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The importance of Green spaces in urban areas, especially in large industrial cities is an index of social development, which increases the quality of life. Thus distribution of urban green space in a city is very important .This research is more perfect than the study of green space areas because it focuses on distribution. In this research first maps of parks and border of regions were depicted by digital atlas of Tehran parks and parks were classified to Neighborhood, district and regional classes, by using of ArcMap and IDRISI software. Then park maps in twenty-two regions of Tehran, by using the selected landscape metrics including (CA, NP, PD, PLAND, MPS, LPI, LSI, MNN, Shape-MN, SHDI, MSIDI, SHEI, MSIEI), were resulted. Thus Composition, configuration, expanse and continuity of parks were also analyzed by using of Fragstas soft ware. At first twenty-two regions of Tehran were analyzed according to the park classes and then every park was analyzed without belonging to any classes. The regions of one, seventeen, fourteen, twenty one and twenty two indicated the most amount of the fragmentation, connectivity, diversity, evenness and dominance respectively. Neighborhood parks in ten and twenty regions had the most amount of dominance and connectivity respectively. District parks in nineteen region had the most amount of both dominance and connectivity. Regional parks in fifteen region had the most amount of the connectivity. Neighborhood parks have the best spatial pattern in comparison with other classes and spatial pattern of regional parks were unfavorable in comparison with neighborhood and district parks.

Due to the different factors and complexity of their effects on health and sustainability of urban forest, this study has been tried to determine the effective factors in ecosystem health by dividing Sorkhe Hesar man made forest park to homogeneous units according to natural factors (slope, aspect, high, soil depth) and human factors (amount of irrigation and outdoor recreation intensity). Conifers quality including Pinus eldarica, Cupressus arizonica and Cupressus sempervirens were studied. Evaluation criteria of homogeneous units were height, basal area, crown diameter, crown simultaneity, vitality, herbal layer density and canopy density. In order to study visitor Impact on soil compactness, soil block density and porosity were measured in both 0-15 and 15-30 depth of soil. Analyses of results showed complexity of factors have been affected on site health and sustainability, while slope and soil depth are the most important limiting factors. In fact with decreasing soil depth and increasing slope above 15 percent, to intensive recreation usage, would disropt ecosystem intensely. Also, researches showed that in the similar condition Cupressus sempervirens is more sustainable than Pinus eldarica and Cupressus arizonica.

Today, the destruction of forests has increased with the overgrazing of livestock and so in regard with the critical role of forest, measures must be programmed to conserve, rehabilitate and manage this divine gift. The investigation on the damages of grazing on forest indicates that grazing can significantly affect ecosystem sustainability and impose many negative impacts on forest ecosystems such as soil, vegetation, forest regeneration, biodiversity, landscape, wildlife etc. Therefore determination of vulnerable areas to grazing is vital to control the degradation of forest ecosystems. The object of this study is to determine vulnerable forest areas to grazing through determination of severity of environmental quality degradation caused by grazing, assessment of probability of grazing and determination of ecological vulnerability in Patom District of Kheyrud Forest. The results of this study showed that there are 15 regions with different sensitivity to grazing in Patom District that part of compartments 101 and 107 are the most vulnerable areas to grazing.

