesis showed that after removing the pre-test effect (adjusted mean), there was a significant difference between the mean scores of learning in the two groups in the post-test (p <0.001). Therefore, the results of this study, along with other researches, indicate the positive role of parental involvement in enhancing the learning of first grade students.

Therefore, it is recommended to use this model as one of the executive approaches to achieve one of the major goals in the document of fundamental transformation of nurturing education "increasing participation and overall effectiveness of the family, especially in the education system".

This study provides a framework for identifying, designing, and validating a flipped learning pattern to enhance problem- based teaching approach in higher education instructors in teaching the English language. Also, this endeavors to offer a general blueprint for designing a pedagogical pattern as an improvement strategy in teaching and learning English. The present study is an applied and mixed-method research. In the qualitative phase, a systematic review of 137 written and electronic documents was performed to identify the components of the pattern. Besides, in-depth interviews with 32 available and purposeful experts were done to collect data. As a methodology, researchers used inductive qualitative content analysis. To confirm the obtained components, CVR and CVI were performed in quantitative part with 25 available experts. The final influential elements in pattern formation were determined and approved in 6 main components (selected code), 18 sub-components (pivot code), and 94 properties (open code). Based on the results of CVR = 0.9, CVI = 1, and the reliability of the questionnaire r = 0.83, all 118 components were confirmed. The activities before, during, and after the class were separately approved along with the independent activities of the teacher and learner. The results indicated the acceptability of the pattern indicators. It showed that choosing the correct and principled teaching method with conscious design can solve English teaching-learning problems according to the experts’ perspectives. Besides, it not only helps English instructors and learners how to plan but also encourages them to use it in various fields.

 Supporting and managing the emotions of the learning-teaching process is very important and requires designing safe learning environments in terms of cognitive experiences, psychosocial relationships, and emotional feelings. This study aimed to develop and validate of instructional design model based on Control-Value Theory (CVT) of achievement emotions to improve the psychological health and performance of learners and educators.

 The research method was qualitative, and we used the inductive content analysis technique. The studies related to CVT theory were searched from 2007 to 2021 in different databases, and 175 articles were selected out of them. Based on the purposive sampling method, 63 articles were chosen for further analysis. In a systematic approach, themes related to essential components of CVT were recognized and coded in the form of key sentences in a table. Then, the codes were categorized based on similarities and differences in general categories. Finally, an instructional design model based on CVT was designed. The model was sent to 20 specialists in the fields of Educational Technology and Educational Psychology content validation. Of them, 12 experts completed the questionnaire, and the results were analyzed.

 Based on the analyses, the main components of CVT were identified. Then, by combining instructional design principles, the experts presented and approved an instructional design model based on CVT of achievement emotions with eight components: learning environment, cognitive appraisal, emotion, achievement, learning, evaluation, design, and learner.

 The instructional design model based on CVT of achievement emotions is very effective at the micro and macro levels at all academic levels and various majors such as medicine, humanities, and basic sciences. It promises a rich teaching-learning environment in terms of achievement emotions.

The aim of this paper was to formulate strategic objectives for the development of a research in curriculum program along with mixed research methodology. The statistical population of the qualitative section included members of the secretariat and the strategic committee of the research in curriculum of Qom province with 35 people. In the quantitative section, 297 participants were selected in the research in curriculum. The data collection tool was used in the qualitative section was an interview with the focus groups and in the quantitative section, it was the researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed by thematic experts and its reliability was a coefficient of (0.85). The findings of the interview showed 13 main items, six of which were deleted by the Kapay Cohen's Consensus Test with other items used for setting a perspective on the research in curriculum program. Also, the results of the second and third questions, after identifying the strengths and weaknesses of internal factors and the opportunities and threats of external factors and analyzing their importance coefficient, respectively, suggested the precedence of opportunities over threats of external factors and of weaknesses over internal factors strengths. Then, 10 strategies were identified and after determining the attractiveness of each, five strategies were chosen and introduced to develop operational plans.

The modern world demands an effective educational approach to meet its requirements. In this study, the modern taxonomy of significant learning was applied to investigate the impact of personalized learning on achieving learning objectives.

