khosro azizi

Global climate change has caused extensive changes in climatic parameters such as rainfall and temperature, ultimately affecting field crop productions. Considering continuous climate change and its effects on the agricultural sector, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, it seems inevitable to provide adaptation strategies to reduce climate change's negative effects and increase agricultural production. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of planting date and supplementary irrigation (SI) at important growth stages on wheat yield and growth in rainfed agro-ecosystems under baseline and future climate change conditions using the APSIM-Wheat model. The current study focused on five locations (Bijar, Marivan, Saqqez, Qorveh, and Sanandaj) in Kurdistan province, Iran. The study locations were chosen based on being a cultivated rainfed wheat area, their climatic diversity, and the availability of long-term climate data (rainfall, sunshine duration, and minimum and maximum temperatures). The WeatherMan (Weather Data Manager) program embedded in Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) package was used to restore and modify missing and outliers data in the study locations. The APSIM-Wheat model was applied to predict the wheat development and growth (Azar-2 cultivar). The performance of the crop model was evaluated based on the comparison of field-measured and simulated values for study traits. To do this, the Willmott index of agreement (d-index), normalized root mean squared error (nRMSE), mean bias error (MBE), determination coefficient (R2), and 1:1 line indicators were considered. The five GCMs under RCP8.5 scenario were singled out based on five possible climate characteristics, including cool wet (IPSL-CM5B-LR), hot wet (HadGEM2-AO), cool dry (GFDL-ESM2G), hot dry (MIROC-ESM), and middle (CESM1-BGC). Simulation experimental treatments in five locations were three irrigation regimes of (i) rainfed, (ii) SI at flowering stage, (iii) and SI at grain filling stage, and three planting dates of 1, 15, and 30 October at baseline period (1980-2010) and five GCMs under the RCP8.5 scenario for 2040-2070 period. Large variability was detected in rainfed wheat grain yield depending upon planting date and irrigation regime in five studied locations. wheat plants differently responded to planting dates and irrigation regimes in the Kurdistan province, Iran and varied from 1.81 t ha-1 (rainfed × 30-Oct in Qorveh) to 5.76 t ha-1 (SI at flowering stage × 15-Oct and SI at grain filling stage × 15-Oct in Qorveh). The average grain yield of the entire wheat agro-ecosystems was 4.63 t ha-1. An increase of 6.9% was simulated for wheat grain yield entire Kurdistan province, Iran (as a semi-arid and cold agro-climatic zone) under future climate change conditions compared with the baseline. At the baseline period, the maximum wheat grain yield produced at an early planting date (1-Oct) in all locations except for Sanandaj, in which a mid-planting date (15-Oct) had the highest simulated grain yield. The simulated grain yields were maximized at a mid-planting date in studied locations except for Sanandaj, in which a late planting date (30-Oct) had the highest grain yield under future climate change conditions. The SI at flowering and grain filling stages had a similar effect on the wheat grain yield. Averaged by planting dates and locations, the wheat grain yield was increased by 8.7% when SI regimes were used compared with the rainfed treatment under climate change conditions. The current findings showed that a mid planting date × SI at flowering/grain filling stages was identified as the best management practice under future climate conditions and can be suggested in semi-arid and cold agro-climatic zone for the autumn wheat in the Kurdistan province, Iran.

In recent years, enhancing crop grain yield and water use efficiency have become among the important objectives of researchers. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the optimal combination of cultivar and irrigation in autumn rapeseed. To do this, the current research was carried out using APSIM simulation model on three autumn rapeseed cultivars (Hyola308, Hyola401, and RGS003) and four irrigation treatments (full irrigation, withholding irrigation at flowering stage, withholding irrigation at pod initiation stage, and withholding irrigation at grain filling period) in four counties of Lorestan Province. The results showed that the highest grain yield in Khorramabad, Pol-e Dokhtar, and Kuhdasht was obtained with Hyola401 cultivar and full irrigation (5361, 5378, and 4488 kg.ha-1, respectively), while in Aleshtar, cultivation of Hyola308 cultivar and withholding irrigation in one of the treatments led to the highest yield (2634 kg.ha-1). The results also showed that Hyola401 cultivar and withholding irrigation at flowering stage in Pol-e Dokhtar and Khorramabad and full irrigation in Kuhdasht (0.457, 0.398, and 0.307 kg.m-3, respectively) led to the highest crop water use efficiency in these counties. In Aleshtar, Hyola308 cultivar and withholding irrigation at flowering stage resulted in the highest crop water use efficiency (0.239 kg.m-3). Overall, the results showed that for these rapeseed agro-ecosystems, the air temperature in each county played a key role in choosing the optimal cultivar (i.e. cultivars with higher percentage of fertile pods under water stress conditions) and proper irrigation management.

Legumes are one of the most important sources of protein, minerals, and calories in the diet of people in developing countries. Chickpea is known as one of the most important legumes influenced by management and genetic factors. Accordingly, the current research aimed to assess the effect of planting density on improving economic yield and yield components of rainfed chickpea cultivars in Khorramabad County at the research farm of Lorestan University in 2023. Factorial arrangement of the treatments was set up as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors included plant density in five levels (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 plants per square meter) and cultivars in three levels (Adel, Saeed, and Mansour). Based on the obtained results, the interaction effect of density and cultivar on the distance of the first secondary branch from the ground, the distance of the first pod from the ground, the number of secondary branches, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds in a pod, and the number of seeds per plant was significant at the level of 1% and was not on economic and biological yields and 100-seed weight. However, the simple effect of density was significant on economic and biological yields at the level of 5%. Also, the simple effect of cultivar was significant on economic and biological yields at the level of 5%. Based on the mean comparison, the highest economic yield (3390.5 kg/ha) was obtained at a density of 50 plants per square meter and the lowest (2678.3 kg/ha) at a density of 20 plants per square meter showing 26.6% superiority. By comparing the regression between economic yield and different densities for various cultivars, the best economic yield of Adel cultivar (3394 kg/ha) was obtained at a density of 44.98 plants per square meter (approximately 45). Also, the maximum economic yield for the Saeed cultivar (3264 kg/ha) was at a density of 59.83 plants per square meter (approximately 60), and for the Mansour cultivar (3430 kg/ha) at a density of 37.85 plants per square meter (approximately 38). Accordingly, the Mansour cultivar with a density of 40 plants per square meter is recommended for the growers in Khorramabad.

