leila soltani

The research was intended to examine the efficacy of family and school together program (FAST) on the educational and cultural performance of families and the parenting self-efficacy of mothers with 4-6 years old children in Isfahan on 1403. The research statistical population embraced all the mothers of four- to six-years-old children in kindergartens in Isfahan on 1403. The sample encased 30 of mothers who were selected by convenience sampling procedure and were placed in two experimental and control groups, 15 participations each. The research was designed as pretest posttest semi-experimental one with tow experimental and control groups. To collect data Family Educational and Cultural Performance Questionnaire (Babaei Fard, 2021) and Parenting Self-Agency Measure (PSAM) (Dumka & et al., 1996) were implemented. The experimental group exposed to (FAST) Program for 8 sessions with 150 minutes’ duration each and the control group received none. Then both groups were post tested. The data were analyzed by applying multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results revealed that both groups differed significantly in educational and cultural performance means in the two experimental and control groups (F=237.91 , P<0.5). Also, there was a significant difference between the means of parental self-efficacy in the two experimental and control groups (F=225.18 and P<0.5). It could be concluded that (FAST) program was effective on family educational and cultural performance and self-efficacy in mothers with 4 to 6-year-old, and this program can be utilized to strengthen the parenting skills of mothers in the family and society.

Population growth, information technology changes, climate change, quantitative and qualitative changes in water and economic developments of the 21st century have greatly affected the rural economy. So that managing the rural economy against these changes and shocks requires recognizing the dynamic capacity of its constituents. The research method is based on the purpose of the user and the type is descriptive and analytical. This research was conducted in 1398 with the aim of researching the sustainability of the rural economy of the central district of Urmia. The method of collecting is documentary and field information. The statistical population of the study was 9305 households from which 385 people were selected as a sample through Cochran's formula. The sampling method was simple random. Data collection tool was a questionnaire based on variables (agricultural economy, services and industry) in Likert scale. The results show that services and industry activities have contributed to the dynamics of the rural economy that have been somehow dependent on agriculture. Tourism and nature tourism in the services, handicrafts and leather and furniture industries are heavily dependent on farming and livestock activities, which, in the eyes of the people, drive the economy of the village. In these activities, production, cost and production diversification have made a major contribution to the sustainability of the rural economy, ensuring that the rural economy in the region is sustained.

Shivering after anesthesia is one of the unpleasant and undesirable complications after anesthesia; This complication occurs much more often in women than men, and female gender is one of the risk factors; Other risk factors have been reported differently in different populations; The aim of this study was to evaluate shivering-related factors after general anesthesia in gynecological surgery. This descriptive study was conducted during 2018 with the participation of 448 women candidates for gynecological surgeries. The prevalence of shivering as well as the factors affecting shivering in all patients were measured and recorded from the moment of entering the recovery unit, and finally the relationship between the available data and shivering after anesthesia was investigated. The prevalence of chills in our study was 18%; Factors such as the size of the surgical site, increasing the length of anesthesia, general anesthesia, anesthesia gas intake and atropine intake are effective factors in the occurrence of shivering after gynecological surgery. Finally, it can be concluded that the importance of the three agents of isoflurane used to maintain general anesthesia, intravenous injection of higher volume intravenous crystalloid fluids, and spinal anesthesia, respectively, increased the risk of postoperative shivering in anesthesia. ; Hypothermia, on the other hand, was not associated with chills.

Nausea and vomiting following breast surgery are the most common complications of this surgery; The incidence of these complications varies in different ethnicities and geographical areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the severity of nausea and vomiting following breast surgery at different times. This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed during 2019 and 2020 in Imam Reza Hospital (Tabriz Medical Sciences) with the participation of 174 women candidates for breast surgery. The severity of nausea and vomiting at different times until after discharge was measured and recorded for each patient and its severity changes over time were measured by Chi-square test. The results of nausea showed that the highest rate of nausea was on the day of surgery and the lowest rate of nausea was on the second day after surgery. The highest number of vomiting was in the day after surgery and the lowest amount of vomiting was in two days after surgery. Pain intensity was highest on the first day and lowest on the second day. Although PONV and PDNV have been identified as problems that require clinical management, our ability to prevent these troublesome symptoms, especially nausea, appears to be limited.