The study utilized an experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Thirty undergraduate educational sciences students from Allameh Tabataba’i University participated in our study. They enrolled in the media education course in the spring semester of 2019-2020, and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The learning topic was “media message analysis,” and lesson objectives were defined based on the taxonomy of significant learning required for modern world. Personalized learning was implemented in an online environment for the experimental group. By choosing authentic assignments, we provided the students with learning paths based on their cognitive styles and gave them a sense of control over their own learning. Students in the control group received an online “one-size-fits-all” education. The engagement questionnaire was used to evaluate integration, human dimension, and categories of significant learning taxonomy; to measure students’ ability to control their learning, an online self-regulated learning questionnaire was employed. A researcher-made exam was designed to measure content mastery in fundamental knowledge and application categories. All three measurement tools were applied at baseline and two weeks after the intervention. The independent t-test was used to compare the two groups in each related category.

The results revealed that a personalized learning approach could lead to significant improvement in content mastery, cognitive, agentic, and emotional engagement, as well as self-regulated learning in the experimental group (P=0.007, 0.02, 0.048, 0.048, <0.001, respectively).

Teachers can help students achieve different categories of significant learning taxonomy through applying personalized learning to their courses. Therefore, implementing a personalized learning environment is recommended for higher education.

This study executed for the development of thinking instructional design models based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. The research was a mixed-method and Research design was exploratory design. The design consists of two consecutive qualitative and quantitative parts. In the qualitative section, by using the thematic analysis method, the scientific texts selected by purposeful method, consisted of 18 books and 40 articles, study and analysis. Also interviewed with 6 people of instructional design and educational psychology experts by focus group method and model developed. In the quantitative part, the developed model was validated. For internal validation, a developed model associated with the Researcher made a questionnaire with the determination of validity and Reliability coefficient 0/72 in the Cronbach alpha method, for 15 experts for judgment send and data analyzed. From the extracted themes, experts selected 3 global themes and 15 organizing themes and presented a model after determining the interaction between them. Analysis of the data obtained from the implementation of a researcher-made questionnaire for model internal validation by one-sample t-test showed that the mean of the respondents' responses to each question was significantly higher than the average of the scores in each question and as a result, the model had appropriate internal validity.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Flipped Learning Pattern (FLP) in terms of the Problem-Based Teaching Approach (PBTA) on the participants’ self-management, desire for learning, and self-control in learning English. The research design was quasi-experimental using pre-test and post-test. The participants were selected via cluster sampling from the English learners enrolled in Aladdin center in the 2018-2020 academic year. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=320). To collect the data, the self-directed learning questionnaire of Fisher, King, and Tague (2001) was used. The questionnaire contains 52 items and three subscales of self-management, desire for learning, and self-control. Findings showed that there was a significant difference in the effect of the method on three subscales of self-directed learning in the experimental and control groups. The results indicated that the value and acceptability of the pattern improve self-directed learning; and choosing the right teaching method with conscious design will have a great impact on learners’ high levels of learning English skills. Therefore, follow-up studies are necessary to investigate further the application of FLP in terms of PBTA in various lessons.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of produced educational computer game on the academic engagement of boy students in the first grade of secondry high school in Tehran.

This study is based on the objectives and hypotheses of the type of inter-group experimental design with pre-test and post-test along with the control group and according to the method of data collection, it is a semi-experimental type. The statistical population of this study is all boy students of the first grade secondary school students in Tehran who study in the academic year of 2017-18. Using a targeted sampling method, a school in district 2 in Tehran city was selected as the sample and 50 subjects were divided into two experimental and control groups. Research tool of the present study is questionnaire of academic engagement.

The results of ANCOVA and MANCOVA showed that the level of significance was less than 0.01 (p <0.01). Thus, the statistical zero assumption is rejected and it was found that there was a significant difference between the students in the experimental and control groups in the scores related to the academic engagement and its components in the post-test.

rding to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the produced educational computer game has been effective on the variable of academic engagement and its components and has led to its increase.

Deep and sustainable learning requires a safe and healthy environment. Moreover, paying attention to the intertwined emotional, motivational, cognitive and social processes in the teaching-learning process is vital. Academic achievement motivation and self-regulated learning (SRL) are two important elements in this process that are influenced by the achievement emotions in the learning environment. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of instructional design model based on control-value theory of achievement emotions (CVT), on academic achievement motivation and self-regulation learning. 

The research was quantitative and performed by Nonequlment design control group. The statistical population included female second year high school students in Tehran in the academic year of 1997-98, who were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling in two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained according to the instructional design model based on CVT theory and the control group did not receive this training method. The questionnaire of academic achievement motivation and self-regulated learning was administered to the experimental and control groups as pre-test and post-test before and after the implementation of the model. Data were analyzed by inferential and descriptive statistics using SPSS software and multivariate covariance. 