 Legumes are the second food source after cereals, which provide almost a quarter of protein for developing countries. Lentil is recognized as one of important legumes due to its favourable characteristics. The lintile production, like to other crops has been influenced by three factors: management, genetics, and environment. Improving crop production can be achieved by optimizing these factors. Thus, paying attention to the above-mentioned factors can reduce the severe climatic effects on crop production. Among the above-mentioned factors, management strategies e.g., optimal sowing date and using the optimal cultivar are considered to improve crop production. Initial soil moisture, which can affect crop germination, establishment and ultimately growth and yield, is another important strategy. Accordingly, the current research was conducted in order to simulate the effects of cultivar, sowing date, and initial soil moisture on lentil grian yield in different locations of Lorestan province.

 The study locations were Aligudarz, Nurabad, KhorramAbad, and Kuhdasht. Simple Simulation Models-iCrop2 (SSM-iCrop2) was used to simulate the lentil growth and development. The data required to run model included climatic, soil, management, and crop data. Daily long-term climatic data including maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, and radiation were collected from Iran Meteorological Organization. The soil data included soil depth, soil water content at wilting point, soil water content at field capacity, and saturation water content, which were obtained from different data collection in the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural, the Natural Resources Research and Education Centers, and soil laboratories at each location and Food and Agriculture Organization and Global yield Gap Atlas.The management data such as palnt density, tillage, rows distance, and sowing depth were obtained by local experts from the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural and the Natural Resources Research and Education Centers at each location. The crop data e.g., the specific genetic coefficients of each cultivar were obtained form Amiri and Deihimfard (2018). The study treatments consisted of four sowing dates (21 January, 12 February, 4 March, and 30 April), two cultivars (early-maturity and late-maturity) and four initial soil moisture (32, 36, 42, and 58 mm). The model was run for 41 years (1980-2020). Initial soil water contents and sowing dates were obtained from a preliminary simulation experiment.

Averaged across all treatments, the highest grain yield was obtained at KhorramAbad (388 kg ha-1) due to higher rainfall during the growing season. In addition, the grain yield difference among the sowing dates ranged from kg ha-1 on 30 April to 364 kg ha-1 on 21 January. The reason for the higher grain yield on 21 January sowing date was the higher cumulative rainfall season (149.3 mm vs. 99.2 mm) and the lower mean temperature (22.9 °C vs. 23.9 °C) during the growing season compared to other sowing dates. Across locations, sowing dates, and cultivars, the highest grain yield (263 kg ha-1) was simulated under initial soil moisture of 58 mm. Also, on average across sowing dates, initial soil moisture contents, and locations, the early-maturity cultivar simulated more grain yield than late-maturity cultivar (405 kg ha-1 vs. 63 kg ha-1) due to the avoidance of drought stress at the end of the growing season. Considering different interactions, on average across locations, the highest grain yield was simulated by 704 kg ha-1 in the combination of early-maturity cultivar, early sowing date (21 January), and initial soil moisture of 58 mm.

 In general, the results indicated that the lentil grain yield varied among the various study treatments (sowing date, cultivar, and initial soil moisture) as well as different locations of Lorestan province. Lentil growers can increase the lentil production in Lorestan province and study locations by using the interaction of early planting date (21 January) ´ early-maturity cultivar (Kimia) ´ higher initial soil moisture (58 mm). It should be noted that the current research was conducted under water-limited condition and it is suggested that researchers focus on other limitimg and reducing factors in the future studies.

Rapeseed is the third most important oilseed product after soybean and oil palm in the world. Evaluating the growth and drought indices of different cultivars can help introduce the optimal cultivar for a given region to achieve optimal production. The current research was conducted in four counties of Lorestan province including Aleshtar, Khorramabad, Kuhdasht, and Pol-e Dokhtar for simulating the growth and drought indices of three rapeseed cultivars (Hyola308, Hyola401, and RGS003) using modeling technique. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and yield of rapeseed. On average across all counties, Hyola401 had the maximum LAI (4.7), CGR (21.1 g m-2 day-1), RGR (0.8 g g-1), and TDW (1507.4 g m-2 day-1). Grain yield varied from 21.1 tons ha-1 in Aleshtar to 4.8 tons ha-1 in Pol-e Dokhtar. Also, on average across various counties, the average grain yield for Hyola308, Hyola401, and RGS003 cultivars was 3.9, 4.5, and 4 tons ha-1, respectively. For the water stress factor (WSF), water stress was not observed in Aleshtar, but in other counties, water stress started after the flowering stage and lasted until the maturity stage. The drought pattern indicated that in most counties, except Aleshtar, suitable irrigation management at the end of the rapeseed growth period can help to improve grain yield in the studied counties.