Lymphedema following breast cancer is a chronic and debilitating complication of cancer treatment and the purpose of this project is to epidemiologically evaluate the characteristics of patients with lymphedema in patients referred to the hospitals of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences following breast cancer. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was performed with the participation of 149 patients during the years 2018 to 2020 in the hospitals of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and in patients with lymphedema. Information including lymphedema volume, type of treatment, body mass index and demographic information were recorded in the data collection form and finally reported. 24% of the participants were single or widowed and the rest were married. 41% of participants had a body mass index below 30 and the rest had a body mass index above 30. Depending on the type of surgery, 71% of patients underwent Modified Radical Mastectomy and the rest had Conservative surgery for their treatment. 94% of patients received chemotherapy, 83% received radiation therapy and 71% received hormone therapy. In 75% of patients, more than 10 lymphatic groups were removed during surgery, and in the rest, less than 10 lymphatic groups were removed. 36.9% of patients had a history of lymphangitis attack. The results of this study showed that high body mass index, old age, removal of lymph masses more than 10 and receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy drugs are risk factors for lymphedema.

In recent decades with the advent of nanotechnology, use of nanoparticles has been increased due to increased bioavailability, improved targeted treatment, and reduced toxicity. Selenium is a trace essential element in bodies of humans and animals. This element is found in the structure of numerous enzymes playing various roles in the body of organisms. Under different conditions, several effects have been reported for selenium nanoparticles, the main objective of this study was to evaluate different researches related to using selenium nanoparticles as anti-cancer, stem cell differentiation, wound healing, and dis-infection agent, also nutrition and reproduction performances.

In this study, we present a summary of studies on the effects of selenium nanoparticles in various conditions, including differentiation, anti-cancer, anti-infective and wound healing effects, also nutritional and reproductive performances.

Different forms of selenium have been used in various studies. However, in most studies, selenium nanoparticles show less toxicity than its salt forms (Sodium Selenate, Sodium Selenite, Selenium Dioxide and Selenous Acid). Positive effects have been observed in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells and wound infection, improving nutritional and reproduction performances.

It seems that due to the lower toxicity and greater bio-availability of selenium nanoparticles, it can be used instead of its salt forms.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death all over the world and breast cancer is the second common member of cancers worldwide. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were synthesized; using hydroethanolic extract of Cucurbita pepo
L. fruit and evaluated for their antiproliferative and apoptotic activities against MCF-7 cell line.

Ag-NPs formation was characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis responses were evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/ EB) fluorescent staining, respectively.

Our results demonstrated the formation of Ag-NPs by Cucurbita pepo L. fruit extract discoloration to dark black. This transformation revealed their slightly aggregated shapes to quasi-spherical form with a mean diameter of 104 nm. The zeta potential value was -42.3 mV for any Ag-NPs. These results indicated the successful formation of Ag- NPs for cellular uptake. MTT results showed that Ag-NPs significantly decreased the viability and induced MCF-7 cells apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner; especially at concentrations of 50 and 250 μg/mL.

In conclusion, according to the results of the present study, biologically synthesized Ag-NPs induce apoptotic and cytotoxic effects against breast cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner.

Breast cancer mortality is growing around the world due to chemotherapy resistance and chemo-related side effects. Many natural products from plants are recognized to exert anticancer activity. This study aimed at investigating anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of different varieties of apricot kernels (Jahangiri, Palmia, Jafari, and N585) at different concentrations on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Huvec), as normal cells, at 24 and 72h after treatment.

In this experimental study, fruits of four different apricot cultivars were collected from the orchard of Kermanshah Agricultural Research Center, Iran. Hydro-ethanolic extract of apricot kernels were used at different concentrations (25, 100, 400, and 1200 μg/ml). The control group did not receive any supplement. The cytotoxicity of different concentrations was determined by MTT assay and acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining was performed to evaluate the extent of apoptosis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in SPSS. Duncan’s test was used to test the differences between treatments.

After 24 and 72 hours, the highest reduction in proliferation of cancer and normal cells occurred at highest concentration of N585 cultivar (P<0.05).

It seems that different apricot kernel cultivars act differently in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer and normal cells.

One of the leading causes of death in the world is cancer. In order to find cures with fewer side effects and on the other hand drug resistance problems that exist in relation to the treatment of cancer patients, attention to plant-derived products has greatly increased. The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of nettle and clove on cancer and normal cells.

Hydro-alcoholic extracts of nettle and clove were prepared in different concentrations (25, 100, 400, and 1200 μg / ml) then added to culture medium of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and normal cells (Huvec) and incubated for 24 or 72 h. At the end of incubation, cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay and apoptosis by acridine orange-ethidium-bromide dual staining. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and Duncanchr('39')s multiple comparisons.

The addition of hydroalcoholic extracts of both nettle and clove at the highest used concentration (1200 μg/ml) after 24 and 72 hreduced cell proliferation significantly compared to other treatment and control groups (p<0.05). The addition of the highest concentration of both hydro-alcoholic extracts of clove and nettle to normal cells reduced cell proliferation significantly compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05).

The results of this study showed that the hydro-alcoholic extracts of nettle and clove inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells (MCF-7).

