khalid mohammadzadeh salamat

  Consuming foods with antioxidant properties plays an important role in neutralizing the harmful effects of free radicals (FR). This issue is more important in conditions such as diabetes, where oxidative stress (OS) increases more than in healthy individuals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of combining quercetin supplementation (QS) with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on antioxidant capacity (TAC) and insulin resistance (IR) in male diabetic Wistar rats.

18 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to diabetic control (DC: n=9) and high-intensity interval training- Quercetin (HIIT-QS: n=9) groups. After two weeks of intraperitoneal injection of low doses of streptozotocin (STZ), ensuring that the rats became diabetic, HIIT was performed five sessions per week for six weeks in 8-10 sets at an intensity of 65-85% of maximum oxygen consumption  (VO2max) on a treadmill. The HHIT-QS also received 20 mg/kg/d of quercetin by gavage. 48 hours after the last session of HIIT, rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glucose, and insulin were measured in plasma. Insulin resistance (IR) was determined using the HOMA-IR formula.

It was observed that there was no significant difference in TAC between the HIIT-QS and the DC (p>0.05). However, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in plasma glucose levels, such that glucose levels in the HIIT-QS were significantly lower compared to the DC (p≤0.001). HOMA-IR was also significantly lower in the HIIT-QS compared to the DC (p≤0.001).

Finally, it can be said that combining quercetin with high-intensity interval training improves plasma glucose and insulin resistance in diabetic rats, independent of changes in total plasma antioxidant capacity.

Previous studies have shown the positive effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin on various variables in diabetes. Also, the combination of these interventions may have a synergistic effect on research variables. The present study investigates the independent and combined effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin supplementation on plasma C-reactive protein concentration in diabetic rats.

Forty male rats were equally divided into healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic exercise, diabetic curcumin and diabetic curcumin + exercise. Aerobic exercise (five sessions / week, each session 30 minutes at a speed of 22 meters / minute, slope: five percent) and supplementation (30 mg / kg body weight, three days / week) were performed for eight weeks. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours after receiving the last intervention.

Diabetes increased the concentration of plasma C-reactive protein (P = 0.001). Exercise decreased plasma C-reactive protein concentration (P = 0.001) in diabetic rats. Curcumin also reduced plasma C-reactive protein (P = 0.001) in diabetic rats. The combination of exercise and supplementation had a greater effect on reducing the plasma C-reactive protein concentration than mono / supplementation alone (P <0.001).

Exercise and curcumin separately reduced plasma C-reactive protein concentration in diabetic rats. It also seems that the use of a combination of exercise and curcumin than the use of each alone, has been more effective on the variables of the present study.

Previous studies have shown the positive effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin on diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with and without curcumin supplementation on apelin levels, insulin resistance, and glucose in rats with type 2 diabetes.

Forty male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8 including healthy control, diabetic control, diabetes + curcumin, diabetes + aerobic exercise, diabetes + curcumin + aerobic exercise. After the intervention, the animals were sacrificed based on the name of the group, and the desired variables were measured in the collected plasma samples. Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and a P value less than 0.05 was considered as a significant difference.

The results showed that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increased the levels of apelin (P<0.05) and decreased insulin resistance (P<0.05) and glucose (P<0.05) in the plasma of diabetic rats. The use of curcumin also increased the levels of apelin (P<0.05) and decreased insulin resistance (P<0.05) and glucose (P<0.05) in the plasma of diabetic rats.

Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can be a good way to lower blood sugar and to prevent from increasing it in diabetic patients. Also, taking curcumin in the range of health values along with aerobic exercise can affect better on the results.

Previous studies have shown the positive effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin on various variables in diabetes. Combination of these interventions may have an additive effect on these variables. The present study investigates the independent and combined effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin supplementation on cardiac SIRT1 gene expression and plasma resistin concentration in diabetic rats.

Forty male rats were equally divided into healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic exercise, diabetic curcumin, and diabetic curcumin+exercise. Aerobic exercise (five sessions/week, each session 30 minutes at a speed of 22 meters/minute, slope: five percent) and supplementation (30 mg/kg body weight, three days/week) were performed for eight weeks. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours after receiving the last intervention.

Diabetes decreased the expression of cardiac SIRT1 gene (p=0.001) and increased plasma resistin concentration (p =0.001). Exercise increased the expression of SIRT1 gene (p= 0.044) and decreased the resistance of resistin (p = 0.001) in diabetic rats. Curcumin also increased SIRT1 gene expression (p=0.048) and decreased resistin concentration (p=0.001) in diabetic rats. Compared to exercise or supplementation, combination of exercise and supplementation had more significant effect on increasing the expression of SIRT1 gene and decreasing the plasma concentration of resistin (p < 0.05).