In recent years, attention has been paid to forage cactus as a plant resistant to drought conditions and as an obstacle against desertification and diversification of vegetation in low rainfall ranges. The use of Opuntia ficus-indica pads as forage for cattle in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world, especially in periods of time when there is a lack of quality and quantity of fodder in the ranges, is important. Considering the importance of producing fodder plants and improving their quality under the influence of different fertilizer inputs, this experiment aims to investigate the effect of different proportions of biological, chemical and animal fertilizers and their interaction on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage cactus and determine the optimal fertilizer level for this plant in the city, It was done in Khorram Abad, Lorestan. In order to investigate the effect of using biological, chemical and livestock fertilizers on Separate and combined tests were carried out on some forage cactus traits during two cropping years (2019 and 2020). The size of each plot was 6 square meters (4 x 1.5) with 4 crop lines and the plant density was 3.33 per each square meter. The main pad for planting was prepared from a three-year base and were prepared and transferred from the research farm affiliated to ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas) in Mehran city, belonging to the Agricultural Research Center of Ilam province. The experiment was conducted in the research farm of Lorestan University's Faculty of Agriculture as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with 32 treatments and 3 replications. Experimental factors include biological fertilizer (mycorrhiza) at 2 levels (use and non-use of mycorrhiza), manure at 4 levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 tons per hectare) and nitrogen fertilizer at 4 levels(0, 100, 200 and 300 kilograms per hectare).  The qualitative traits included NDF, ADF, CF, ASH and CP, which were measured using a near infrared spectrometer )NIR(, (model DA 7250: manufactured by Perten Sweden) measurements were made at wavelengths between 700 and 2500 nm.(All the measurements for the quality of traits were done in the central laboratory of Lorestan University).Quantitative analysis of the data after Bartlett's test was done with SAS software Version (9.4) by compound analysis method for all traits (except wet and dry yield which were one year old), to draw graphs from Excel software and to compare the averages from the test LSD was used at a significant level of 5%. The percentage of crude protein, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude fiber, fresh and dry yield was influenced by the use of manure and nitrogen fertilizer, and the simple effect and the interaction effect of the combined use of different levels of  manure and nitrogen fertilizer on this trait were also significant at the level of one percent.The highest fresh forage yield and dry yield were obtained in the treatment of combined use of 300 kg of nitrogen fertilizer + 30 tons per hectare of manure in comparison with the control treatment (no use of fertilizer) with the lowest amount. The percentage of crude protein and fodder ash increased by 83.05% and 88.26% respectively in this treatment, and the percentage of traits reducing the quality of fodder, including neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude fiber showed the highest decrease compared to the control treatment, showed. Based on the results of the present research, the combined use of manure and chemical fertilizers led to the improvement of quantitative and qualitative traits in forage cactus. Non significant difference was observed between treatments using mycorrhiza and not using it.The best result was obtained in the M3N3 treatment and then in the M3N2, M2N2 and M2N3 treatments, considering that no significant difference was observed between the characteristics of these treatments, the M2N2 treatment seems to be more economically efficient and more sustainable from the environmental aspect, it is recommended. As it was evident in the test results, no significant difference was observed between the treatments using mycorrhizal biofertilizer and not using this fertilizer. It seems that the beneficial effects of manure last longer compared to chemical fertilizers, and also some organic matter may remain in the soil over the years and its nutrients gradually enter the soil, and less damage is caused by using it, enters the environment. According to the results of this research, the integrated application of manure and nitrogen fertilizer has improved the quantitative and qualitative traits in forage cactus, non significant difference was observed between the treatments of using bio-fertilizer and not using bio-fertilizer. therefore, it is recommended that the study regarding the use of mycorrhizal fungi in multi-year and long-term supplementary experiments be investigated further. The effect of year was significant only on the trait of plant height and it did not show significant results in other traits. The combination of manure and chemical fertilizer can increase vegetative growth and forage yield, because in the integrated system, the presence of some chemical fertilizer at the beginning of growth compensates for the lack of elements in the root environment, and then during the growth period, animal fertilizers release the elements required by the plant increasing the yield of fodder in the plant.

Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. The models are mechanistic and process-oriented that are able to simulate different agricultural systems (including arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran) through different sub-models (biological, environmental, managerial, and economic sub-models) connected with the main engine of the models. The APSIM-Barley model can be used to evaluate the management practices on barley crop. The current research was carried out to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model in relation to simulating the growth, development, and yield of three barley cultivars (Azaran, Jolgeh, and Bahman) under different conditions of nitrogen and irrigation supplies.

 In order to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model regarding simulating and quantifying the phenological stages, biomass, and grain yield of different barley cultivars, some independent experiment datasets were used. For crop model calibration, an experiment was conducted in a factorial split plot design at the Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan in 2019. The main factor consisted of three irrigation levels (30-40, 60-70, and 90-100% of the field capacity) and sub-factors included cultivar levels (Azran, Jolgeh, and Bahman as early, mid, and late cultivars, respectively) and three nitrogen levels (zero, medium, and optimum). For model validation, another series of independent datasets in different years consisting of published articles and research projects were used. For assessing the efficiency of the crop model and comparing the simulated and measured values, R2, nRMSE, d-index, and MBE indices were used and OriginPro software was considerd for all statistical analysis and drawing of figures.

 The simulation results of APSIM-Barley model in the calibration step showed that nRMSE for days to flowering and maturity was 2.43 and 2.4%, respectively.  Also, under full water and nitrogen conditions, nRMSE for the leaf area index of Azaran, Jolgeh and Bahman cultivars was 13.5, 14.1, and 10.7%, respectively, and under severe water and nitrogen stresses, it was 16.5, 18.6, and 26.5% respectively. At this step, and nRMSE and d-index for biomass and grain yield were 24.9% and 0.98 and 15.2% and 0.96, respectively.  In model validation step, nRMSE, d-index, R2, MBE were 15.02%, 0.96, 0.82 and 0.34 t ha-1, respectively, for grain yield.

In general, the results showed that the APSIM-Barley model was able to simulate the growth, development, and grain yield of different barley cultivars with acceptable accuracy under different water and nitrogen management conditions in different years and regions. Therefore, the APSIM-Barley model can be used as a reliable tool in future studies such as climate change assessment, yield gap analysis, agricultural zoning, and etc. by other researchers.

After soybean and oil palm, rapeseed has the third place in supplying vegetable oil in the world, so that it accounts for 14.7% of the total production of vegetable oil. The current research was carried out using modeling approach in order to simulate the replacement of wheat cultivation with rapeseed cultivation in terms of water and economic productivity in four locations (Aleshtar, Khorramabad, Pol-e Dokhtar, and Kuhdasht) in Lorestan province. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and yield of wheat and rapeseed crops. The model validation results showed that it accurately simulates wheat and rapeseed grain yield with nRMSE of 8.6%. The results showed that wheat cultivation (3524.4 kg) had a higher grain yield than rapeseed cultivation (2750.2 kg). In addition, wheat cultivation system (1.45 kg m-3) compared with rapeseed cultivation (1.15 kg m-3) had higher water productivity. However, the difference between these two cultivation systems in terms of irrigation productivity was not considerable (0.11 kg m3). Also, economic productivity and net income of rapeseed cultivation system were 0.220 million tomans per cubic meter and 59.9 million tomans per hectare, respectively, while they were 0.014 million tomans per cubic meter and 41.1 million tomans per hectare, respectively, for wheat cultivation system. In general, the results approved that moving from wheat cultivation to rapeseed cultivation can be environmentally and economically sustainable in the agro-ecosystems of Lorestan province, especially in Khorramabad county.