Apart from providing homes for native wildlife, parks have many values. The last few decades of the 20th century have seen a rapid change in approaches towards nature in the urban environment, which reflects more familiarity with nature amongst the general public and landscape professionals. Benefits and values of contact with nature have been investigated by environmental psychologists. It can be said that such contact is necessary for human health and existence of natural and open spaces have many psychological and aesthetic benefits. Evidence regarding the influence of nature on the health and well-being of individuals and communities has emerged from a number of traditional disciplines such as psychology and in recent fields of research like recreation and leisure. Although much emphasis has been put on urban nature from different perspectives and on preferences of urban natural areas in comparison to built-up areas, studies focusing on perception and preferences of different forms of nature are rather scarce. For increasing use of urban green spaces, it is better that these spaces be designed based on the public’s preferences and needs. There is proof which show that some people do not respond to natural landscapes in urban areas, and view them as messy, worthless or even frightening, and prefer formal and designed landscapes. This research paper examines public attitudes towards urban naturalistic in contrast to designed landscapes. Public opinions was evaluated using site-based questionnaire and random sampling in natural and designed spaces (Lale and Daneshjoo Parks, respectively) and these two methods were then compared. The survey sites should be in the same area and approximately similar in size in order to eliminate possible effect of population differences, distance, and size on perceptions and preferences. Following site selection, a questionnaire was designed to measure public perception and preferences of contrasting landscapes. The questionnaires were conducted on a face-to-face basis with 200 park users (100 per site) at the survey sites. In the next stage, researchers asked them to classify 16 photos of different parks with varied landscape characteristics into 5 groups (very elegant, beautiful, simple, ugly, very ugly). Results demonstrated that the study population did not have a clear understanding of natural and organic design patterns, prefered regular and plaid patterns for urban green spaces and derived more benefits and values from them. Laleh and Daneshjoo Park were appraised as more attractive and safer, respectively. It can be concluded that peace and quiet, safety, nature observation, experiencing seasonal changes and social interactions are rated higher in designed parks (Daneshjoo) and other factors such as contact with nature and being beneficial for wildlife are superior in natural parks (Laleh). Furthermore, natural parks are more effective in creating excitement and sense of freedom in users. On the other hand, designed parks (Daneshjoo) are more calming and have more positive effect such as relief from stress and sense of renewal. Recognizing public perception of landscape design styles and paying attention to their preferences and needs in green spaces can help landscape designers in designing such places and enhancing their use.

Forests are as renewable natural resources and because of its abundant environmental values have special status. Given the importance of forests as one of the most important sources of development in the country, several measures such as forest management plans are programmed in Iran. The Review of forest management plans in Iran indicates that in many of plans, the importance of ecosystems was ignored and most of decisions were made irrespective of environmental values. So multifunctional nature of forests, requires environmental impact assessment to be implemented in connection with forest management plans. The purpose of this study is the assessment and measurement of the Degradation coefficient because of human activities in Patom district of Kheyrud forest from the past to present. So, degradation model and degradation fuzzy set model was used that it is one of the environmental impact assessment methods and one of the important tools for the quantification of environmental destruction. The Results of this research showed that %100 of the study area need rehabilitation.

There was a misleading belief among students of natural sciences on the application of mathematics in Iran. They often regarded mathematics as a hard science and difficult to cope with. Recent efforts of scientific associations and experts of mathematics and other sectors of sciences (e. g., natural sciences) in explaining the benefits from application of mathematics in various sciences have led to a better understanding of mathematics, particularly in environmental sciences. In this paper, the action and reaction of ecological characteristics (as components of our environment) have been compared with mathematical equations. Furthermore, application of mathematical models in observing and solving environmental problems has been numerated to some extent by showing some of my environmental models already in use in Iran.

Sustainable Forest management is process that includes planning, implementation and monitoring. This process calls for criteria and indicators framework. On the other hand, forest ecosystems are increasingly considered as resources that must be managed for a wide range of ecological, economic and social values. These changes need criteria and indicator framework by which sustainable multifunctional forest management can be monitored. The Aim of this study is to develop criteria and indicator frameworks for ecological function including conservation, protection, conservation, and recreation function. For this purpose, Analytical Hierarchy Process and experts’ opinions were used and initial criteria and indicators were weighted. Final framework consists of 7 criteria, 25 indicator and 29 verifiers. Formulating these criteria helps monitoring the forest’s functions and can be used in determining, measuring, analyzing and assessing the sustainability of the studied area.

Green spaces in urban areas, especially in large industrial cities entail different implications. The green space improves the environment of the cities and on the other hand it creates proper conditions for the recreation and leisure of the citizens in terms of distribution of urban green space. In this research, maps of parks was depicted by digital atlas of Tehran parks and by using of ArcMap and IDRISI software, Then by using applying selected landscape metrics including (CA, PD, PLAND, MPS, LPI, LSI, MNN, Shape-MN), and using Fragstats software, a series of quantitative data about spatial pattern of Tehran parks was resulted. Composition, configuration, expanse and continuity of parks were also analyzed. Only six percent of the landscape was assigned by the green space activity studied in three neighborhood, district, and regional parks classes. Neighborhood parks have the best spatial pattern in comparison with other classes and spatial pattern of regional parks were unfavorable in comparison with neighborhood and district parks.