The results of univariate analysis of covariance of group effect on the scores of dependent variables show that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in cognitive strategy (F=11/94, P>0/05, η2=0/14), metacognition strategy (F=56/06, P>0/05, η2=0/44), motivational beliefs (F=6/36, P>0/05, η2=0/08) and academic achievement motivation (F=10/69, P>0/05, η2 =0/13). 

The result of this study show that the use of instructional design model based on CVT theory has a positive effect on cognitive strategies, metacognition strategies, motivational beliefs and learnerschr('39') academic achievement motivation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of augmented reality technology based environmental literacy training program on the knowledge, attitude and behavior of high school students. The population of this study consisted of all high school students of Tehran who were studying in the year 1396-97. The sample was selected by non-random sampling method and divided into two groups of 20 (experimental and control groups). The research method was quasi-experimental (pretest-posttest with control group). First, the environmental literacy test was used as a pre-test. Then the mobile tools were provided to the experimental group to perform augmented reality, and control group were presented in the traditional environment. After completing the teaching process in both groups, the environmental literacy questionnaire was used again, and its results were compared. Covariance analysis and multivariate analysis of variance were used for data analysis. The results showed that environmental literacy education based on augmented reality technology had a positive effect on the knowledge, attitude and environmental behavior of high school students and it can be used as a useful tool in education.

Teachers 'teaching methods play an irreplaceable role in students' learning process. Accordingly, the present study aims to determine the components and framework of teaching pattern of primary school based on the teaching content to develop the lesson study model and estimate its internal validity.

The research method was mixed exploratory. In qualitative phase, the inductive content analysis was used to obtain the teaching pattern, and in the quantitative phase, the survey method was utilized for estimating internal validity. The statistical population of the qualitative phase comprised written resources and the teaching videos of selected projects of lesson study planning and the quantitative phase comprised experts and professors of lesson study and teaching method of primary school books. In both phases, samples were selected purposefully. In qualitative phase, 124 selected videos of teaching the lesson study project in a four year interval ( from 2015 to 2016 and from 2018 to 2019) were analyzed. In quantitative phase, 34 experts and professors of teaching method of textbooks and teaching method in universities were selected. The qualitative data were collected by analyzing the content of resources and selected videos and the quantitative data were collected by the research-made questionnaire.

The result of content analysis revealed seven types of content and the conceptual pattern was proposed and the videos were classified accordingly. Following content analysis and code extraction, components were extracted and presented in form of pattern of teaching steps appropriate for various content.

Results from internal validation revealed that the proposed teaching pattern has high internal validity and is appropriate for teaching primary school students.

The prevalence of aggressive behaviors is directly related to the physical and mental health of the community. Thinking instruction can be an effective strategy to prevent aggressive behaviors in the teenager. Thinking instruction, like any kind of instruction, requires design. The purpose of this research, designing a thinking instruction model based on Vygotskychr('39')s sociocultural theory and assessment its impact on reducing students aggression.

The research is a mixed method. The qualitative section from the theme analysis and survey method and the quantitative section from the experimental method was used. In the qualitative section by analyzing texts and interviews, the model designed and for internal validation, the Model image with a questionnaire, send for 15 experts, Data analysis and internal validation of the model were confirmed. 60 male and female students with the highest aggression scores in Buss and Perry aggression test, alternative In 2 experimental groups and 2 control groups and thought instruction for them executed during 9 sessions 75 minutes. Experimental groups by designed model and control groups by Common school methods, such as question and answer method, given thought instruction. After instruction, the aggression questionnaire was used to assess the aggression of the groups.

Initially, the model of thinking instruction designed. Then model executes and data were analyzed by t-test. Between experimental and control groups of male students, No significant difference was observed. Between experimental and control groups of female students, considering the mean differences (3.800 & 8.266), observed a significant difference. Between two groups of girls and boys in decreasing aggression, there was no significant difference.

Conclusions :

In addition to the general design of instruction, one can design instruction in special fields such as thinking. The thinking instruction model, designed, validated, applied and led to a reduction in female studentschr('39') aggression.

Applying new educational approaches in media education is essential in higher education. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of personalized learning which is based on students’ cognitive styles on their media literacy. The experimental design by considering pre-test, post-test with control group and mixed sampling method was applied in this study. The experimental group was instructed with personalized contents, strategies and various task fitted with their cognitive styles and their real worlds, while the control group received the common approach which was one education for all. The result of independent t-test revealed that with %99 Confidence level, there was a significant difference between two groups in learning of concepts and their application in media messages analysis skill. By applying new educational approaches which fit students’ needs, characteristics and their real worlds experiences, mastering media literacy skills and constructing related knowledge structures will be facilitated.