In diabetic rats, aerobic exercise combined with curcumin has more pronounced beneficial effects on myocardial SIRT1 gene expression and plasma resistin concentrations from each alone.
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 The aim of this research was to study the influence of consuming ascorbic acid during high -intensity endurance training on catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO) concentration, and blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive male.

 36 hypertensive male voluntary participated in the present study and randomly assigned into endurance training-ascorbic acid (HTC; n = 9), endurance training-placebo (HTP; n = 9), ascorbic acid (AA; n = 9) and control (n = 9). The exercise protocol was including continuous running exercise training with gradually increasing of duration and intensity, 3 times a week for 10 weeks. The supplement groups consumed daily 500 mg of ascorbic acid, and the placebo group consumed the same amount of maltodextrin. Fasting blood samples was gathered before the beginning exercise protocol and one day after last session for analyzing CAT and NO.

 Results showed that activity of CAT and NO concentration were significantly increased only in the HTC and HTP (P ≤ 0.05). Also, in the HTP and HTC, a significant decrease observed in the systolic and diastolic (P ≤ 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between HTC and HTP in SBP and DBP (P > 0.05).

 Finally, we concluded that, continuous running exercise training has positive effect on the catalase and oxide nitric activity, and can improve blood pressure in the hypertensive men. Anyway, combined the high -intensity aerobic training with ascorbic acid may have not more efficacy.
 

 Obesity is known as one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors.

 This quasi-experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of an eight-week aerobic exercise and garlic extract use on the blood pressure, fat percentage, and lipid profile of patients with hypertension.

 A total of 50 men with a mean age of 53 ± 7.6 years were recruited from among obese patients with blood pressure. They were randomly divided into five groups of aerobic exercise, garlic extract, aerobic exercise plus garlic extract, placebo, and control. The experimental groups underwent aerobic exercise (3 sessions per week, each session for 35 - 60 min with a maximum heart rate of 50 - 75) or garlic extract supplementation (daily use of 6 g) for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected before interventions and 48 h after the last exercise session. Statistical analysis was done by the dependent t-test and ANCOVA.

 Body weight, body fat percentage, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and serum LDL significantly reduced in the aerobic exercise, garlic extract, and aerobic exercise plus garlic extract groups compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise plus garlic extract groups showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol level and serum triglyceride and an increase in serum HDL compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise plus garlic extract group indicated a higher increase in serum HDL and a higher decrease in the body weight, body fat percentage, and serum LDL compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Aerobic exercise plus garlic extract group indicated a higher serum LDL decrease compared to the aerobic exercise group (P ≤ 0.01).

 Both aerobic exercise and garlic extract seem to be able to improve obesity, lipid profile, and hypertension. However, their concurrent use has no additional effects on the blood pressure control although it mostly influences lipid profile and body composition.

This study investigated the effects of an eight-week aerobic exercise program and use of garlic extract on serum atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and NT-pro brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in obese hypertensive patients.

A total of 50 male obese hypertensive patients with a mean age of 53 ± 7.6 years were recruited in this study. They were randomly assigned to five groups, including aerobic exercise, garlic extract, aerobic exercise + garlic extract, placebo, and control. The experimental groups were subjected to eight weeks of aerobic exercise (three sessions per week, each session for 35 - 60 min with a maximum heart rate of 50% - 70%) and/or garlic extract supplement (6 g daily). Blood samples were collected before interventions and 48 h after the last exercise session. Statistical analysis of data was performed by dependent t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).

Body weight, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and NT-pro BNP in aerobic exercise, garlic extract, and garlic extract + aerobic exercise reduced significantly compared to control group (P ≤ 0.05). Body weight, BMI, and ANP decreased significantly in aerobic and aerobic + garlic extract groups compared to garlic group (P ≤ 0.001). Moreover, ANP reduced more significantly in aerobic exercise + garlic extract group than in aerobic exercise group (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, NT-pro BNP decreased more significantly in aerobic exercise + garlic extract group than in garlic extract group (P ≤ 0.01).

It seems that both aerobic exercise and garlic extract are able to decrease obesity and hypertension. However, their simultaneous use has no additional effects on hypertension control although it influences the body composition and natriuretic peptides.

Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension are global health concerns.

The purpose of this study was the effect of intensive aerobic training with vitamin C supplementation on myeloperoxidase (MPO), asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA), and blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive men.

Forty hypertensive men (age: 44.6 ± 3.5 y, body mass index: 28.2 ± 1.2 kg.m-2) volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly divided into four groups of aerobic training with vitamin C (ATV; N = 10), aerobic training with placebo (ATP; N = 10), vitamin C group (VC; N = 10) and control (Con; N = 10). The exercise training consisted of running training, which was done three times a week for 10 weeks, with the intensity of 75% - 85% HR max, and the duration of 20 - 45 minutes. ATP and VC groups consumed daily 500 mg of vitamin C or placebo. Fasting blood samples were measured before the start training protocol and 24 hour after last training sessions to measure MPO and ADMA in the serum.

