mahdi mardani

This research investigated the impact of varying planning conditions and task types on the accuracy of pupils' speaking abilities. Utilizing the Oxford Placement Test (OPT), 80 intermediate female participants nominated for the research and assigned to four untouched classes. These classes were planned as the individual-planning personal task class (IPPT class), the individual-planning decision-making task class (IPDT class), the class-planning personal task class (CPPT class), and the class-planning decision-making task class (CPDT class). Two concurrent decision making tasks were planned to be conducted both at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, while a six-week intervention was scheduled in between. Three sessions were dedicated to administering the OPT test, the pretest, and the posttest; and the students accomplished two dissimilar task types under two diverse planning situations throughout the other three treatment meetings. The results from the one-way ANOVA discovered that pre-task planning conditions and task types significantly influence the accuracy of speaking. These outcomes reinforce the notion that planning conditions have meaningful results on pupils' accomplishment in personal and decision-making tasks. Consequently, both planning conditions proved real in enhancing students' performance in speaking tasks. It is suggested that educators should give considerable attention to pre-task planning to alleviate EFL pupils' challenges in attaining upper ranks of accuracy in their speaking abilities.

This study investigated the effects of processing-based instruction (PI) and output-based instruction (OI) on learners’ development in comprehension and production of the English present simple tense. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the effects of PI versus OI. Among 70 EFL learners at a private language center in Iran, 40 pre-intermediate learners were assigned to the PI group, and 20 learners were assigned to the OI group (n=20). The PI group received structured processing input activities, while the OI group engaged in structured output activities. Descriptive and analytical statistics revealed that participants in the PI group significantly outperformed the participants in the OI group in receptive knowledge of the target structure. However, both instructional methods affected the participants’ productive understanding of the present simple tense, and the difference between the efficacy of these two types of instruction on participants’ productive knowledge was not significant.

The present study made an attempt to examine cultural identity as a factor potentially prompting English language speaking production, an area that has only recently begun to receive much attention in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. This study focused on three tasks to analyze the speaking performance of the participants (sixty EFL learners). As the first instrument, a modified Michigan test was used to select sixty male and female learners at the same level of proficiency from among 100 pre-intermediate learners of English language. The findings of the study showed that cultural identity affects speaking; that is, holding a secondary identity and readiness to learn a foreign language affects foreign language speaking of Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students.  The findings of the present study can be implied as a warning to both EFL learners and instructors in Iran that language learners do not show any interest in following a native-like accent. Moreover, the learners are not provided with the required facilities to improve their speaking skills.

One of the important issues in ḥadīth (Arabic: حدیث‎, plural: aḥādīth) studies is the measurement and evaluation of the validity of aḥādīth (Arabic: احادیث, singular: ḥadīth), which is considered before the investigations of the jurisprudence of ḥadīth (Arabic: فقه الحدیث, Fiqh al-hadīth: A science which is related to correct understanding of hadīth in addition to explaining of its meaning) and talks about the validity and correctness of the aḥādīth of the innocent. Rain requesting is one of the texts that is of high importance and priority due to the time conditions and the needs of the faith community, and it needs validation, and so far, no such activity has occurred about it. Therefore, the present article has tried to validate these aḥādīth based on the three components of place of sayings [sources], document and text, and measure their authenticity. The result of this study shows that five texts have more authenticity among the large number of supplications quoted in Shīʿa sources and are considered among the authentic and original supplications of Ahl al-Bayt (a) (Arabic: اهل البیت, lit. 'people of the house'). The age and reputation of supplication sources, as well as the authenticity and historical correctness of their text, are among the most important evidences of this evaluation.

Hagiography research is an Islamic study that deals with the innocents’ lifestyle. This study requires some basic knowledge that is included under the principles of science. For this purpose, inspired by logic and using the eight principles, some of the most important preliminary topics such as: definition, position, topics and goals are examined about the study of history and the nature of this new foundational term is explained. The result of this research, which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method, shows that the hagiography study is an interdisciplinary field that researches the issues of the biography of the innocents with the help of some Islamic knowledge such as history, tradition, jurisprudence and Islamic theology. Biography research with the subject of innocent action has three main topics: biography, validation and meaning-finding, and studied with the three goals of inference, realization, and modeling.

