m. mehri

Rapid urbanization is responsible for impervious area increases and more runoff generation in urbanized catchments. Higher runoff volume in urbanized catchments leads to higher flood risk. One of the methods of runoff management is low impact development (LID). Bio-retention cell (BRC) is one of the infiltration-based LID practices that allows restoring the pre-development hydrologic cycle. However, the overall hydrologic performance of BRCs can vary depending on different urban environments. In this study, the hydrologic performance of BRC in terms of runoff and flood reduction was investigated in a highly urbanized area in the east of Tehran, Iran. The SWMM model was used to evaluate the performance of BRC. The results showed that BRC for rainfall with a return period of 2 to 50 years reduced the total runoff volume by 76.2% to 70.2% and the peak discharge by 65.9% to 36.4%, respectively. Also, for rainfall with a return period of 2 to 50 years, BRC resulted in 15.2% to 27.5% infiltration of rainfall in the study area, respectively. This study demonstrates that BRC can help restore the natural hydrologic cycle of urbanized catchments by reducing runoff and increasing infiltration.

Coccidiosis is a serious problem in the poultry industry, and medication is required continuously. There are several approaches to the control of coccidiosis. Several drugs have been used in the control of coccidiosis. The ionophore antibiotics such as lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, and salinomycin are extensively used in poultry feed for the prevention or treatment of coccidiosis induced by Eimeria species. Unfortunately, the toxic effects of ionophores cause concern because of their narrow safety margin. Ionophores’ toxicity could be probably due to oxidative damage. Therefore, it can be prevented by the supplementation of antioxidants in the diet. It has been reported that 60 or 120 mg/kg of salinomycin caused some pathological changes in the liver, heart, kidney, and muscles, such as degeneration or necrosis of these tissues. However, administration of salinomycin with vitamin E or selenium showed that vitamin E decreases the pathological changes.  The present study aimed to investigate the effects of salinomycin administration in combination with some natural antioxidants on reducing salinomycin toxicity in laying chickens.
A total number of 400 day-old hy-line w36 chicks were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications for 35 days. Treatments were included: 1) control diet, 2) negative control diet containing 0.05% salinomycin sodium, 3) negative control + garlic powder (15 g/kg of diet), 4) negative control + selenium (450 mg/kg of diet) + vitamin E (2 g/kg of diet), and 5) negative control + zinc-methionine (160 mg/kg of diet). Body weight gain, feed intake, and body weight uniformity were measured weekly. Blood samples were taken to evaluate the levels of antioxidant enzymes, liver enzymes, electrolytes, and malondialdehyde levels at the end of the experimental period.
The results showed that the salinomycin diet (T2) decreased body weight and feed intake compared with the control diet in the total experimental period (P<0.05). But the addition of supplemental Zn-methionine to the diet (T5) led to improved body weight and feed intake (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed among various treatments for the relative weight of visceral organs (liver, heart, kidney, gizzard, proventriculus, intestine, and bursa of Fabricius), but there were no significant differences for spleen and lungs. Also, salinomycin increased the activity of liver enzymes including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) in the negative control group and control group, and decreased the level of serum antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group (P<0.05), but the addition of vitamin E + selenium to the diet, eliminated the negative effects of salinomycin on these parameters (P<0.05). Vitamin E plays important roles in various biochemical and physiological processes, including antioxidation. The protective effect of vitamin E against the alterations induced by salinomycin on these estimated parameters in this study could be attributed to the role of vitamin E as a fat-soluble antioxidant, which protects the biological membranes from oxidative damage and decreases osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. Selenium also exerts its protective effect against oxidative damage by a decline in free radicals and increasing the synthesis of glutathione peroxidase, which catalyze the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides. Salinomycin decreased serum chlorine and increased serum potassium compared to the control group (P<0.05), and only the use of vitamin E + selenium adjusted these changes (P<0.05). The T2 group reduced the serum level of chlorine and increased the serum level of potassium (P<0.05). But there is no significant effect on the level of blood calcium. Although all treatments with antioxidants changed the levels of these electrolytes. The changes in electrolyte balance can result in metabolic alkalosis and acidosis. However, the T4 group only reduced the serum levels of potassium and calcium and increased the serum level of chlorine significantly, compared to the T2 group (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the serum sodium and creatinine levels among various treatments.
Salinomycin administration in the diet of laying chicken induces undesirable effects on some estimated parameters probably due to oxidative damage. But, the supplementation of pullet diets with vitamin E and selenium can reduce the possible side effects of salinomycin.