Cardiomyocytes proliferate and form the heart in the embryonic period, but proliferation stops soon after birth. Cardiac diseases stay the leading reason of death universal, both in developed and developing countries. Cardiac diseases can develop quickly, including acute myocardial infarction, or progress slowly, such as cardiac remodeling, which is determined by cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis that can finally cause to heart failure. Stem cells are a good alternative for regenerative medicine because of their characteristics such as self-renewal and differentiation potential. They are classified into different types of stem cells including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, and ultimately uni-potent stem cells. Albeit embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into cardiac cells and show powerful therapeutic potential for heart diseases, the ethical controversies surrounding the origin of embryonic stem cells hinder its broad usage in patients. Mesenchymal stem cells can be differentiated into a different of cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and stromal cells.  They can be extracted from different tissues including the liver, blood, bone marrow, synovium, umbilical cord blood, gut, lungs, adipose tissue, umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly, eye conjunctiva, dermis, dental pulp and amniotic fluid. Also, mesenchymal stem cells can be expressed CD105, CD73 and CD90, and lack expression of the haematopoietic markers CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79alpha or CD19 and HLA-DR surface molecules. Mesenchymal stem cells have various advantages of easy accessibility, strong capacity of proliferation, immune modulatory properties, and migration to damaged tissues. Due to the lack of graft loss, they are an appreciate option for cell therapy, especially ischemic heart disease. Nowadays, it is generally accepted that the observed therapeutic impact induced by mesenchymal stem cells is chiefly based on the secretion of paracrine factors rather than on the differentiation into cardiomyocytes.Many agents such as cytokines, growth factors, and small molecules have been shown to promote cardiac cell differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. Direct and indirect culture systems with myocardial cells and other cardiac cells in order to benefit from the factors secreted by these cells can increase the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes like cells. The cardiomyocytes differentiation is regulated by different transcription factors such as GATA4, and Nkx2.5. Also, different signaling pathways such as Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), WNT, and Notch play key roles in regulating proliferation, cardiomyocytes differentiation, and survival of mesenchymal stem cells. In this review, we focus on miRNAs and their roles on cardiomyocytes differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Following an introduction to the non-coding RNAs, micro-RNAs and mechanism of miro-RNA functions, we then discuss what is currently known about the expression of miRNAs in embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we discuss current knowledge of miRNAs regulatory role in mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into cardiomyocytes. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNA (21–25 nucleotides) involved in regulation of cell behavior either through inhibition of mRNA translation or promoting mRNA degradation. Since its identification as a major component of a broadly conserved mechanism that regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally, the miRNA pathway has emerged as one of the most widely evaluated pathways of the past decade. miRNAs are both pleiotropic and redundant, and it has been suggested that at least 30% of human genes are regulated by the cooperation among miRNAs: one mRNA can be recognize by various miRNAs and one miRNA can recognize several mRNAs. miRNA profile studies have showed that miRNAs are selectively expressed in various tissues and at different developmental stages. miRNA signatures for mesenchymal stem cells of different origin have shown the expression of defined patterns of miRNAs involved in the maintenance of stem cell properties such as proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation capacity. Many miRNAs are expressed in various tissues; they can be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Also, mi-RNAs have been studied more than other types of non-coding RNAs. The increasing evidence displays that miRNAs are involved in many pathological conditions, such as cancer, arrhythmias, cardiac infarction, virus infection, and Alzheimerchr('39')s disease, which has been suggested as a new target to cure these diseases. The regulatory function of the miRNA is mostly applied via, and controlled by, different transcription factors and other regulatory mechanisms of gene expression. These complex interactions between miRNAs and other regulators of gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels integrate miRNAs into the cellular network of regulation of gene expression that defines the stem cell fate and behavior. New studies have displayed that different of these key transcription factors directly regulate miRNA expression in embryonic stem cells. Known pluripotent related markers, such as miR-302a, b, c, and d, and miR-200c.Recently, different miRNAs were proposed to associate with cardiomyocyte differentiation of stem cells. Over-expression of some miRNAs such as mi-R1-2 in mouse bone marrow- mesenchymal stem cells could induce their differentiation into cardiomyocytes through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Also, the miR1 has been reported to be able to modulate cardiomyogenesis and preserve the expression of muscle genes via down regulating the Notch or STAT3 signaling pathways. Furthermore, except mir-1-2 over-expression of miR-499 in rat bone marrow- mesenchymal stem cells induces them toward cardiac differentiation via the activating the wnt/b-catenin signal pathway. Conversely, microRNA-133 blocks the cardiac differentiation of mouse and human mesenchymal stem cells. By modulating miR-1 and -499 expression levels, human cardiomyocyte progenitor cells function can be altered and differentiation directed, thereby enhancing cardiomyogenic differentiation. Overexpression of miR-499a-5p increased the expression of cardiomyogenic differentiation markers in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Down regulation of miR-199b-5p induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells toward cardiomyocyte-like cells through the HSF1/HSP70 signaling pathway, and had no influence on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and migration. MicroRNAs affect cardiac cellular signaling and gene expression, and implicate miR-199b as a therapeutic target in heart failure. The cooperative association and reciprocal interactions between genetic and epigenetic regulatory factors and miRNAs regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells.