Immigration، differences، permanent displacement and rapid population growth in Tehran are some barriers of social interactions in its neighborhoods. While the social interactions is one of the main parameters in formation social capital of the city، the role of citizens social interactions are neglected in urban regenerations as an interventional approaches in urban restoration methods. The urban regeneration with regards to its essence and strategies could be the only way for urban planners in contemporary Tehran. In this issue، landscape regeneration of Tehran public squares could be known as a key factor in increasing citizens social interactions. In this research، a qualitative method with inductive approach has been applied. Besides، 10 squares of the Tehran have been analyzed as case studies. Four factors defied for choosing these ten squares which categorized as a) having historical backgrounds، b) Participation in social and cultural transformations، c) having sufficient dimensions and proportions، d) the presence of the square in the citizens mind. According to these four factors the case studies have been chosen which named Azadi، Engelab، HassanAbad، Toupkhaneh، Vali-e-Asre، Ferdowsi، Vanak، Imam Hussein، RahAhan and Ghazvin. As، social interactions have time-place factors، environmental factors that effect on it has been studied by analyzing objective elements (physical and natural) and subjective elements (memories and human relations) of landscape of the case studies. According to the results or this survey the three square that received the most points، selected for further study with SWOT matrix. Each square have been visited by the authors and by field survey the points and matrix have been extracted. Aerial photos help the authors to have a similar approach in analyzing the landscape factors، too. Results of this part of the research، shows that most of the central green spaces of the squares used only for its greenery and no activity or social interactions could be seen in these areas. Besides، absence or lack of urban furniture especially awning or any kinds of shelters، are one of the most weakness parts of the case studies. Rapid urban traffic flow with absence of safe connection pedestrians’ ways to the central part of the squares are the next noticeable factor which have a great roll in decreasing the social activity. In conclusion، some strategies of landscape correction of the squares have been established: organizing natural elements and urban furniture، organizing pedestrian and vehicle flows، increasing selective functions and regenerating squares memories of the past and the present or future. Process of landscape regeneration of urban squares has been recognized as a diagram consists of analyzing natural، artificial and human factors. The natural factor consists of vegetations pattern، water quality، vista elements. The artificial factors، included، buildings and functions. While the humanity factors are based on citizens’ behavior pattern and memories in social and individual scale. By، discovering each factor patterns، strategies of regeneration based on increasing social interactions of citizens could be defined in combination. Each square has its own regeneration strategy based on its social، historical، natural and environmental condition.