Biological fertilizers are regarded as a viable substitute for chemical fertilizers in sustainable agriculture. Conversely, drought stress constitutes a significant impediment to the development and growth of crops. Large quantities of rainwater or irrigation water can be absorbed by superabsorbent polymers, preventing their deep infiltration and resupplying the plant in dry conditions. The present study investigated the impact of superabsorbent polymer and fertile biofertilizers-2, in addition to Nitroxin, on the quantitative and qualitative yield of cumin when subjected to drought stress conditions. To examine the impact of superabsorbent polymers Barvar2 and bio-fertilizers Nitroxin on cumin seed yield and yield components during drought stress, a factorial split experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the field during the 2014-2015 crop year. This study focused primarily on drought stress, including two levels of stress and non-stress. The experimental setup consisted of two levels of non-consumption and consumption of superabsorbent polymers (Nixin and Barvar2), as well as biofertilizers Nitroxin and Barvar2. The subfactors were represented in the subplots using a 2×2×2 factorial design. Under conditions of drought stress, the integrated application of bio-fertilizers Nitroxin and Barvar2, along with the utilization of a superabsorbent polymer, produced the highest seed weight (3.133 gr), seed yield (46.09 grm-2), and biological yield (106.8 grm-2). The optimal treatment combination, which consists of Barvar2 with superabsorbent polymer and Nitroxin integrated treatments, has been identified as the most effective method for increasing grain yield and yield components under wet conditions. Overall, the outcomes of these experiments indicated that the application of bio-fertilizers and superabsorbent polymers might be viable options for enhancing the productivity of cumin manufacturing. In drought-stressed conditions, such as dry farming, the application of biofertilizers Barvar2 and Nitroxin in conjunction with superabsorbent polymer consumption reduced the effects of drought stress on yield components, grain yield, and biological yield in comparison to the control treatment. When moisture limitation is present, the application of bio-fertilizers containing superabsorbent polymer can significantly enhance the productivity of rainfed cumin cultivation.

This study was carried out to assess and compare to energy, management of resources, especially water and increase the efficiency of irrigated wheat and potato.With the increase in population and the limitations of production resources in the future, it will be difficult to access energy sources in sufficient quantity. Efficient use of agricultural energy is one of the important factors in achieving sustainable agriculture. Sustainability is one of the main components of agricultural production that leads to food security and utilization of production resources for present and future generations. The efficiency and stability of crop systems vary according to the type of input energy management.The study was conducted to evaluate and compares the course of energy, the productivity of resources, especially water, and increases in the efficiency of irrigated wheat and potato agroecosystems.                                                  

At present, in most conventionally managed crop ecosystems, the share of indirect, non-renewable and commercial energy was higher than direct, renewable and non-commercial energy...This research was conducted in the crop years of 2017 in Borujerd city, Lorestan province, in the geographical location of 34° 1′ N latitude and 48° 4′ E longitude. The data used in this study are collected by questionnaire. The number of samples was determined by Cochran formula. Accordingly, 130 irrigated wheat farms and 60 potato farms were selecte by stratified random sampling method. In order to calculate the energy equivalent of inputs and outputs in the two canvases of irrigated wheat and potato crop system, first the most important inputs and outputs and their energy equivalent in the two canvases of the system were determined. Then, the equivalent of each input energy as well as output was calculated by multiplying its raw value by the corresponding energy conversion factor, the input energy input and the water flow rate in the two potato and irrigated wheat cropping systems.

The total amount of input energy were in potato (92645.73 MJ ha-1) and in irrigated wheat (45215.33 MJ ha-1). In terms of electricity, fossil fuel, chemical fertilizers and irrigation water, the potato agroecosystem had the highest amount of energy consumption. The consumption of non-renewable and indirect energy from the total input energy was high in both agroecosystems, especially potato cultivation showed more dependence on these input energies. This can indicated the instability of the potato agoecosystem compared to irrigated wheat. The amount of net energy index in the potato cropping system is higher than that of irrigated wheat, and indicates lower energy loss in potato cultivation. But because of the higher energy consumption efficiency in irrigated wheat compared to potato cultivation, this indicates the greater than of efficiency of the irrigated wheat farming system in converting input energy into available energy for yield.

Production systems should not be used for more than of their capacity in order to generate high revenue. As energy input increases, energy efficiency decreases Proper and efficient use of available resources increases the sustainability of production Therefore, conventional potato production is not sustainable in terms of energy consumption, because a very high percentage of consumption inputs in the potato production are non-renewable energies.. The consumption of non-renewable and indirect energy from the total input energy was high in both agroecosystems. The amount of net energy index in the potato cropping system is higher than that of irrigated wheat, and indicates lower energy loss in potato cultivation. This can indicated the instability of the potato Therefore it is suggested the cultivation of irrigated wheat, which was more stable, to the farmers of the region.Therefore, autumn irrigated wheat cultivation is more practical than spring and summer potato cultivation, which has a high water requirement and higher cost.

The present research was conducted to simulate the impact of climate change on irrigated barley in Lorestan and Hamadan provinces. For this purpose, nine regions including Aligudarz, Borujerd, Khorramabad, Kuhdasht, Pol-e Dokhtar, Hamedan, Malayer, Nahavand, and Kabudarahang were selected in the two provinces. The APSIM-barley model was employed to simulate the growth and development of irrigated barley. Firstly, the APSIM-barley model was evaluated using two independent field experiments. The first experiment was conducted in Khorramabad to calibrate the crop model; while the second experiment was done in Hamedan to validate the crop model. The future climate was projected using the AgMIP methodology under two scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the period 2040-2070. The results of the model validation showed that the crop model was able to simulate barley yield and biomass with nRMSE of 16.4% and 13.3%, respectively. Additionally, the results indicated that on average across the study locations, barley grain yield would decrease by 3.8% and 5.7% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. However, in Pol-e Dokhtar, barley grain yield is projected to increase by 1.3% and 4.8% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Based on these findings, adaptation strategies should be considered in the future to prevent the reduction of irrigated barley yield in the studied provinces.

The forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) belongs to the Cactaceae family, which is a xerophyte plant with a rapid growth rate and is well adapted to arid climates. This cactus, which is also known as prickly pear or rocket cactus, although it produces high yields in fertile soils with sufficient water, but also produces significantly in poor soils with low water levels. Since nutrients such as nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and potassium are very important in the diet of livestock. In this experiment, the nutritional value of this plant was investigated by evaluating these elements in forage cactus. The importance of producing fodder plants and improving their quality under the influence of nitrogen and manure fertilizers, this research with a sustainable agriculture approach to investigate the effect of different proportions of organic and chemical fertilizers especially nitrogen and their interaction on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage cactus were done.