Research about the sira of the Ahl al-Bayt (As) requires knowledge of various approaches to the sira of the Ahl al-Bayt (As). By knowing these approaches, we can compare related opinions and provide the possibility to face the upcoming challenges. One of the prominent approaches regarding the way of Ahl al-Bayt (As) is the model-oriented approach. In this approach, sira is viewed as a way of life and is examined with the aim of discovering the correct way of living. The present article has answered the main question with descriptive-analytical, what is the historical background of the model-oriented approach to the sira of Ahl al-Bayt (As) and what are its theoretical consequences? The results of this research show that the model-oriented approach has three stages of establishment, explanation and development, and it is effective in two parts, the concept of sira and the realm of sira research

Nearly forty Prophet’s (S.A.W.) actions have been introduced as his specific actions. According to popular theory, specific verbs are not patternable. As a result, these numbers of Prophet’s actions (S.A.W.) go beyond the scope of imitable actions. This article, with an analytical approach, presents a different result by criticizing the first two introductions. On the one hand, by determining scientific criteria, the number of Prophet’s specific actions (S.A.W.) is much less than the statistics mentioned so far. On the other hand, by dividing the specific actions into two categories, univocal and equivocal, some specific actions are imitable and not in the specific rank of the Prophet (S.A.W.). In this way, in univocal actions, the limitation of specificity is due to the precept of the action (obligatoriness and prohibition), and in equivocal actions, the constraint of specificity is changed to its extreme degree.

Understanding the text of Nahj al-Balaghah is not always easy, rather it may be associated with difficulties. To overwhelm them one is required to employ an academic method, would be specified in accordance with what Nahj al-Balaghah requires and would vary according to its characteristics. Such characteristics as style, structure and content are among the components that affect the understanding of Nahj al-Balaghah, and cause a different perception of it. What has been discussed in this article is a methodological theory that aims at suggesting a new approach to the understanding of Nahj al-Balaghah by means of a comparative study between the two branches of knowledge: hadith comprehension (fiqh al-hadīth) and linguistics. The findings of this research indicate that attention to the structure of hadith as one of the linguistic elements has a remarkable part in understanding Nahj al-Balaghah, and causes the formation of an approach termed structuralism. It is an approach that puts emphasis on the constituents and words of the text and detects the semantic relationship between them in the realm of the context of the text, and this way it attains what the speaker has intended.

To model oneself on the Prophet (s.a.w.) is not always an easy task; at times due to historical limitations it becomes difficult to follow in his footsteps. In such conditions one should consider what the modern age requires and should modernize the Prophet’s behaviors according to the present culture; a case that will not occur by reliance upon the appearance of the texts dealing with the Prophet’s conduct and life story (sīrah), and is in need of defining the fundamentals and basic beliefs. The present article attempts to explain the fundamentals and the effective presumptions for modernization of the Prophet’s acts, and this way it paves the way for benefiting from this sort of the Prophet’s acts and to makes it possible to broaden the scope of the instances of the Prophetic conduct (sīrah nabawiyyah). The results gained from this study show that by accepting the five basic fundamentals that have been achieved through an analytical-exploratory method, it becomes possible to analyze the Prophet’s acts in a modern way, and that his behavior and conducts can be updated according to the modern cultural and environmental atmosphere.

The lack of faith attributed to women in the eightieth sermon of Nahj al-Balagheh, seems to indicate the lack of talent of women in achieving perfection. Especially since their lack of faith has been documented in abstaining from prayer during menstruation. Since the most important perfection in religious thought is approaching God and attaining complete faith, the lack of faith of women will mean the denial of equality between men and women in value, and the text indicates the lack of ability of women to reach the truth of faith. Therefore, it is very important to study this question, what is the meaning of this narration? What does faith mean and what is the role of fulfilling the obligations in faith? This research has This research has commented on this narration in a descriptive-analytical method based on the hypothesis of issuing a narration, paying attention to its appearance and paying attention to other verses and narrations stating that there is no difference between men and women in accepting worships. Women suffer from a lack of faith due to abstaining from prayer and fasting on some days. On the other hand, it is possible for women to compensate for this defect. Therefore, it does not conflict with the Qur'an or other narrations.