The anti-cancer effects of insect larvae were demonstrated in cancer cells in traditional medicine. Identification and extraction of anticancer compounds from insects can reduce the problems of cancer patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-proliferative and apoptotic properties of different concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tenebrio molitor larvae on breast cancer cells (Mcf-7).

The larvae used in this study were reared at the research insect farm of Razi University. Larvae were frozen and then dried before starting pupation. Their aqueous and ethanolic extracts were derived. Concentrations of 20, 40, 80, and 160 μg/ml of each extract were added to the cell culture. The group without extract was considered as control. Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated by MTT assay and apoptosis by acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining.

Application of ethanolic extract in low concentrations (20, 40 μg/ml) to the culture had the greatest cell cytotoxicity effect compared to aqueous extract with same concentration (p<0.05). In addition, the 40 μg/ml concentration of aqueous extract had a significant effect on cell cytotoxicity in comparison to the 20 μg/ml concentration (p<0.05). However, high concentrations, 120 μgr/ml of aqueous and ethanolic extracts, significantly increased the proliferation compared to the control (p>0.05). Similar results were observed in apoptosis assay.

In conclusion, larval ethanolic extract appeared to have a better effect on cytotoxicity and apoptosis of breast cancer cells in comparison to the aqueous extracts. Investigations for finding new and efficient natural anti-cancer extracts can improve our knowledge about natural-based medicines with fewer side effects.

Application of traditional medicine and identification of herbs to treat cancer are being on the rise. Little information is available on the anticancer effects of Smyrnium cordifolium bioss species. For this purpose, the present study investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the alcoholic extract of S. cordifulium.

After preparing the plant and its alcoholic extract, different concentrations of the extract (0, 2, 10, 50 and 250 μg/ml) were added to the culture medium of MCF-7 cells. MTT assay was used to evaluate cytotoxicity of different extract concentrations. In addition, acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining was used to assess apoptosis rates. Data was analyzed by SPSS software at the significance level of 5%.

the results of this study showed that S. cordifolium extract at 250μg/ml concentration had a more inhibitory effect on proliferation compared to other treatment groups. Moreover, this concentration (250μg/ml) had a significant effect on apoptosis in comparison with other concentrations.

In conclusion, it seems that alcoholic extract of S. cordifolium can partially reduce proliferation of cancer cells.

High-potency Cannabis (HPC) is commonly used by patients with cancer to relieve pain. Parents’ HPC consumption can have an adverse effect on the physical, psychological, and social aspects of children. This study was conducted aimed to investigate the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) on the reduction of aggression and cortisol level in children of dependent cannabis caregiver with cancer. In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, from March 2015 to October 2016, 50 caregivers residing in Tehran, Iran with metastatic cancer consuming HPC and their children with aggression problem were selected, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method and were randomly assigned to the experimental or control groups through block randomization. Changes in the level of aggression and cortisol during 12 weeks were analyzed by repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) and generalized estimation equation (GEE) through SPSS 22 software. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.01. The primary outcomes showed that 12 weeks of PCIT had a significant effect on the reduction of children’s aggression and the level of salivary cortisol in children (P < 0.01). However, the results were not stable until the follow-up stage (P = 0.067). Secondary outcomes showed that there was a significant relationship between aggression index and cortisol level (P < 0.01). The findings of the present study are consistent with the research background confirming the role of systematic and nonlinear (cyclic) look at behavioral and psychological problems during growth. These findings can be found in family setting and in educational settings such as kindergartens with clinical application.

Public place Management requires policy and planning based on the priority of the components affecting spatial behavior. To plan and preserve Jemaa el-Fna square as a dynamic public place, the sub-criterias of the three main components of the urban landscape (semantic-perceptual, functional-activity and aesthetic) has been researched and elucidated in relate to the three main alternatives for the planning public place (audience, time and creativity).
The criterias and sub-criterias in Analytic Hierarchy process method (AHP) were examined and the prioritied for planning the public space management in Jemaa el-Fna (as a case study). The study showed that audiences have the greatest impact in urban landscape management of Jemaa el-Fna, and then creativity and time alternatives affect the components of urban landscape. Based on the meaningful results of the evaluation, this public place is strongly focused on the audience. Also, planning priority of public place is initially focuced on the relationship of audience with the functional-activity component, (ii) the semantic-perceptual component, and (iii) the aesthetic component.