S‌c‌h‌e‌d‌u‌l‌i‌n‌g f‌o‌r f‌l‌e‌x‌i‌b‌l‌e j‌o‌b s‌h‌o‌p‌s i‌s v‌e‌r‌y i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t i‌n b‌o‌t‌h f‌i‌e‌l‌d‌s o‌f p‌r‌o‌d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n m‌a‌n‌a‌g‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t a‌n‌d c‌o‌m‌b‌i‌n‌a‌t‌o‌r‌i‌a‌l o‌p‌t‌i‌m‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n. H‌o‌w‌e‌v‌e‌r, i‌t i‌s q‌u‌i‌t‌e d‌i‌f‌f‌i‌c‌u‌l‌t t‌o a‌c‌h‌i‌e‌v‌e a‌n o‌p‌t‌i‌m‌a‌l s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌o t‌h‌i‌s p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m i‌n m‌e‌d‌i‌u‌m a‌n‌d a‌c‌t‌u‌a‌l s‌i‌z‌e p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m‌s w‌i‌t‌h t‌r‌a‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l o‌p‌t‌i‌m‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h‌e‌s, o‌w‌i‌n‌g t‌o t‌h‌e h‌i‌g‌h c‌o‌m‌p‌l‌e‌x‌i‌t‌y o‌f c‌o‌m‌p‌u‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s. T‌h‌e f‌l‌e‌x‌i‌b‌l‌e j‌o‌b s‌h‌o‌p s‌c‌h‌e‌d‌u‌l‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m (F‌J‌S‌P) e‌x‌t‌e‌n‌d‌s t‌h‌e j‌o‌b s‌h‌o‌p s‌c‌h‌e‌d‌u‌l‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m (J‌S‌P) b‌y a‌s‌s‌u‌m‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌a‌t, f‌o‌r e‌a‌c‌h g‌i‌v‌e‌n o‌p‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n, t‌h‌e‌r‌e i‌s a‌t l‌e‌a‌s‌t o‌n‌e i‌n‌s‌t‌a‌n‌c‌e o‌f t‌h‌e m‌a‌c‌h‌i‌n‌e t‌y‌p‌e n‌e‌c‌e‌s‌s‌a‌r‌y t‌o p‌e‌r‌f‌o‌r‌m i‌t. T‌h‌e s‌c‌h‌e‌d‌u‌l‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m o‌f a F‌J‌S‌P c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌s‌t‌s o‌f a r‌o‌u‌t‌i‌n‌g s‌u‌b-p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m, i.e., a‌s‌s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌n‌g e‌a‌c‌h o‌p‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌o a m‌a‌c‌h‌i‌n‌e o‌u‌t o‌f a s‌e‌t o‌f c‌a‌p‌a‌b‌l‌e m‌a‌c‌h‌i‌n‌e‌s, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e s‌c‌h‌e‌d‌u‌l‌i‌n‌g s‌u‌b-p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m, i.e., s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e a‌s‌s‌i‌g‌n‌e‌d o‌p‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s o‌n a‌l‌l m‌a‌c‌h‌i‌n‌e‌s, i‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n a f‌e‌a‌s‌i‌b‌l‌e s‌c‌h‌e‌d‌u‌l‌e m‌i‌n‌i‌m‌i‌z‌i‌n‌g a p‌r‌e‌d‌e‌f‌i‌n‌e‌d o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e f‌u‌n‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n. T‌h‌e F‌J‌S‌P m‌a‌i‌n‌l‌y p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t‌s t‌w‌o d‌i‌f‌f‌i‌c‌u‌l‌t‌i‌e‌s. T‌h‌e f‌i‌r‌s‌t i‌s t‌o a‌s‌s‌i‌g‌n e‌a‌c‌h o‌p‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌o a m‌a‌c‌h‌i‌n‌e, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e s‌e‌c‌o‌n‌d i‌s t‌o s‌c‌h‌e‌d‌u‌l‌e t‌h‌e‌s‌e o‌p‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o m‌a‌k‌e a p‌r‌e‌d‌e‌f‌i‌n‌e‌d m‌i‌n‌i‌m‌a‌l o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e. T‌h‌e F‌J‌S‌P i‌s a m‌u‌c‌h m‌o‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌l‌e‌x v‌e‌r‌s‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e J‌S‌P, s‌o t‌h‌e F‌J‌S‌P i‌s s‌t‌r‌o‌n‌g‌l‌y N‌P-h‌a‌r‌d a‌n‌d c‌o‌m‌b‌i‌n‌a‌t‌o‌r‌i‌a‌l. I‌t i‌n‌c‌o‌r‌p‌o‌r‌a‌t‌e‌s a‌l‌l o‌f t‌h‌e d‌i‌f‌f‌i‌c‌u‌l‌t‌i‌e‌s a‌n‌d c‌o‌m‌p‌l‌e‌x‌i‌t‌i‌e‌s o‌f i‌t‌s p‌r‌e‌d‌e‌c‌e‌s‌s‌o‌r, J‌S‌P, a‌n‌d i‌s m‌o‌r‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌l‌e‌x b‌e‌c‌a‌u‌s‌e o‌f t‌h‌e a‌d‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l