Agriculture has always been a risky activity, and the first step in developing plans to face and overcome the risk is gleaning insight into the different types of risks and the risk factors. One of the risks faced in today’s agriculture sector is the production risk incurred by the inputs. The overarching goal of this research was to study the wheat production risk in Gorgan County, Iran, using the method proposed by using J-P (Just and Pope) approach. Data and information required for this research were obtained through stratified random sampling from 80 questionnaires completed in the 2015-2016 crop year. The estimation results suggested that with an increase in labor and farmers’ age, the production risk diminished, whereas the production risk escalated with an increase in the use of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, it is recommended to modify the usage pattern of this input to set the scene for the mitigation of the production risk of this crop in the region.

 Excess excretion of nitrogen (N) caused by inaccurate animal feeding might increase the environmental concerns in terms of soil and water pollutions. Nitrogen is one of the most expensive elements in animal nutrition and either under-feeding or over-feeding of this element may be associated with financial losses through the suppressed performance or expensive diets. Determination of nutrient availability could warrant accurate feed formulation to meet animal requirements. Nutrients digestibility determination in poultry is usually carried out by collecting excreta (feces + urine) from the bird or collecting digesta from the ileum. Standardized ileum digestibility is also possible by measuring the endogenous loss of amino acids. endogenous loss of amino acids is affected by the type of protein source, the protein level of the diet, the amount of dietary fiber, the presence of anti-nutritional agents, the method of slaughter, the type of marker used, the age of the bird, the species, diet and body size. Among these factors, the level of amino acids in the diet is a major factor. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine essential amino acids digestibility of corn, wheat, soybean meal and corn gluten meal in Japanese quails during third week of age.

 A total of 600 of 14-days-old Japanese quails were assigned in a completely randomized design to five treatments, four replications and 30 birds in each floor pen. The dietary treatments included nitrogen free diet, corn, wheat, soybean meal and corn gluten meal which were prepared in such a way that the test ingredient was the sole source of the protein and amino acids in each diet. The standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) values in aforementioned feeds were determined using direct method, and an N-free diet (NFD) was used to measure the basal endogenous amino acids losses (EAAL) from 14 to 21 d of age. Titanium dioxide was added to all diets as indigestible marker of 5 g / kg. At the end of the experiment, all the birds of each pen were killed by an intracardiac injection of 0.5 mL sodium pentobarbital. Ileal digesta were collected by gentle manipulation and pooled on a replicate basis and were immediately frozen. The ileum was considered as part of the small intestine starting from the Meckel’s diverticulum and up to 15 mm before the ileocaecal junction. Titanium was determined colorimetrically and amino acid profiles were determined for corn, soybean meal, corn gluten meal and wheat using acidic hydrolysis and chromatographically. The house temperature was set at 35, 29 and 26 ° C in the first, second and third weeks of age, respectively and the relative humidity of the house was 55-60%. The birds freely accessed water and experimental diets, and 23 h light and one h darkness was considered throughout the experiment. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA in Graphpad software and Tukey’s test was used to compare the means.