The actions of the Prophet are shaped by the atmosphere of his existence period and must be realized based on the culture of that period. Therefore, given the conditions and requirements of the time change and the general culture and beliefs change, the prophet's behaviors should be modernized based on the features of the time and the custom of the audience. Modernization is not realized by having a glimpse on the texts and behavior of the Prophet. The problem to be investigated in this study is how to analyze the actions and behaviors of the Prophet so that given the situation changes, such a behavior is traceable. By analyzing some behavioral instance of the Prophet and carrying out an analytical-exploratory research, this article showed that by following a five-step process as follows, one may analyze the Prophet's modernized actions: the feasibility for relying on Prophet's act, assuring historical limitations in the Prophet's actions, recognizing the variable teaching in the Prophet's actions, discovering The purpose behind the Prophet's action, and finally reconstructing the Prophet's action. Thus his actions are modernized according to day's cultural conditions.

One of the most effective ways to measure the value of a scientific work is to examine the impact of its late effects. This impact can be traced both to the author's character and to the content of the compilation. Mukhaj al-Baraa Phay Description of Nahj al-Balaghah The work of Qutb al-Din Rawandi is an old and systematic description of the Nahj al-Balaghah. The study of the aftermath of this narrative makes it clear that the author's and author's scientific position has had a great influence on the late writers of Nahj al-Balaghah. One of the reasons that this influence has been high is the description of Nahj al-Balaghah Ibn Abi al-Haid Mu'tazilian, influenced by the scientific character of Qutbuddin Ravandi, also influenced his narrative methodology and content. This influence has been reflected in two types of confirmation of Ravandi's opinions and critique of his views in the description of Ibn Abi al-Haidat, and appeared more in the field of literary, historical and analytical subjects. The main areas of Sharif Motazali's critical approach were the morality of critique in his age, his religion and his verbal beliefs, as well as his scientific expertise and abilities.

Bahj al-Sabbagh Safi Description Nahj al-Balaghah Allameh Mohammad Taghi Shooshtari is one of the important narrations of Nahj-ol-Balagheh which was written with the aim of eliminating the shortcomings of the preceding ones and with a critical approach to Nahj al-Balaghah's commentators. This book is a rare example for Allameh Shushtari's critique of the critique of the critique. Therefore, the present article attempts to analyze and analyze the critique of Allameh Shushtari against Nahjolbalaghe's commentators, explaining and explaining his method in criticizing the commentators' votes. To this end, in a case study, Allameh Shushtari's critique was selected by Ibn Abi al-Hadid and analyzed in a series of axes. The results of this research show that the three components of documentary, conceptualization and reason are the most important methodological components that Allameh Shooshtari has considered in criticizing the votes of previous commentators.

Based on Shi'a thought, the practical tradition is one of the sources of inference that has not been considered by scholars due to the lack of explanation of the foundations and methods of its use. One way to increase the use of the practical tradition of inference is to explain the beliefs that their acceptance brings more effective practice. The present research has attempted to explain a fundamental belief based on the implications of the practical tradition based on an analytical-exploratory method and, by explaining the consequences of its adoption, to develop methods of deduction from the current tradition. Believing in the independent signification of the practical tradition is one of the effective presuppositions in the development of an inference from the practical tradition, the result of which is the extension of the methods of deduction from the practical tradition in two ways: one: the extraction of the dominant principle and the two: revitalization

The Holy Qur'an, as the main source in Islam, is the origin of the Islamic thought, which the most important one is the issue of "defense and security". This view relies on theoretical foundations and principles that deserve to be discovered and explained on the basis of religious doctrines. Using descriptive-exploratory method, this paper seeks to study the principles of defense thought in Islam based on the Quranic teachings. Negation of domination, adhering to the duties, independence and self-sufficiency, maintaining unity and solidarity and peaceful coexistence are among the main important foundations of defense thought in Islam, and obeying the commander, recognition of the enemy, cutting off the roots of corruption, defense preparation and cross-border defense are among the main important principles of defense thought in Islam.

According to Shia thought, the innocent verb is one of the sources of an understanding of religious teaching that hasnt been considered because of its lack of effective dimensions and the maximum tendency to promise tradition. One of the developments of the use of current tradition in inference is the explanation of the assumption that their adoption will increase the activity of the innocent verb in the interpretation of religious teachings. The present research attempts to determine the analytical method of a fundamental belief based on the territory of the innocent verb, and recognizes it. The result of the research suggests that it is believed to be believed to be the faith of all innocent verbs from the effective foundations of the development of the verb, which will lead to the development often realm of acts of innocence in the teachings of : economic, educational, and military. The current tradition, the innocent verb, the foundations of understanding, religious teachings .