n‌e‌e‌d t‌o d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e t‌h‌e a‌s‌s‌i‌g‌n‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f o‌p‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s t‌o m‌a‌c‌h‌i‌n‌e‌s. T‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r a‌t‌t‌e‌m‌p‌t‌s t‌o s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌t‌a‌n‌e‌o‌u‌s‌l‌y o‌p‌t‌i‌m‌i‌z‌e t‌h‌r‌e‌e o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e‌s, i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌i‌n‌g m‌i‌n‌i‌m‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e m‌a‌k‌e‌s‌p‌a‌n, t‌o‌t‌a‌l w‌o‌r‌k‌l‌o‌a‌d a‌n‌d c‌r‌i‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l w‌o‌r‌k‌l‌o‌a‌d. S‌i‌n‌c‌e t‌h‌e m‌u‌l‌t‌i o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e f‌l‌e‌x‌i‌b‌l‌e j‌o‌b s‌h‌o‌p s‌c‌h‌e‌d‌u‌l‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m i‌s s‌t‌r‌o‌n‌g‌l‌y N‌P-H‌a‌r‌d, a‌n i‌n‌t‌e‌g‌r‌a‌t‌e‌d h‌e‌u‌r‌i‌s‌t‌i‌c a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h i‌s u‌s‌e‌d f‌o‌r s‌o‌l‌v‌i‌n‌g i‌t. T‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h i‌s b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n a f‌l‌o‌a‌t‌i‌n‌g s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌d‌u‌r‌e t‌h‌a‌t u‌s‌e‌s s‌o‌m‌e h‌e‌u‌r‌i‌s‌t‌i‌c a‌l‌g‌o‌r‌i‌t‌h‌m‌s. T‌h‌e f‌l‌o‌a‌t‌i‌n‌g s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌d‌u‌r‌e u‌s‌e‌s l‌o‌c‌a‌l h‌e‌u‌r‌i‌s‌t‌i‌c a‌l‌g‌o‌r‌i‌t‌h‌m‌s, w‌h‌i‌c‌h m‌a‌k‌e t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌e‌d p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m i‌n‌t‌o t‌w‌o s‌u‌b p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m‌s, i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌i‌n‌g a‌s‌s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌n‌g a‌n‌d s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌i‌n‌g s‌u‌b p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m‌s. T‌h‌e‌n, a s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h i‌s d‌o‌n‌e o‌n t‌h‌e a‌s‌s‌i‌g‌n‌m‌e‌n‌t s‌p‌a‌c‌e. A‌f‌t‌e‌r a‌c‌h‌i‌e‌v‌i‌n‌g a‌n a‌c‌c‌e‌p‌t‌a‌b‌l‌e s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n, a s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h i‌s d‌o‌n‌e o‌n t‌h‌e s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌i‌n‌g s‌p‌a‌c‌e, b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n a h‌e‌u‌r‌i‌s‌t‌i‌c a‌l‌g‌o‌r‌i‌t‌h‌m. T‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r u‌s‌e‌d a m‌u‌l‌t‌i-o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h f‌o‌r p‌r‌o‌d‌u‌c‌i‌n‌g a p‌a‌r‌e‌t‌o s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n. T‌h‌i‌s p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h i‌s a‌d‌a‌p‌t‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e N‌S‌G‌A I‌I a‌l‌g‌o‌r‌i‌t‌h‌m a‌n‌d e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e‌s p‌a‌r‌e‌t‌o-a‌r‌c‌h‌i‌v‌e‌s. T‌h‌e e‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s a‌n‌d p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d a‌l‌g‌o‌r‌i‌t‌h‌m‌s a‌r‌e a‌d‌j‌u‌s‌t‌e‌d b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n p‌r‌e‌l‌i‌m‌i‌n‌a‌r‌y e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s. T‌h‌e‌n, c‌o‌m‌p‌u‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s a‌r‌e u‌s‌e‌d t‌o a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌z‌e t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌c‌y o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d a‌l‌g‌o‌r‌i‌t‌h‌m.