 The EAAL values of methionine, lysine, threonine, arginine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and histidine were determined to be 32.6, 306, 241, 104, 355, 497, 49.6, and 80.1 mg/kg DMI, respectively. The apparent digestibility values of amino acids methionine, lysine, threonine, arginine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and histidine as a number of essential amino acids in corn were 92.97, 70.38, 79.76, 88.98, 84.75%; in wheat were 90.80, 86.47, 82.63, 86.70, 88.33, 45.79, 96.77, 81.24%; in soybean meal were 94.73, 86.96, 80.09, 14.91, 81.54, 13.85, 80.47, 95.19% and in corn gluten meal were 04.86, 84.67, 82.76, 51.89, 73.83, 18.91, 76.15, 53.67%, respectively. The SIAAD of methionine, lysine, threonine, arginine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, and histidine for corn, wheat, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal were 94.48, 83.96, 88.33, 89.80, 93.85, 92.15, 94.06, 97.53%; 92.54, 95.48, 89.81, 88.48, 94.72, 90.11, 84.17, 84.15%; 95.27, 83.08, 81.48, 91.45, 83.11, 87.82, 81.93, 95.87%; 86.27, 71.23, 87.03, 90.12, 85.11, 93.23, 76.21, and 74.38%, respectively. Research has shown that the type of ingredients and concentration of diet amino acids have a significant effect on the digestibility coefficients. This difference is in fact due to the changes in the endogenous share of amino acids in the total amount of ileal amino acids.

 Generally, the highest SIAAD coefficients of methionine, lysine, and arginine were obtained in SBM and threonine was obtained in corn. On the other hand, the lowest SIAAD coefficients of these amino acids were observed in corn gluten meal, corn and wheat, respectively. Also, comparing the results of this study with findings from other species showed that the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of essential amino acids in corn, wheat, soybean meal and corn gluten meal is different in Japanese quail than in broiler chickens.

The performance of Customer Relationship Management system at RAJA Company، as the main passenger train operator is a pattern for other rail passenger companies in Iran. Due to change in ownership of this company from public to private sector، modification needs in its customer relationship process، however there is still a gap between the performance of RAJA and similar international passenger rail companies from the viewpoints of customers. In this paper، first، the concepts of System Analysis، Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Customer Satisfaction Measurement (CSM) are investigated and the necessity of Analysis of CRM system in RAJA’ company is examined. Then current situation of customer relationship in RAJA’ company is examined and by using numerous sources، the important factors for CSM is identified. Then، by developing questionnaire based on the selected factors، the current and similar recent periods in 2011 and 2012، customer satisfaction level is investigated and finally recommendations based on priority of corrective actions in customer relationship management system at RAJA Passenger Trains Company is proposed.

Salivary glands are the most important of the mouth internal secretory.saliva contains many useful enzymes that help in the digestive process.there are for major salinery glands in cats,including the mandibular,sublingual,parotid,and zygomatic galnd. Adenocarinomacan affect any of these salivary glands in cats,but the major target of this tomur in cats in the parotid gland.sublingual mass of a cat with clinical sign such as dysphagia,saliva drooling, anorexia and weight loss removed by surgical operation and sent for the histopathological evaluation. in microscopic observation:tumor of a glandular epithelium was seen.acinar cells had been established a solid and adenoid pattern.Malignansy sings,including mitotic formation,hyperchromatism and pleomorphism were clearly visible in nucleus of the neoplastic cells.clinical and histopathological finding reveals an acinic cell adenocarcinoma and in our knowledge,this is the first report of this kind of tumor in salivary gland of a cat.

Misho granitoid pluton is exposed at the North Western part of the Misho Mountains and at the South Western part of the Marand compresional depression. The minerals in the rocks of this pluton include unhedral to sub – hedral quartz, K – feldspar both as microcline with tartan twinning and sub - hedral to unhedral orthoclase, two generations of biotite and zircon, subhedral to euhedral plagioclase (oligoclase - albite), magmatic epidote, titanite and apatite. One generation of zircon and biotite show restitic characteristics. The samples show distinct textures indicating the effect of pressure during crystallization (such as myrmekitic textures, slight alignment of mica, fragments of microcline in orthoclase). The samples exhibit syn-collisional, displaced and S-type geochemical features and the pluton is exposed in an area which is tectonically very faulted. The relative age of the pluton is Paleozoic. The source material for this pluton was a mixture of Meta – greywacke and metapelite. Field relations, mineralogy, geochemistry, existence of mica – rich enclaves and horse – shoe shape of the pluton all suggest a rapid ascent due to dyking and fracture distribution as the main mechanism for melt transport and formation of two generation of zircon and biotite. Therefore diapirism had negligible rule in emplacement and characteristics of misho granitoid.