To investigate the effect of using biological, chemical and manure fertilizers on Separate and integrated tests were carried out on some forage cactus traits during two cropping years (2019 and 2020). The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of these fertilizers on the percentage of nutrients and some quantitative characteristics of forage cactus in the form of a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications and the factors including biofertilizer treatments: MY1: use of mycorrhiza and MY0: no use of mycorrhiza and four levels of manure, respectively: M0: no use of manure, M1: use of 10 tons per hectare of manure, M2: use of 20 tons per hectare of manure, M3: use of 30 tons per hectare of manure and four levels of nitrogen chemical fertilizer (urea), respectively, including treatments N0: no use of urea, N1: use of 100 kilograms per hectare of urea, N2: use of 200 kilograms per hectare of urea, N3: use of 300 kilograms per hectare of urea and the treatment of not using mycorrhizal biofertilizer; Urea chemical fertilizer and manure were used as control treatments. The distance between rows was 50 cm and between rows was 50 cm. A distance of 1.5 meters between plots and 3 meters between repetitions was created to create an irrigation stream and a waste water outlet stream. The size of each plot was 6 square meters (4 × 1.5) with 4 crop lines and the plant density was 3.33 per square meter. The main pad for planting was prepared from a three-year base and was prepared and transferred from the research farm affiliated with ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas) in Mehran city, belonging to the Agricultural Research Center of Ilam province.
The measured traits were as follows:Pad length, pad width, wet yield, dry yield, total pad number, nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, potassium percentage and calcium percentage.

The results showed that the highest fresh forage yield and dry forage yield were obtained in the treatment of combined use of M3N3 in comparison with the control treatment (no use of fertilizer) with the lowest amount. The mentioned treatment improved the fresh forage yield and dry forage yield by approximately 81.61% and 75%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The best results after this treatment are in the combined M3N2, M2N3 and M2N2 obtained. The traits of Ca percentage, P percentage, K percentage, N percentage, the total number of pad and the length and width of each pad showed favorable results in the integrated application of manure and nitrogen, and the integrated application of manure and chemical was significant on all the experimental traits.

The results of this research showed that the effect of using mycorrhizal biofertilizer was effective only on the amount of phosphorus and on other measured traits. It was not significant and because no significant difference was observed between treatments using mycorrhiza and not using it; because the cactus plant is perennial, it is recommended that the study regarding the use of mycorrhizal fungi and the process of quantitative and qualitative changes of this plant be further investigated in multi-year and long-term supplementary experiments.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most strategic crops for food, feed, and biofuel security worldwide. Drought stress is one of the most destructive environmental stresses that limit crop productivity worldwide. Drought stress causes a wide range of physiological changes and disturbances in metabolic processes. Environmental problems caused by the use of chemical fertilizers, production costs, and consumption costs are significant issues that require methods to increase crop production and improve sufficient food for the world's population. Today, the economic damage and destructive effects of the environment due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture are known worldwide, and it is obvious that a suitable alternative must be found for these fertilizers. Currently, biofertilizers are used as an alternative to chemical fertilizers based on the principles of sustainable agriculture and the stress tolerance of plants. Salicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that plays an important role in the plant protection system against biotic and abiotic stresses and can affect many physiological and biochemical processes.

In order to investigate the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers and foliar application of salicylic acid on wheat tolerance to drought stress experiment, a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in the 2019-2020 crop year in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University in three replications was performed. The Main plot includes irrigation levels in two levels: A1: without stress (100% of water requirement) and A2: drought stress (50% of water requirement) and sub-plots including fertilizer in five levels, including B0: use of 50% chemical fertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (B1: use of 100% chemical fertilizer), B2: use of nitroxin biofertilizer with 50% chemical fertilizer, B3: use of mycorrhizal with 50% chemical fertilizer, B4: use of biological fertilizers nitroxin and mycorrhiza with 50% chemical fertilizer, and foliar application treatment at two levels (C1: foliar application with water and C2: foliar application with a concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid).

The results showed that drought stress caused a decrease in grain yield, leaf chlorophyll index (SPAD), and relative water content, as well as an increase in peroxidase, proline, and electrolyte leakage. Combined treatment of biofertilizer nitroxin and mycorrhiza with 50% chemical fertilizer caused an increase of 40.53%, 5.18%, 5.89%, 13.85%, 8.46%, and 8.90%, respectively, in grain yield, leaf chlorophyll index, grain zinc concentration, peroxidase, proline, relative water content of the leaf, and 6.29 % reduction of electrolyte leakage compared to the use of 50% chemical fertilizer. Also, salicylic acid foliar spray treatment caused an increase of 11.45%, 2.82%, 4.32%, 7.46%, 9.19%, and 8.02 % in grain yield, leaf chlorophyll index, grain zinc concentration, peroxidase, proline, relative water content of the leaf, and 18.11 % reduction of electrolyte leakage compared to no foliar spraying of salicylic acid. Combined fertilizer treatments of nitroxin and mycorrhiza with 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid could reduce the effect of drought stress on the traits evaluated in this research.

Fertilizer application of nitroxin and mycorrhiza with 50% chemical fertilizer and salicylic acid foliar spraying could provide favorable conditions for the growth and better performance of the plant by improving the biochemical characteristics of the plant while increasing its resistance to drought stress conditions. In general, it can be concluded that the application of biological fertilizers nitroxin and mycorrhiza with 50% of chemical fertilizers and foliar spraying of salicylic acid can be an effective and alternative fertilizer to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers in the conditions of drought stress in Khorram Abad in the direction of sustainable agriculture. As a result, this treatment can be recommended to farmers in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers in wheat under drought -stress conditions.

Canola is one of the most important oilseed crops all over the world. This oilseed crop is mainly utilized for its high oil content (with about 40–45% oil). However, in recent years, the area under cultivation of canola has decreased due to water scarcity. Applying drought-tolerant cultivars with high water use efficiency can help to develop the area under cultivation of canola and increase canola production. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess the water use efficiency of spring canola cultivars in warm and temperate climates.

This study investigated different cultivars as a strategy for increasing canola production and improving its water use efficiency under different climate types in Khuzestan and Lorestan provinces. For this purpose, four locations including Khoramabad and Kuhdasht in Lorestan Province as semi-arid climate regions and Dezful, and Shushtar in Khuzestan Province as hot and arid climate regions were selected. Daily long-term climatic data (including minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, and global radiation) were collected for these locations from Iran Meteorological Organization. In this study, Hyola308 (early-maturity), Hyola401 (mid-maturity), and RGS003 (late-maturity) cultivars were used. In order to simulate the growth and yield of canola in different locations, the APSIM-Canola model was employed. OriginPro 9.1 software was used for all statistical analyses and the generation of figures.