Hydraulic jump type stilling basins with abrupt drop are used to reduce the basin length and to ensure the start of jump at the front of basin immediately downstream of gates. In this type of basin، four different types of jumps can develop of which the most occurred type is the B-jump. On the other hand، it has been shown that the bed roughness can reduce both of the jump length and the required tail-water depth too. Therefore، in the present study، the B-jump in a roughened bed of an abrupt drop basin was simulated by the three dimensional numerical model of Flow-3D and the results are compared with experimental data. The characteristics of B-jump in a roughened bed such as sequent depth، flow velocity distribution، and bed shear stress were obtained from both numerical and experimental models and compared. For numerical simulation of the B-jump، the method of control volume in free surface water and the RNG k-ε turbulent model were applied. The results show that the RNG k-ε is a better simulation than the k-ε turbulent model. The results of both numerical and experimental models proved that for the B-jump in a roughened bed stilling basin، the sequent depth reduces، which can be due to roughness and an increase in the bed shear stress، as a result of both the bed and the abrupt drop.

Iran has limited freshwater resources and on the other hand it is currently facing a growing water demand for different usages. So dam building has been increased during the last 30 years in Iran. Nowadays, awareness about the impacts of water resource development projects on river's natural flow regimes and river ecosystems has been increased. Meanwhile, a component of environment is known as a legitimate user of water and estimation of environmental water requirement is assigned as one of the most essential parts of the environmental impact assessment and water resource planning reports of dams in Iran. Hence, in 6th commission of water and environment (2005) in Iran this issue is determined as an enactment and terms of reference for assessing EFR, but as a result of lack of acquaintance regarding EFR assessment methods and incongruity with Iran’s environmental and managerial condition, it has not been implemented completely yet. As at the present time, some simple hydrological methodologies generally have been used for EWRA. Therefore, the most important aim of this study is to identify firstly the features, advantages and disadvantages of environmental flow assessment methodologies (EFAM) which are used in the world; and secondly finding about the fact that whether these methods are adaptable to the conditions of EFA in downstream of dams in Iran. Accordingly, after reconnaissance of different EFA methodologies, the 26 methods among the most applicable and important ones were selected. Then, each of these methods was evaluated in accordance with the adoptability to 45 comparative criteria. Finally the suitability and priority of these methods for application in Iran was designated by using TOPSIS technique. The result of comparison demonstrates that Holistic approach especially DRIFT method has the most conformity with the situation of environmental water requirement assessment of rivers in Iran. Thus, this method has been selected as the proposed approach.

In the third millennium, environmental sciences and IT, are the main topics of sciences. Environmental sciences like the environment itself, is a combination of phenomena, and vectors of action and reaction between nature, economics, industry, culture, and politics. This has brought about a complexity, which makes analysis, studies, and researches in environment time consuming and expensive. Description and analytical review of environment of the country, as well as, environmental sciences, reveal some strength, threats, opportunities, and weaknesses. Number of students and environmental fields of studies show a marked increase, whereas, the low number of academic staff in environmental sciences in comparison with the number of students indicate a weakness. However, this weakness may be compensated with recent increases in the scientific journals, and NGO's of Iran. But in the lack of a national comprehensive plan on education, the future goals of 2025 plan seems unattainable. Countrie's operational environmental index have dropped markedly in 2012. Several incidences in recent years have also been responsible for this status drop. Eradication of major wetlands, decreases in areas of forests and pastur lands, threats imposed on biodiversity and wildlife, increases in pollutants, particularly air pollution and dusts in major cities, increases in wastes, dysfunction of water tables, shortage of water, and water misuse in agricultural practices, all are causing the environmental crisis in the country, which is in par with economic crisis.

The aim of this research was to formulate a pattern to predict marital burn out based on family function، individual resilience and spiritual beliefs. The method applied in this research was correlation. The statistical population included the married personnel working in 22 Districts of Tehran Municipality together with their wives/husbands in the year 2011، the couples got married with a minimum of 3 years. The sample studied included 500 couples and they were selected by cluster random sampling. The assessment tools were family function، marital burn out scale، resilience inventory and spiritual/religiosity. The path analysis was used for analyzing data. The findings showed that family function، individual resilience and spiritual beliefs had negative significant effect on decreasing marital burn out and that individual resilience and spiritual beliefs via family function decrease the marital burn out. The findings resulted from path analysis showed that family function، individual resilience and spiritual beliefs are able to predict marital burn out. The findings also showed that the model fitted in a good manner. The findings revealed that individual resilience، spiritual beliefs and family function have effect on marital burn out، whether directly or indirectly، but the effect of individual resilience on family function in terms of marital burn out was more in comparison with other elements; thus، paying attention to the role of resilience in marital burn out and finding methods to increase the degree of resilience in couples and family had to be noticed.

The present study aimed at assessing the training needs of female-governed households was employed in Isfahan Cultural Education in 2013. The methodology used in the study was descriptive and measure mental. The statistical population (600) included all female-headed households from 2012 to 2013 in Isfahan. The researcher developed a questionnaire containing 42 statements and a five-point Likert scale was utilized. The validity of the instrument، estimated by Cronbach''s alpha coefficient formula، was 0. 90. Descriptive statistical techniques (Percentage، Mean‚ Abundance‚ and Standard Deviation) along with inferential statistical measures (T-test) and by SPSS-18 software were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that the female-headed households in 2013، employed in Isfahan cultural Education، were needed to train them: in ground parenting skills، in understanding the rules and regulations concerning the protection of women-headed households، to improve their mental health and family، financial management، and communication skills.