The present study aimed to investigating the effect of the early childhoodemotional curriculum on Isfahanian children's emotional intelligence. For thispurpose, unequal group scheme of sub- experimental research methods wasused. A total of 30 children were recruited to participate in the study and wereassigned to two groups: an experimental group (n=15) that received trainingand a control group (n=15) that participated in normal day care centeractivities. A pre-test–post-test intervention design with a control group wasused to evaluate the efficacy of the curriculum (pre- intervention baseline andpost intervention after six months and a post-hoc test three months after theprogram was over). The data for the study were collected through theIsfahanian preschool children's emotional intelligence test. In order to analyzethe data and investigate statistical hypotheses repeated measures test wasutilized. The results revealed that this curriculum improved children’semotional intelligence (p˂0.05) and highlighted the efficacy of implementingof emotional curriculums in early educational contexts and other educationallevels

In comprehensive urban development plan, a vision of Tehran has been considered as a world city.Tehran is also considered the regional medical center in the world of Islam in the comprehensive scientific map ofIran. In the era of globalization, medical tourism is a growing market in developing countries and has become one offields of competition in regional development. According to the importance of strategic planning for the developmentof medical tourism in the globalization process, the effect of medical service globalization in the mega city of Tehran,and Tehran's response to the requirements are essential to investigate Tehran as a medical tourism destination. This isa descriptive survey and also an analytical and exploratory study. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employedin this research. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with 20 experts and a Delphi questionnaire. In thefirst step, a desk study was performed and the conceptual model was developed. External (environmental threatsand opportunities) and internal (strengths and weaknesses) factors were analyzed by SWOT matrix. According tothe SWOT matrix, medical tourism industry was in WO and SPACE matrix confirmed the result of the IE matrix.Percent using four strategies calculated and strategies ranked quantitatively by QSPM matrix as follows: i) Marketingand Information System Development, ii) Public Infrastructure Development, iii) Product Development, iv) Human Resource Development. Accordingly, policies were developed..

Security is one of the most important requirements for citizens in cities. So, it is necessary to ensure security in the cities. Spaces and crime related to each other. Some spaces of cities produced crime that urban planners have to pay attention them.
Beside security “sense of security” has importance. This is an emotional reaction to social violent crime and physical injuries or a range of emotional and practical reactions to crime and irregularity. Today, urban adverse environments create many problems for citizens. It increases social harms. With increase these harms has reduced insecurity. In these circumstances crimes increase. So people become more cautious in social relations. They fear with every event and feel insecurity. Differentiations of places infused sense of security or fear to citizens. So, spatial differences in cities influences in differences of sense of insecurity.
Security has much more important in the metropolis of Tehran. In this area the Centralized system of government Caused centralized of populations that underlie social deviations and abnormalities. So, Tehran and the cities in its area have the highest level of crime in the cities of Iran. The cities that have grown in the metropolitan areas of Tehran in the last few decades have a lot of social problems. The Qods city is one of them that received many immigrants so it is involved many social problems like insecurity. In this social environment the sense of insecurity has grown.
Since the analyzing the root causes of sense of insecurity in different places of city affect in improve the performance of urban officials and it increase citizen's sense of place, this research is sought to analysis the sense of security in the different quarters of the city of Qods and it offers the solutions to improve the present situation. This study will answer this question that does the sense of security of citizens in urban quarters were different? And whether the diversity of land uses in the urban areas affect in the citizen’s sense of security?
Material & This is an applied research according to the purpose and is a descriptive-analytical according to the nature and method. Data have gathered with documentary and survey methods. The statistical society is the citizens over 18 years in the city of Qods. The sample size is estimated 375 people with the Cochran formula. Samples are selected by cluster sampling method randomly. Preliminary data had gathered in March 2014 in the city of Gods. The questionnaire has been drawn up with Likert questions. This reality was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha. The research data analyses with use of the correlation coefficient regression and T-test in the SPSS and the urban quarters were ranked based on using multi- criteria decision-making of Topsis and the Cluster Analysis.
This research has physical (The nocturnal land uses, acquaintance of urban space, the quality of urban roads, the readability, natural and artificial care), social-economic (busyness, rising land prices, the rise in prices of housing units, rent increase, relationships and social interactions, police performance, accumulation of offenders) and environmental (air pollution, acoustic pollution, accumulation of rubbish) index.
Discussion of Results & In general, Most of residents of the city are not satisfied of security. This study showed that the characteristics of urban places like the social conditions, the formation of spaces and the application of urban spaces affect the amount of security in the city of Gods. Also, the current study revealed that whatever the rate of commuter is higher in the urban spaces, the citizens feel more secure. In some street like Taleghani and Azadi avenues the commuter is low, which suggests the lack of attraction is their business activities with the needs and demands of the citizens. The contrary, a relatively high amount of commuter on the streets of Emamzadeh and Sajjad that can be due to the land uses of such training centers are consistent with the demand of citizens. In the workshop area and the subsidiary passages commuting of citizens especially women is very low. Therefore, the results obtained that the routes of city is essential in maintaining the sense security for citizens. Route resolution of day and night, removing physical barriers and annoying land users along the sidewalks and proper design of flooring has caused the pedestrian to feel safer use of the spaces.
In the social and economic indicator central quarter of the city ranked first and the last rank achieved Sorkhehesar. The formation of new quarters, "Cuye-Farhangian" and "Simetri-shora" with a relatively strong socio-economic structure in the city's central quarters has been effective in increasing its rank. But semi-rural structure in the quarter of Sorkhehesar has a significant effect in reducing its rank.
In general, central quarter is new with proper distribution of land use, high density construction and favorable socio-economic and environmental indicators is the greatest quarter of the city. Most immigrants live in the southwest of the city with chaotic structure and the most disadvantaged quarter in terms of indices sense of security.