The results showed that grain yield, biomass, water use efficiency, grain weight, actual evapotranspiration, the average temperature during the canola growth period, and the length of the canola growth period were substantially affected by cultivar and region (climate type). According to the results, the highest grain yield and water use efficiency (3037 kg ha-1 and 6.9 kg mm-1 ha-1, respectively) were achieved for the mid-maturity cultivar (Hyola401). Furthermore, simulation results revealed that temperate and semi-arid regions compared to hot and arid regions increased grain yield, biomass and water use efficiency by 2507 kg ha-1, 10100 kg ha-1, and 2.7 kg mm-1 ha-1, respectively. Khorramabad × Hyola401 treatment had the highest water use efficiency, grain yield, and biomass (9 kg mm-1 ha-1, 4954, and 17943 kg ha-1, respectively) due to lower the average temperature during the canola growth period (10.9 ° C) and higher the length of the canola growth period (2424.9 day), while the lowest amount of these traits was recorded in Dezful × Hyola308 treatment (5 kg mm-1 ha-1, 1369, and 5514 kg ha-1, respectively).

The results indicated that expanding canola cultivation in temperate regions can be used to boost canola production in Iran and to improve the sustainability of canola cultivation agroecosystems. Also, using a mid-maturity cultivar such as Hyola401 in both temperate and hot climate conditions can increase water use efficiency and sustainability of canola production agroecosystems through higher production per water consumption.

Bean plant is very sensitive to water and soil conditions and its quality and its yield is damaged even in short periods of stress. Water deficiency has very negative effects on grain yield and bean yield components. Due to the fact that drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses in the agricultural sector, many efforts have been made to maintain crop yields under drought conditions. Conditions are shortages or high water prices. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield, yield components and efficiency of radiation consumption in growing different types of beans in Mashhad climate.

To investigate the effect of irrigation treatments on grain yield and yield components and radiation use efficiency in three types of experimental beans in the form of split plots based on randomized complete blocks in three replications in the spring of 2016-2017 and 2017-97 in the research farm. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Experimental factors include non-stress irrigation (irrigation based on 100% of plant water requirement) and drought stress levels (irrigation based on 75% of plant water requirement and irrigation based on 50% of plant water requirement) as main plot and three types of beans (red, white And Chiti) as sub-plots. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and comparison of means of treatments based on LSD test at a probability level of 5%.

The results showed that the interaction effect of irrigation and bean type on grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and radiation consumption efficiency was significant. The highest grain yield, biological yield and harvest index (1421.44 and 4126.6 kg / ha and 35.76%, respectively) were related to red beans and the lowest (872.67 and 2225.5 kg / ha and 52, respectively). / 30%) was related to pinto beans. The highest grain yield, biological yield and harvest index (1602.28 and 4811.9 kg / ha and 39.24%, respectively) were related to stress-free irrigation and the lowest (1093.222 and 3388.8 kg / ha, respectively). 33.06%) was related to drought stress (irrigation based on 50% water requirement). The results of interaction showed that the highest number of pods per plant in non-stress irrigation was red and white beans and the lowest number of pods per plant in pinto beans (with 38.08% reduction) was obtained in non-stress irrigation. The highest number of seeds per pod was obtained in drought stress (irrigation based on 50% water requirement) in red beans and the lowest in pinto beans (with 63.78% decrease) in drought stress (irrigation based on 50% water requirement). The highest 100-seed weight was in non-stress irrigation and the lowest 100-seed weight was in drought stress (irrigation based on 50% water requirement). The highest weight of 100 seeds was obtained in red beans. The highest efficiency of radiation consumption was in non-stress irrigation conditions (1.8 g / mJ) and the lowest was in drought stress treatment (irrigation based on 50% water requirement). Radiation consumption efficiency was higher in red beans (1.9 g / mJ) than white beans (1.6 g / mJ) and pinto beans (1.5 g / mJ).

According to the results, stress-free irrigation and red beans to achieve higher yields, it seems desirable.

A bank obligation is a surplus amount on the amount of loans that is determined in Islamic banking for a borrower's fine if he or she is late in repayment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of late penalty on banks' profitability. For this purpose, 19999 customers of Mellat Bank branches in Mazandaran province who took loans from one of these branches between December 2012 and December 2018 have been studied. The number of branches studied in this study includes 68. The model used in this study is a probit model with one-way panel data. So that one dimension of the data is the financial and individual characteristics of the different persons taking loans from branches and the other dimension is specific to the branches and then the time is not considered in the pattern. The results of estimation indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between tardiness penalty and profitability. Also, estimates indicate the increasing effect of income, deduction of salary, fractional payment, on the probability of banks' profitability. The results of this study are applicable in other banks and branches in order to obtain appropriate policies to increase banks' profitability. Also, the results of the studies indicate that this concept is consistent with Islamic teachings.

Climate change (temperature, rainfall and flood patterns, etc.) has major and negative effects on agricultural production and water and land resources. Part of climate change is to reduce soil fertility (through erosion processes), increase the frequency of repeated pest attacks, reduce crop yields, and increase groundwater harvest periods by reducing water access. Zinc plays an essential role in the basic processes of plant life, namely cell division, stomata regulation and respiration. Apart from the increase in carbon dioxide emissions, high temperatures are also a major stressor that can lead to severe growth retardation and plant distribution. At higher concentrations, carbon dioxide increased photosynthetic carbon and increased organic matter, which in turn increased stem diameter of lentil plant (Shams, 2017) .

The composite experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. Irrigation at three levels (60, 80 and 100% of field capacity) as the first factor, foliar application of zinc sulfate fertilizer at two levels (no foliar application and 0.5 gl-1) as the second factor and environmental conditions at four levels (380_24, 380_31, 700_24 and 700_31 C/PPm (carbon dioxide) were the third factor. The studied traits were number of root nodes, root dry weight, stem height and diameter, number of leaves and grain yield. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software and the mean of the treatments was compared with LSD test at 5% probability level.

Co-application of carbon dioxide, complete irrigation and complete irrigation and zinc sulfate increased the number of nodes. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide under severe drought stress increased root dry weight. Also, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide under mild environmental stress caused plant height, diameter and grain yield. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in full irrigation conditions increased the number of leaves. Increasing carbon dioxide increases water use, photosynthesis and net primary productivity by reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration, which ultimately increases biomass and yield.Application of zinc sulfate under full irrigation conditions increased the total grain yield by 17.1 g/plant. Positive role of zinc in chlorophyll synthesis, and performance of optical photosystems can increase growth indices. The use of zinc chelate due to the role of zinc in the activity of plant enzymes and metabolisms, including plant hormones (auxin) has increased chlorophyll activity and photosynthesis, which finally has increased grain yield in the plant. 

Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide at lower temperatures and full irrigation and mild stress increased the majority of morphological traits. Also, application of zinc alone and with full irrigation increased some morphological traits and grain yield.

In order to investigate the possibility of reducing the negative effects of heat stress at the end of the wheat season by using Silicon nanoparticles and mycorrhiza, this experiment was carried out in a split form in the form of a Randomized Complete Block Design in three replications in the crop year 2018-2019 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University. The main factor is the interruption of irrigation at the end of the season in the three control levels (normal irrigation), the interruption of irrigation from the flowering stage and the interruption of irrigation from the milking stage to the end of growth and the first secondary factor, silicon nanoparticles in the three levels of not using silicon nanoparticles, silicon nanoparticles 40 mg/liter and silicon nanoparticles 80 mg/liter and the second factor was mycorrhiza biofertilizer in two levels of not using mycorrhiza and using mycorrhiza. The interaction effect of three treatments showed that in the treatment of normal irrigation + Silicon nanoparticles 40 mg/liter + mycorrhiza, the highest seed yield (5279 kg/ha), 1000 seed weight (36.87 grams), number of seeds per spike (46.3 units), the number of spikes per square meter (699 units), raw protein yield and biological yield (774 and 15150 kg/ha) were obtained, on the other hand, in the treatment of stopping irrigation in the flowering stage and not using silicon nanoparticles and mycorrhiza, the most The percentage of crude seed protein (17.33%) was obtained. it is worth mentioning that the highest harvest index (37.70%) belonged to the treatment of stopping irrigation at the milking stage + 80 mg/liter of silicon nanoparticles + mycorrhizal inoculation. In this experiment, differences of 60.45, 40.22 and 55.91 were observed between the highest and lowest seed yield, protein yield and biological yield. The results showed that the use of mycorrhiza biofertilizer and Silicon nanoparticles were useful for increasing the quantity and quality of wheat, especially at the end of the growing season. Considering that the sources of Silicon and mycorrhizal fungi are obtained at the lowest cost, therefore, it is suggested that farmers use the above inputs in wheat cultivation in order to produce more.

To protect wild shallot plant in natural habitats, where It is endangered due to overexpotation and to produce sustainable medicinal shallots plants, an experiment was conducted on wild shallot a completely randomised block designe with 3 replications and 4 treatments consist of: 50 mm irrigation at planting with 50 mm irrigation at flowering (A), 50 mm irrigation during flowering (B), 50 mm irrigation at planting (C) and control (wild ecotype planted on non irrigated land, D) during 2018-19in Alashtar, Iran. In this research, quantitative traits like biological yield, tuber dry weight and diameter, plant height and qualitative characteristics including active ingredient allicin, crude protein, potassium and phosphorus were investigated in the experimental plots. Along the comparison of the experimental plots, quantitative and qualitative traits of wild shallow were also measured in natural habitat by accidental quadrates and compared to experimental plots. Results indicated the superiority of all quantitative and qualitative traits of the studied treatments in comparison to control and in shallot in the natural habitats. Among all studied treatments, treatment (A) showed superiority in all quantitative traits of compared to other treatments, control and natural habitat and treatment (B) was more desirable in terms of quality of the active ingredient of allicin than other treatments, control and natural habitat. Therefore, the development and promotion of its cultivation method leads to stability in the production of shallots and preservation of the diversity of its.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application as well as foliar spray of zinc sulfat on the quality characteristics of two sugar beet cultivars in autumn cultivation. The study was conducted in a factorial design based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture in Lorestan University during two crop seasons (2017-19). The Experimental treatments included two autumn-sown sugar beet cultivars (Chimene and Rosagold) and four fertilizer levels including F1: 138 kg ha-1 nitrogen (control), F2: 124 kg ha-1 nitrogen and foliar spray of zinc sulfate, F3: application of 110 kg ha-1 nitrogen and foliar spray of zinc sulfate, F4: 96.6 kg ha-1 nitrogen and foliar spray of zinc sulfate at a rate of 5/1000. The highest root yield (90.15 t ha-1) belonged to Rosagold cultivar and among the treatments, the highest root yield was related to F2 treatment. The highest sugar content (16.15%) was obtained in 20% reduction in nitrogen application and foliar spray of zinc sulfate. Also, the highest white sugar content (15.57%) was obtained from Rosagold cultivar in 20% reduction in N fertilizer application and foliar spray of zinc sulfate, which showed 26.17% increase compared with control treatment (F1). The highest molasses sugar and Na, K and α- N as 2.7, 2.61, 7.90 and 2.90 meq 100 gr beet-1, respectively was observed in Chimene. Also, the highest bolting percentage was obtained in Chimene and the application of 300 kg ha-1 nitrogen. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that autumn cultivation of sugar beet using Rosagold cultivar is possible in Khorramabad region and foliar spray of zinc sulfate can compensate the reduction of nitrogen consumption by 20% without reducing the quantity and quality of autumn sugar beet.

Autumn planting of sugar beet has more water use efficiency and agricultural advantages than spring planting. In order to investigate the possibility of autumn planting of two sugar beet cultivars and compare their root yield, a study was conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University during two cropping years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). This study was conducted in the form of a split factorial design with three replications. The main factor has two levels and includes planting method 50-50 (P1), 25-50 (P2), and the sub-factors including two varieties of autumn sugar beet (Rosagold and Chimene) and four levels of fertilizer (F1: application of 300 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (Control), F2: application of 270 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and foliar application of zinc sulfate, F3: application of 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and foliar application of zinc sulfate, F4: application of 210 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and foliar application of zinc sulfate in the amount of 5 per thousand. Rosagold cultivar with F2 treatment significantly (p<0.01) increased the photosynthesis active rate. The highest amount of stomatal conductance was observed in P1 planting arrangement with Rosagold cultivar. The highest CGR (16 g.m-2.day-1) and root yield (98.70 t.ha-1) were obtained from P1 planting arrangement, Rosagold cultivar and F2 fertilizer level. According to the obtained results, it can be stated that zinc sulfate foliar application has the ability to compensate for the reduction of nitrogen consumption by 10%, without reducing the yield and quality of autumn sugar beet.