The present study aims to simulate the spatial pattern of land use change in Lisar protected area, Iran. Land cover maps for 1989, 2000, and 2007 were depicted using TM, ETM+, and IRS LISS-III images of the area at stake. Images were classified using a merge of unsupervised and supervised classification. CAMarkov model was used to predict land cover maps as a top-down approach in investigating land use change. A comparison was made between the predicted and actual land use map of 2007 in order to examine the precision of the predicted map and the validation of the CA-Markov model. Finally, by computing the rate of land use change on wildlife habitats, we examined the possible impacts of land use change on wildlife habitats. Meanwhile, the impact of variables on degradation in the region was studied to develop a bottom-up model, which enabled us to predict the possible impact of socio-economic drivers on protected areas. The findings of the study suggest that the region will experience a degradation of at least 5 hectares where the population increases by 0.71 or more in the predicted period of time. Moreover, if the trend of land exploitation and current management policy of the region continue as before, the region will experience at least 5.2 hectares degradation on the sensitive habitats.

In an attempt to enhance the quality of academic education, the training needs of Master students of Environmental Impact Assessment were assessed. We asked 20 Master students of Environmental planning, management and education in Tehran University to evaluate the EIA course at the end of the fall semester of 2009. We designed questionnaires and after statistical analysis of the results, the student's training needs were determined. An approximate 85 percent of students evaluated the course as good level and 15% scored it as medium. In total, 85 percents of students required the practical course in order to complete the theoretical course of EIA. Around 50 percent preferred PowerPoint presentation of the course by software and 40 percent by blackboard or whiteboard and 10% required both of them. Around 70 percent of students declared the needs for electronic tutorial, E-book and knowledge web for updating and permanent access to EIA knowledge.

Increasing recreational use of natural areas can harm both the environmental resources and the quality of the visitor experience. Determining how much recreational use can ultimately be accepted in a natural area is often addressed through the concept of carrying capacity. It is a useful concept for environmental and resource management and the interaction of human activities with the environment. Different approaches to recreational carrying capacity analysis, along with other techniques for evaluation of land resources have been developed and applied in different recreational regions all around the world, and all of them rely on formulation of indicators and standards of quality of environmental resources and the visitor experience. This paper explains the concept of carrying capacity, compares different approaches and models concerning recreational carrying capacity and then presents the Recreational Optimized Management Plan framework and its components to be used in natural areas of Iran, including a program of research designed to help to achieve a sustainable management in recreational areas. The Framework based on three steps: Defining Management Strategy, Management Plan and Carrying Capacity Estimation.

One of the concepts which have entered the development literature and still continue to grow is sustainable land management which, in turn, entails other concepts such as land management monitoring and subsequently land quality assessment. This paper is aimed at reviewing and categorizing methods used in land quality assessment as a tool for monitoring sustainable land management and finally providing a model for assessing land quality concerning natural and managerial conditions in Iran. The study was carried out as a library research by reviewing the literature in the field of land quality assessment and a qualitative analysis. The results show that, in the world, the methods of land quality assessment are of two kinds: one based on detailed intrinsic biological data and the other based on assessing extrinsic human activities. Finally, the Degradation Model used in EIA has been proposed for assessing land quality in Iran.

One types of tourism that is the most compatible with sustainable development, is ecotourism. The main willingness of ecotourism is based on the quality of nature and its attractiveness. The study area is Patom district of Kheyrud research- educational forest of the Faculty of Natural Resources of University of Tehran. In this research, after preparing the environmental units tables of characteristics of Patom district, the units were classified from the highest diversity of components to the least as superb, common and poor areas, respectively. Then, scenic points and its azimuth were determined by field studies in first class or superb landscapes. Totally, 18 lookouts, landscape and their scenic views were selected in the Patom district. These scenic landscapes provide alternatives for road construction, designing of forest recreation areas, trails and other ecotourismic facilities and amenities.

Forest planning is accomplished by a decision-making process that is spatially and temporally hierarchical. Main decisions at the strategic and landscape levels are about the determination of forest functions and forest classification for these purposes. This could be archived by ecological evaluation. Developing of specific model for ecological capability evaluation is a important tool for this goal. In this study a specific model for ecological capability was developed. Ecological parameters consisting of physical and biological parameters were studied. Then produced data were digitized. Model was run for three classes of commercial forests and a class of conservation and protected forest. Results showed that 3842 ha (47%) of studied forest classified as conservation and protected forest.

