m. mohammadrezaei

The land surface is one of the main elements that located on between the atmosphere and lithosphere. Changes in land surface characteristics affect surface water balance. In particular, change in the nature of vegetation affect interception and transpiration. Change in vegetation distribution alter the balance between soil-induced fluxes and obtained through canopy processes. Changes in evapotranspiration, soil evaporation, re-evaporation from interception, etc. affect runoff and soil moisture. Then these affect a variety of other processes by linking to the surface energy balance. In order to investigate the surface-atmosphere interactions in hydrological scales, it is necessary to use surface models, which have been developed with the aim of determining the lower atmospheric boundary conditions for numerical-atmospheric models. This study intends to present and introduce land surface models on a regional and global scale. The method of the present research is descriptive-review and means of collecting information, documents related to the subject. Studies show that land surface models are used to provide simulations of water balance, energy balance and carbon balance for further study and understanding on a regional and global scale, which can be effectively applied and recognized by these models at different Temporal-spatial scales, it is possible to study the relationship between the surface of the earth and climatic models, hydrology, and as a result, a better understanding of the behavior of their two components.

Human well-being is one of the main goals of sustainable rural development. Indeed, human well-being demonstrates rural societies’ quality of life. This concept consists of objective and subjective well-being dimensions. Although it is assumed that objective well-being is rationally related to subjective well-being, this relationship has not been fully confirmed in past studies. Three main reasons including the geographical level of assessment, the type of data used, and different epistemological perspectives have separated objective well-being assessment from the subjective one. We used the same geographical level, type of data used, as well as epistemological perspective in order to evaluate the relationship between objective well-being and subjective well-being among rice farmers. Using a questionnaire, a survey was carried out among 384 rice farmers (Response rate= 92.3%) in the main rice cultivation areas in Iran. The study sample was chosen by a two-stages cluster random sampling technique. Face to face personal interview was also used as the form of data collection. The results of structural equation modeling illustrated that farmers’ perception of economic, social, and environmental well-being as objective well-being domains significantly explained their subjective well-being constructs including happiness as well as life satisfaction. In fact, life satisfaction and happiness would be changed once farmers mentally perceive objective well-being domains. Therefore, objective well-being indicators can affect subjective well-being constructs, including life satisfaction and happiness, if they are assessed based on farmers’ self-evaluation.