Quality of urban life is one of the most important fields of urban studies in different countries that under the affection of factors such as time, place, personal and social values have a complex and multidimensional concept and often are measured by using subjective and objective indices and rarely by the both ones. Cities at different scales have benefited of this index completely different, especially the cities with the huge number of emigrations, in spite of having high population and connecting to higher level of urban system, have a great distance from the cities at the same class in the indices of the life quality.This research evaluates the quality of life in the middle-sized cities of Borujerd and Kouhdasht in Lorestan that have different levels of life. This research is made by descriptive method of causation – comparative method. The required data was collected by library-documentary and field surveying method in these cities. The statistical population consisted of citizens over 15 years of age and samples are 643. This is a descriptive research with the comparative method. The results of this research indicated that the satisfaction of citizens in the city of Boroujerd is in the better levels because of the main reasons such as population levels, literacy level, household income, performance of municipal authorities and its infrastructure consist of transportation, educational facilities, care and treatment. From the other findings of this research can be noted to that population levels is effective in citizens, satisfaction levels from quality of life so that the more population and larger city (borujerd) have the more satisfacation from quality of life rather than the smaller city (kuhdasht). Unlike the objective indices, from subjective view in Kouhdasht, the greatest amount of satisfaction is relevant with supplying the main and daily requirements (food, clothing and …) and citizen's feeling comfortable of living in the city which refers to the contentment feature of the people of this area. Generally, the high distance of life quality index of Kuhdasht city with the city at the higher level of medium of the province, indicates this fact that precipitance of Kuhdasht in accepting population and its connection to the middle cities of the province do not mean the development of life indices in this city.As it is clear, studying the condition of indices of the life quality, lack of urban facilities and governing the rural culture besides the problems of emigration has kept this index at a very low level.

Study of religious spaces in the city`s system, as one of the layers of semiotics, is effective in understanding the urban landscape as a sustainable social-spatial structure. Religious activities are related to spiritual and cultural concepts base on dominant ideology of the society; so recognizing their influence on city is an expedient switch for understanding social- spatial structure and the formation of public place. This research is followed by reviews of religious sites in the city`s semiotics system, and its impact on public place.
Therefore, based on field studies conducted, three of the religious atmosphere is selected and has defined their station based on the characteristics of each space, as the city symbol or a focal point in city`s semiotics system, and is explored their effect on the creation of public place. Indian community is the context of different religions with variety religious activities in urban space. So three religious urban spaces of Indian cities have been selected for this study. The review process demonstrate a significant relationship between the public place and civic focal point. The religious-based focal points will form public place; while religious sites in the city are considered merely as symbol, areas have not been bed. Study conclude that the effective index of the focal points in the city, are foreground the public place.