The most valuable wetland ecosystem in Kurdistan province is Zaribar Lake in the west of Iran near Marivan city. It is surrounded by forest in north of Zagros that belong to Irano-Anatolian Hotspot in the world. These forests are valuable for conservation of water and soil, prevention from soil erosion, preparing suitable weather condition and Ecotourism, because of attractive places such as Zaribar Lake and Bashmagh border (border of Iran and Iraq). The purpose of this study is evaluatingforest surrounding Zaribar Wetland for ecotourism. In this study, 151 micro ecosystems identified and evaluated for ecotourism besed on specific model that made for this study. After evaluating ecological capability, socio economic resources such as present land use, income from land use, infrastructure, rate of unemployment, transmittal of live stock etc, final map of ecotourism capability prepared. At the end from total area of the study area (8236.5ha) 10.84% capable is for Intensive recreation class2, Intensive recreation class3 with 12.32%, extensive recreation class1 with 10.56% and 0.81% for Extensive recreation class2.

In different ages, human has deliberately and unintentionally destroyed the nature and caused species extinctions. This degradation has created many concerns because it has been more severe and faster than any previous natural devastation. Therefore, despite data shortage and nature’s complexities, it is necessary to move towards better and more appropriate nature conservation approaches and diminish human-caused disasters or at least reduce them to the minimum level. There are different approaches to selection of lands for conservation. Landscape ecology approach is one of the newest approaches that uses metric indices such as shape, size, structure and linkages between different covers or patches that are important for meeting conservation objectives. The main objective of this study was to apply landscape metrics approach for systematic selection of conservation patches in Golestan Province of Iran. Accordingly, the technique of Conservation Assessment Prioritization Systems (CAPS) was used. It is based on landscape metrics and is integrated with other ecologically important factors such as river health. After classification of the land into forest, rangeland, river, city and village on the satellite image, the landscape metrics were derived using FRAGSTATS software. Subsequently, a multi-criteria evaluation with weighted linear combination procedure was used for combining different layers of the metrics and determining suitability of land for conservation. An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used by some experts to assign weights to the factors included in the weighted linear combination method. The result of this research produced a land suitability map for the whole province for conservation purposes. We applied the zonal land suitability method and a result 19 zones were introduced for conservation. A descriptive model was also provided that helped in merging the landscape metrics for conservation. The method used for the first time in Iran proved successful. However, we suggest applying it to other areas so as to highlight its strengths and data shortages. The result of this study shows that conservation area of Golestan province is 15 percent (307391.6 ha) without consideration of water resources and with attention to pixel with suitability more than 160. In addition, it provides lowest cost and faster survey in a wide area and is getting popularity for selection of conservation patches.

Women at child-bearing age are at risk of postpartum depression. Several medications have been introduced for treatment, but according to their side effects and also breast feeding women's desire for dietary complements rather than chemical drugs, this study has been done to determine effect of omega-3 fatty acids on postpartum depression in women referring to health care centers affiliated to Tabriz medical university in 2008. This study was a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial, which was done on 120 women with postpartum depression, who had including criterias. First by using Edinburgh postnatal depression scale in women who gave birth 2 weeks to 3 months before, postpartum depression approved for determining the severity of depression, Beck depression Inventory scale was used. Women with mild to moderate depression who had a score 46 on the (BDI) enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 1gr of Omega-3 capsules for 8 weeks. Severity of depression was measured before treatment and weekly during treatment in both groups. The data was analyzed, T-Test, repeated measurements of one way ANOVA and chi square test in SPSS 14/ Win. There were no significant differences between two groups with respect to demographic characteristics. Results show that mean depression scores before treatment in omega-3 group (35.4 + 9.2) was decreased after treatment (17.7+7.0), there was significant difference (p<0.0005). Mean depression scores before treatment in placebo group (34.2+3.4) decreased after treatment (33.6+9.3).there wasnt significant difference (p=0.57). There was significant deference between reductions of depression scores in two groups. Use of omega-3 1gr/day for 8 weeks improves postpartum depression.