m. yeganeh

Bachground:

 Drug interactions include chemical reactions that often occur between two or more drugs or even when a drug is taken with food, drink, or a supplement. Therefore, the aim of this current review is the determine potential drug interactions in the intensive care unit, and the role of nurses in their preventions.

This is a single-article review. Our available sources include all studies conducted on drug interactions in elderly care units between 2012 and 2024 that are included in this study. The databases searched include: CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Data Base of Systematic Reviews, Wiley, Science Direct, Iran Medex, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Google Scholar. The Persian-English keywords searched were: "drug interactions", "potential drug interactions", “Adverse events",“ intensive care units ",“ critically units ", “Risk of drug coexistence”,” Drug accident”, “adult “and “elderly”.

The findings of this study showed that by searching for relevant keywords in the initial stage, 34 studies were found. 17 articles were excluded for reasons such as lack of relevance to the topic and unavailability of the full text of the article. Finally, 12 valid articles were confirmed, of which 6 were Persian articles and 6 were in English.

The study results showed that drug interactions have a direct relationship with low Apgar scores, age, long-term stays in the department, and the number of doctors. The drugs that were identified as the most interfering in the department, based on both Persian and English articles, are phenytoin, phenobarbital, and fentanyl.

Microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of a cold-rolled 309S austenitic stainless steel were investigated after reversion annealing in the temperature ranges of 700-1000°C for 3-20 min. The specimen was first cold-rolled at room temperature to 90% thickness reduction. The microstructure was analyzed by optical and SEM methods and the mechanical behavior was studied by tensile tests and hardness measurement. The results depicted that negligible strain-induced ά-martensite was formed after cold-rolling. In addition, elongated austenite grains were observed after deformation followed by annealing below 700°C which was a signature of the recovery process. The recrystallization of the deformed austenite was dominant above 800°C, while recrystallization followed by grain growth were seen at 900°C. Moreover, the significant grain growth was observed at 1000°C. The optimum annealing temperature and time for achievement of a uniform recrystallized grain were at 800°C for 3 min which resulted in considerable grain refinement. The grain refinement led to improvement of mechanical properties of investigated austenitic stainless steel. The hardness value of refined austenite grains was 195% greater than that of the as-received steel. Finally, current work can shed some light on the effect of grain refinement on the control of microstructural and mechanical property of austenitic stainless steels.

In this study, the addition of organic methionine inhibitor (as an eco-friendly inhibitor) to 0.1 M sulfuric acid media on corrosion resistance of 316L austenitic stainless steel (fabricated by rolling method and three-dimensional (3D) printing method) was investigated. Open-circuit potential electrochemical test and impedance, and structural tests such as optical and electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were conducted. The results showed that the corrosion resistance in the presence of inhibitor was higher than the sample without inhibitor and the inhibitory efficiency of methionine was increased up to 64% and the resistance to surface transfer between metal oxide and electrolyte was improved up to 2.77 times. The addition of methionine reduced the surface roughness and accumulation of the surface cavities. The chemical and physical adsorption mechanism of the inhibitor (negatively charged side adsorption of the methionine molecule with positively charged anodic regions of the metal surface) occurred at all points on the surface of the sample with the inhibitor. Also, the amount of oxygen in the cavities was reduced and the distribution of sulfur was uniform. The thickness of the passivator oxide layers was calculated more than the sample without inhibition due to the addition of inhibitor.

In this study, microstructural changes in the thermomechanical processing and its effect on the corrosion behavior of 321 austenitic stainless steel were investigated. EDS analysis and optical microscopy were used to identify precipitates and microstructure, respectively. To evaluate the corrosion properties, potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed. First, the as-received sample was subjected to cold rolling with a 90% thickness reduction at liquid nitrogen temperature, and then annealing was performed at temperatures of 750, 850, and 1050 °C for 10 min. The results showed that severe cold rolling slightly improved the corrosion properties and in annealed samples, the corrosion resistance increased with more uniform microstructure, more reversion of martensite phase to austenite, and reduction of grain size. Annealed samples at 850 °C and 1050 °C with polarization resistance values of 8.200 kΩ.cm2 and 3.800 kΩ.cm2 depicted the highest and lowest corrosion resistance compared to other samples, respectively.

Polypyrrole modified coatings were coated by ammonium bifluoride doped in the polyethylene glycol (Doped Ppy) on AZ31 alloy using cyclic voltammetry. The result of nuclear magnetic resonance showed that fluoride doping occurred in the glycol molecule. Corrosion performance of the coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization in 0.05 M NaCl solution. Corrosion current density of polypyrrole modified coatings (Doped Ppy) was calculated about 5 µA.cm-2 , which was 5 times lower than the coating with discrete PEG and fluoride ions. It was observed that the modified polypyrrole coatings shows the highest corrosion resistance due to the synergism effect of fluoride and polyethylene glycol. Charge transfer resistance (Rdl) of polypyrrole coating with fluoride and PEG and polypyrrole coating containing ammonium bifluoride doped in the PEG was 5950 and 10050 Ω.cm2 , which was higher about 2.5 and 4.5 compared polypyrrole coating with Rdl of 2250 Ω.cm2 .

Since the national symbol is the most important urban element in terms of nationality, analyzing the influence of time on this symbol seems necessary. Less attention has been paid to the concept of time in the initial comments regarding urban issues. However, it was considered a serious matter after passing of time and observing its influence on urban and identity issues. The current study mainly aims to study the influence of time in the formation of the complex of national monuments, the direct and indirect influence of the time dimension on qualitative indicators of space and its influence on the appearance and semantic dimension of the national symbol and its immediate field. Thus, after reviewing the theoretical basics, many case studies of the world have been reviewed due to the lack of sufficient information and specialist investigations. Only nine case studies have been randomly selected and addressed in the present study. These studies are in line with theoretical basics and the thinkers’ ideas and they led to the final output. The descriptive-analytical method was used to gather the information and the outputs were analyzed by the survey method and Delphi tool for validation. The results show that the influence of time on the appearance dimension generally includes structural and apparent changes, erosion, deterioration, and ruin and the influence of time on the semantic dimension mostly includes semantic, identity, and revolutionary changes. In the qualitative indicators of the national symbol and its immediate field, the time dimension indirectly influences on some of indicators such as diversity, readability, permeability, visual richness, and vitality. In some indicators such as permeability and visual richness, the influence of time is associated with the appearance and in some indicators such as diversity, readability, and vitality, it is associated with appearance and semantic dimension. It is also influential in the quality of sustainability and efficiency in time dimension. Since there are two types of the national monuments in general, the influence of time dimension on them is different. Time triggers memory, meaning, layer structure and accessibility in the monuments built in the passing of time but it triggers patterns of receiving feature and lessons about designing such as observing flexibility and designing a timed and dramatic place in space.