The results of present study showed that ADMA and BP were significantly decreased only in ATV and ATP (P ≤ 0.05). However, MPO did not change significantly (P > 0.05). Also, were seen that no significant difference between ATV and ATP groups (P > 0.05).

It can be concluded that, aerobic training caused to decrease of dimethyl arginine, that can be a good strategy for control or decrease of blood pressure in hypertensive subjects, however intensive aerobic training with vitamin C may have better efficacy.

Cardiomyopathy is one of adverse effects of diabetes that associated with cardiac muscle metabolism and function disruption. Exercise training decreases adverse effects of diabetes on heart by changing genes involved in cardiac metabolism and increasing myokines secretion. So, the aim of this study was to investigate of 8 weeks aerobic training on cardiac PGC-1α gene expression and plasma irisin in STZ-induced diabetics’ rats.

16 STZ-induced diabetics Wistar rats (10 weeks old) divided into control and aerobic training groups. Time and intensity of exercise session began with 15 minutes and 10 m/min, and gradually increased to 40 minutes and 25 m/min at seventh week and kept to the end of eighth’s week (8 weeks). Cardiac PGC-1α gene expression analyzed by PCR, and plasma concentration of insulin, glucose were analyzed by ELISA method 48 hours after the last session of exercise training. Data were analyzed by independent t test at alpha level of 0/05.

the results showed that aerobic exercise training increased PGC-1α concentration (P<0/001) and plasma irisin (P<0/001). Further analysis showed that aerobic exercise training decreased glucose concentration (P<0/001) and increased insulin concentration (P<0/001), but had no effect of insulin resistance (P=0/79). In addition, the results revealed that there is a positive correlation between PGC-1α and plasma irisin (P<0/001) and insulin (P=0/019), but it has a negative correlation with plasma glucose (P=0/001). There is also a positive significant correlation between isirin and insulin (P=0/001), and a negative correlation between irisin and glucose (P=0/002).

The findings suggest that aerobic exercise training induces increased cardiac PGC-1α gene expression and plasma irisin. These changes have a significant correlation with lowered glucose and increased plasma insulin insulin in STZ-induced diabetics’ rats.

  The anti-diabetic effects of nettle and exercise training have been proven, but the simultaneous effects of these two types of treatment in diabetic patients had controversy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the of nettle extract and endurance training on serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP), blood glucose, Weight and the pancreatic, liver and heart tissue changes of diabetic rats. In an experimental study, seventy male Wistar rats (weight =227.35 ± 18.52 g) were randomly divided into seven equal groups including; 1- healthy control 2- diabetic control 3- diabetic with nettle extract 4- diabetic with metformin 5- diabetic with training 6- diabetic with training + nettle 7- diabetic with training + metformin. Diabets was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection in diabetic and therapeutic groups other than the healthy control group. Swimming training was performed for four weeks, 5 days a week, inside an animal training pool. At the end of the treatment, the mice were anesthetized and blood samples were taken to measure glucose and CRP and also samples of pancreatic, liver and heart tissue were collected for histopathologic studies. After the treatment, glucose concentration decreased the significantly in the treatment groups compared to the diabetic control group, in which the highest reduction was seen in nettle + training and metformin group (P <0.001). Also, CRP was significantly decreased the nettle + training in compared to diabetic control group (P <0.05). Photomicrographic evaluation showed less damage and more improvement in liver, pancreas and heart tissues of treatment groups, especially the nettle + training group. The results showed that the use of the nettle extract and exercise training can reduce glucose and inflammation and also can reduce the tissue damage of diabetic rats.

Cell adhesion molecules are glycoproteins that mediate leukocyte response to inflammation. Increased level of these molecules may be directly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of endurance training on serum adhesion molecules in overweight men.
Twenty two overweight students (BMI=28.34 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups, endurance training (n = 11) and control (n=11). Training group participants accomplished 3 sessions of endurance training program for 8 weeks. Before and after every exercise, fasting blood samples were taken from all the subjects and serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1(sICAM-1), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1(sVCAM-1) and soluble E-selectin were measured. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA test.
Data showed significant differences in the levels of sICAM-1 between the groups after eight weeks of endurance training (P=0.002). Comparison of the groups’ pre- and post exercise mean values of the levels of sICAM-1 showed significant changes in endurance group (P=0.001). Serum levels of sVCAM-1 and soluble E selectin showed no significant changes (p>0.05).
According to the results we can conclude that endurance training can decrease the levels of some of adhesion molecules. It could be responsible, to some extent for possible reduction of systemic inflammation, caused by physical activity.