Better understanding the sustainability of production systems is of particular importance for making the right decisions and managing them. To avoid the extinction of plants in natural habitats and to meet the needs of the pharmaceutical-industrial market of these plants, the paradigm of their production in agricultural systems was created. The overarching goal of this research was to compare the ecological-economic sustainability of conservation agroecosystem and natural habitat of the shallot based analysis of the structure and the emergy-based indicators in Aleshtar, Iran.

This study was conducted in 2019-2020 in a conservation agroecosystem and a natural habitat of wild shallot plants in Aleshtar city, Lorestan province, based on structure analysis and review of nine emergy indices.

The result of comparing the emergy input structure indicated that despite the fact that the Unit Emergy Value ( UEV), Specific Emergy ( SE), Emergy to Money Ratio (EMR) and Emergy Exchange Ratio of Yield (EER) are higher in the agroecosystem compared to the natural habitat, the value of the Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR) showed more sustainability of the agroecosystem compared to the natural habitat. Another result was the equality of quality of produced shallots in the agroecosystem and natural habitat based on the Emergy index of agricultural product safety(EIPS) index.

This study was performed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications on Adel chickpea cultivar during 2017-2018. Seed priming consisted of two levels (non-priming and hydropriming) and spraying nitrogen and glycine betaine with six levels (no spraying, as control, zero concentration (water spray), 3% urea, 100 mM glycine betaine, 200 mM glycine betaine, and glycine betaine 200 mM + urea 3%). Interaction of priming by foliar application on biological and grain yields was significant at 1%probabilitylevel.The highest biological yield (2668kg.ha-1) and grain yield (1301 kg.ha-1) were obtained with combined priming and consumption of 200 mM glycine + 3% urea and the lowest yield was related to non-priming and non-spraying priming. Priming also improved the harvest index, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight and number of active nodules. The effect of foliar application of plants by glycine betaine and urea on number of grains per pod and grain protein percentage was significant. The highest values of these traits belonged to foliar application of plants by glycine betaine with concentration of 200 mM + 3% urea. Hydropriming significantly increased grain yield, harvest index, grain weight, and number of seeds per plant. Hydropriming also allowed the plant to initiate flowering and pod forming earlier. According to the results of this study, the use of hydropriming treatment and spraying of nitrogen and glycine betaine respectively would be recommended to improve the quality and quantity of rainfed chickpea in Kuhdasht, Lorestan province.

In order to determine the most effective indices for quantifying drought tolerance and identify genotypes that are tolerant to water stress in bread wheat, 50 bread wheat genotypes were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications under both the non-stress dry farming with two complementary irrigation and the water stress dry farming conditions in Khorramabad, Iran. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference among the genotypes in terms of all of the traits except the number of spike per area. In this study, eight indices including: Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Mean Productivity (MP), Yield Index (YI), Harmonic Mean (HM), Yield Stability Index (YSI), Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI), and Tolerance index (TOL) were calculated by using of seed yield of the genotypes under both conditions. Indices that selection based on them will improve the yield in both conditions, are considered as suitable index. STI, GMP, MP and HM were introduced as suitable index for drought resistance selection. Genotypes Shiroodi and S-90-5 were determined as the most appropriate based on 3D plot. Based on positive correlation between water stress resistance indices and yield under stress and non-stress environments, STI and GMP were the best indices. By using the Biplot method, Shiroodi, S-90-5 and Oroum genotypes were considered as high yielding potential genotypes under the both conditions. According to the results of cluster analysis, genotypes were classified into three groups based on drought tolerance indices. Graphical analysis of genotypes also showed that genotypes Shiroodi and S-90-5 were more profitable than others under both drought stress and non-drought stress conditions. These genotypes could also be used as parents caring desirable genes in the crossing programs and selection of tolerate genotypes.

 Heat stress is one of the most important threats and concerns for maize production, which mostly occurs in hot and dry areas. Heat stress reduces grain yield and the plant's photosynthesis rate and increases transpiration. Maize is very sensitive to heat stress and extreme temperatures at the flowering stage because extreme temperatures decrease pollen germination ability, and thus, decrease grain yield. However, there are some strategies to prevent the maize flowering stage from being exposed to heat stress. Careful management practices including Adjusting the sowing time and cultivar can be considered as useful strategies to deal with heat stress. Crop simulation models can be used to investigate these practices. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the risk of heat stress (frequency and intensity of heat) on grain maize of Iran and evaluate the risk window for grain maize using the modeling approach.

 In order to evaluate the risk of heat stress in maize agroecosystems of Iran, a simulation experiment was designed in five regions (Iranshahr, Dezful, Parsabad, Kermanshah, and Kerman), three sowing times (common: farmers sowing time in each region; late: 20 days after common sowing time; early: 20 days before common sowing time), and two cultivars (SC704 and SC260 as late- and early-maturity cultivars, respectively). To do this, the long-term climatic data of each region including minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, and radiation were collected from Iran Meteorological Organization. These data were applied as inputs of the crop simulation model. In this study, the APSIM model was employed to simulate the growth and development of the maize plant. In order to assess the risk of heat stress on grain maize, three dimensions including the critical stage of grain maize to extreme temperatures (flowering), frequency of extreme temperatures at the critical stage, and intensity of extreme temperatures at the critical stage were evaluated. Furthermore, the risk window for maize flowering in each region was equal to the first day of the year with a temperature of over 36 °C until the last day of the year with a temperature above 36 °C.

 The highest risk window of extreme temperatures was recorded in Iranshahr County (183 days) as a hot and dry region and the lowest risk window was simulated in Parsabad (14 days) as a semi-arid and temperate region. Moreover, the percentage of the number of maize flowering days with temperatures above 36 °C and the mean maximum temperature during the flowering period were 63.5% and 37.09 °C, respectively. This issue reduced the grain yield of maize in Iran so that the grain yield was simulated 6196.5 kg ha-1. However, in the spring season, the early sowing time and the early-maturity cultivar decreased the percentage of the number of maize flowering days with temperatures above 36 °C (37.2%) and mean maximum temperature during the flowering period (35.1 °C) and increased grain yield (7486.9 kg ha-1). Overall, in the summer, the percentage of the number of maize flowering days with temperatures above 36 °C and mean maximum temperature during the flowering period were decreased 38.9% and 35.3 °C, respectively, and grain yield was boosted to 7743.6 kg ha-1 under the combination of late sowing time and late-maturity cultivar.

 The results showed that grain maize is currently cultivated by farmers under high-risk conditions of heat stress. In order to reduce the risk and increase grain yield, farmers in each region should apply the optimal sowing times and cultivars according to the growing season.