Sidewalk ability in urban spaces is a quality that despite the direct relationship with the components of sense of place depends on the process by which we build cities and urban areas. The formation process of each space has a profound effect on how life goes on. Accordingly, evaluation of the said process to measure the sidewalk ability of a location (based on the aspects of sense of place) and scrutinize its qualitative characteristics could be the theme of organizing, planning and selection of urban-build rules. Although regarding to endless nature of urban plans, contextual evaluation of projects related to sidewalks through evaluation of a space components in three physical aspects (ecological, spatial, morphological, contextual, visual), mental (perceptual) and behavioral (social, functional and selective) is necessary, but at the current time that multiple projects of sidewalk ability in metropolitan capital are raised from different origins which some are free from approved documents or are under determination and approval of urban development. Considering the process of projects explanation (within the five-stage framework of definition, planning and design, implementation and feedback) and assessment of previous similar measures and achievement of such approaches has become more urgent. The ultimate goal of the sidewalk project of 17-Shahrivar path, the Imam Hossein and Shohada Square is to improve the quality of the squares, create a place for civil privilege, promote cultural- social life, and create a place for gatherings and ritual ceremonies. However the current living space and improving its quality depends on the historical process in which urban space is formed. The main reason for the failure of the project is in the explanation process including defining, planning and design, implementation and feedback. Environmental intervention could not be the result of thought and values ​​of a small crowd of programmers, designers or administrators, but it is necessary to form based on a transparent, reasonable, rational and participatory process. The relationship between man and man-made urban-environment space is a civil relationship in which the quality shapes the audience behavior patterns. Improving quality, creating a reasonable balance between the different roles of urban areas and focusing on the role of civil society ensures the survival of this relationship. The impact of management factor on the process of implementing a project should never be ignored. In the process of improving the quality of place, going out of daily decisions, and taste-based policies environment which will reversely lead to the reduction of qualitative values; Strategic guidance and management of the city based on landscape and the approved documents of development which being formed on partnership process and common values ​​of community and stakeholders; control of project realization in proportion to the nature and time of the project and after-implementation assessment which ensure the urban activities system; all are integral rings of a chain and in fact open a socio-political world from which a place has found its existence.

After industrial revolution, driving vehicles became a necessity in fulfilling human needs in different aspects of life. This is a positive phenomenon but is not without negative side effects, such as, for example, accidents, air pollution, traffic jam etc. In many countries, road construction and maintenance is far behind innovations of new vehicles. In many places the road quality or size is not able to bare the traffic load, hence the reason for significant rise in accidents and human life loss in the second half of the twentieth century in developed and developing countries. That is, 1.2 million deaths worldwide are caused by vehicle accidents. Accidents are the first cause of injuries and second cause of death in the population of Iran at ages bellow 40. In vehicle accidents, three factors are involved: human, vehicle and road quality. The human factor is more apparent since it governs the other two. Since the human factor is influenced by social, economic, cultural, political and other environmental aspects, its behavior in driving varies with respect to space and time. Consequently the question addressed in this paper is as follow: is there a correlation between where does the driver live and how his driving behavior is? And how is the driver’s spatial distribution manner when it comes to improper driving behavior on the intra-city routs? The megacity of Isfahan as a touristic city is of concern in this respect. Thus the broader questions are: which are the factors involved in affecting the driving behavior of drivers in Isfahan? What are the patterns which influence driving behaviors and what are the effective factors involved in developing these behaviors? For this purpose, the drivers’ behavior of different sections of the city are evaluated based on different variables and the local roads. Finally, the worst exposed driving behaviors of domestic drivers on domestic roads are identified. This is a practical study of a descriptive-analytic nature. The data is compiled based on library source and field survey. In the field survey the tool used is a researcher designed questionnaire containing two series of open and closed questions. The questionnaire consists of the two following measuring parts:A.General characteristics that include variables such as sex, age, driving license issuance date, hours driven per day, education, income, occupational status, residential sectionB.Driving behavior that includes variables such as conduct on local roads which contain 9 items measured by Likert scale. Sample size is estimated through Cochran formula, by which 322 drivers were randomly selected from the intra-city drivers in the vicinity of major connecting intersections like squares, circles, crosses. They were asked to stop when at a very low speed or almost unmoving. Data analysis, summarizing and categorization are processed through SPSS. The descriptive findings are illustrated through GIS Arc software, and Kruskal-Wallis test, Tavy - Kendall none and chi-square were run to analyze the data.Discussion of Results & The findings indicate that be getting older drivers tend to observe traffic roles in the following ways: 1.Observing the standard distance from the vehicle in front 2.Observing the proper speed when the traffic is high3.Driving between the lines4.Not overtaking from right5.Allowing others to overtake6.Patience during driving7.Having proper speed when overtaking8.Watching the side mirrors and proper signaling before turningThere is no statistical significance between driver age and parking at "No Parking" zones. As the driving skills are advanced all the above variables are improved. However, there is no statistical significance between the skill record and parking at No Parking zones.As the duration of driving per day increases, parking in No parking zones, overtaking from right and impatience among the drivers increases too. There is no statistical significance between the duration of driving per day and variables 1, 2,3,5,7, and 8.There is a direct relationship between the educational level and allowing others to take over. There is no statistical significance between educational level and the rest of the variables. No statistical significance is found between the drivers’ income and driving behavior. Type of profession with respect to prevailing socio-cultural status influences driving quality behavior.Men behave differently according to their residential neighborhood as far as the 8 variables are concerned.The same is true for women except in variables 1 and 8. Not sufficient parking space, heavy traffic in the old textures of the city, malls, wholesale centers, narrow streets, congested streets with pedestrians influence driver behavior.This problem becomes more complicated when the non-domestic drivers drive in the city. In general, on the city routs like city entrance roads, educational centers, commercial centers, tourist attraction centers, recreational centers and neighborhoods with weaker structures which have to have such traffic congestions the worst kind of driving behavior is expected.

This study sought to investigate how different types of in-text glosses (i.e. synonym, translation, and definition glosses) affect reading comprehension of Iranian high school students. For this purpose, seventy-eight students from a high school in Isfahan were randomly chosen to serve as the participants of the study. They were then randomly divided into four groups –three experimental groups and one control group. To ascertain the homogeneity of the groups in terms of reading comprehension ability, a general reading comprehension test was administered prior to the administration of the actual tests of gloss type. No meaningful difference was spotted between them. The participants subsequently sat for the tests of gloss type, the results of which made it possible to reach the following different types of glosses brought about considerable changes in the students’ reading comprehension scores. More precisely, the students in synonym gloss group outperformed, although not significantly, those in translation gloss group who, in turn, substantially surpassed those in definition gloss group. Unsurprisingly, these three experimental groups had a better than did the control group, i.e. the no-gloss group

Progress achieved in culture media formulations have resulted led to an improvement in maintaining the mammalian embryo in culture throughout the preimplantation and pre-attachment period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various concentrations of myo-inositol during in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes on subsequent embryo development. Bovine cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) were matured in vitro at 39oC, in humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere for 22-24 h. The COCs were co-incubated with epididymal spermatozoa of post mortem bulls in modified TALP medium for 22-24hr. The fertilization medium used was: 1) TALP medium without myo-inositol (control); 2) control+0.02 g/l myo-inositol; 3) control+0.03 g/l myo-inositol; 4) control+0.04 g/l myo-inositol. Zygotes were cultured in vitro for 8 days when the ratios of in vitro embryo development of the hatched blastocysts were assessed and compared with the control group (p<0.05). The presence of 0.04 g/l myo-inpsitol significantly improved overall morula and blastocyst rates (46.94%) compared to control (32.19%), but there was no difference in the percentage of embryos successfully developed to the morula and blastocyst stage when different levels of myo-inositol were used (46.94, 36.36 and 37.33% respectively). The mean percentage of cleavage rate was not significantly affected by treatments. These results suggest that, addition of 0.04 g/l myo-inositol in TALP medium is more beneficial for subsequent bovine embryonic development.

Improvements in culture media formulations have led to an increase in the ability of sheep embryo in culture throughout the preimplantation period. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of MEM vitamins during in vitro maturation of sheep oocytes and subsequent embryo development. Sheep ovaries were collected from a slaughterhouse and transported to the laboratory. Oocytes were matured in SOF medium supplemented with, eCG, hCG and EGF in various concentrations of MEM vitamins (control, 0.5, 1 and 1.5) for 24h. The cumulus oocyte compelex (COCs) were co-incubated with epididymal spermatozoa of post mortem rams in synthetic oviduct fluid fertilization (SOFF) medium with 10% heat inactivated estrous sheep serum for 18h. Embryos were cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid culture 1 (SOFC1) medium for 48h followed by cultured in synthetic oviduct fluid culture 2 (SOFC2) medium for six days. Addition of 0.5 and 1 MEM vitamins significantly increased (P< 0.05) overall blastocyst development (21.62% and 22.33%; respectively) compared with 1.5 MEM vitamins (15.59%), but there was no difference between control, 0.5 and 1 MEM vitamins in the percentage of embryos successfully developing to the blastocyst stage (19.50%, 21.62% and 22.33% respectively). It seems that addition of 1.5 of MEM vitamins has detrimental effect on blastocyst rate.

The quarter as one of the most important identity-making factors used to provide a pleasant environment for the citizens in the past. Amid these، the fate of Iranian women has been linked with urban quarters in a more deep form. However، analyzing the historical trend of the performance of the urban quarters، a falling process is observed، because the performance of these places has gradually been weakened. Opposite to the past، women have been omitted from the urban plans، thus cities have been converted into completely manly environments. Nevertheless، the new urban planning has not been able to overcome the existing conflicts in cities. Using analytical method، this article has studied the process of quarter identity from the past up to the present and the position of new urban planning in reinforcing the quarter identity and satisfaction of women. The results show that in order to improve the existing condition، it is very necessary to pay attention to the native pattern of this land in the structure of cities. Also، the establishment of participatory centers of women to activate physical environment of the city، to create and reinforce the quarter-oriented system in presenting urban services and revival of public spaces in quarters will be so effective.