The Innocent`s behavior like his saying is one of the parts of the tradition and also is an important source for inferring the religious teachings. However, since the functional aspects of it are unknown, this narrative component has not been taken into consideration.
In an explorative - analytical method, the present paper has tried to find out and specify the effective criteria on the inference of the innocent`s act, and consequently, to prepare the ground of extending the inference to the Imam`s act. The achievements of this research show that the Functional standards of the Innocent`s behavior can be divided into two kinds: the explorative standards of the Infallible Imam`s behavior, and the deductive standards of the Infallible Imam`s behavior. These criteria can be regarded as the standards of validating the teachings derived from Imam`s act.

Emphasized by the great Supreme Leader, the term Heroic Flexibility has been greatly extended through contemporary political literature. This study aims at answering the question that is it possible to consider this terminology on the basis of Islamic foundations and allocate a religious position by analyzing religious scripts and finding its roots in Imam Ali`s (Peace Be Upon Him) words and lifestyle? The findings that are driven by the method of exploratory and analyzing Imam Ali`s (Peace Be Upon Him) political lifestyle in interaction with the oppositions especially during the five-year governing, show that Imam Ali (Peace Be Upon Him) believed in the content of this terminology and he used it in various situations. In such a manner that sustainability in principles and tolerance in the deeds are two of the most important features of heroic flexibility. They are based on esteem-orientation and value-orientation and they are formed in the context of matters like; lack of support from people, lack of support from the scholars and hypocrisy.

History is one of the areas of study on which Nahjul- Balaghah strongly stresses, and considering the guiding status of Imam Ali(PBUH), we can regard it as one of his educational methods. History is, according to Nahjul-Blaghah, an excellent source of education in Islam, and the aim of studying it is to obtain actual confirmation; that is ,education in which the facts of forefathers are carefully considered. Using an exploratory-analytical method the present paper tries to review Imam Ali’s sayings in Najul–Balaghah and discover the educational effects of studying history. It expounds the effects of history on life and point to the appropriate way of being influenced by history, making explicit the relationship between history and education. The research results which are gained from thorough investigation of and evidence supporting the educational effects of studying history, show that the study of history has many effects, like intellectual and rational development, awakening from negligence, awareness of death, piety, practical morality, modesty, asceticism, reckoning the self and providing good examples.

This study investigates the effect of different types of subtitle on incidental vocabulary learning among Iranian EFL learners. To this end, 60 high school students in Behbahan were selected after taking a proficiency test. The test was administered to ensure participant's homogeneity. Participants were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, namely, Bimodal group (A), Standard group (B) and Reversed group (C). They watched ten video clips selected from three animated movies with different types of subtitles: A) Bimodal subtitles, B) Standard subtitles and C)Reversed subtitles. Research instrumentation included a pre-test and post-test. Participants took a pre-test containing new words selected from the clips. After ten treatment sessions, the post-test was administered. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. To arrive at any difference between the three different types of subtitles, the researcher conducted one-way ANOVA. The results obtained from the test showed that participants in reversed subtitling group performed significantly different and learned more new vocabulary items. Standard subtitling was the second type of subtitling which revealed to be more effective than bimodal subtitling. Also, the effect of different types of subtitles on incidental English vocabulary learning between male and female was investigated in this study. To arrive at any difference between male and female in incidental English vocabulary learning an independent samples test was performed. The results obtained from the test showed that there is no significant difference between male and female in incidental English vocabulary learning.

Utilization of the competent and efficient management، is one of the factors of the economic development in Islamic society. This management at economic system is based on principles and components which Imam Ali''s (p. b. o. h) conduct and speech is one of the best recognition and elicitation resources of them. Comprehensive and detailed survey of Nahj Al-Balaghah shows that the Production، Distribution and Consumption_ three economic area_، along with the Planning and Control_ two principles of the management_، compose components of management in the Alavi economy. The results_ which have been done by heuristic-analytic approach_ suggest that the main plan of Imam Ali (p. b. o. h.) in wealth creation: was to provide the financial resources from receiving tax and Zakat، in income distribution: to equally allot the national treasury and in consumption: to attend to the prosperity and development. Having a clear plan in the management of economic resources and special attention to the Control_ one of the principles of the management_ was the other managerial character of Imam Ali (p. b. o. h) in the economy area.

Muslim community, from the time Islam appeared up to now, has always been suffering from hypocrisy (nifaq). Rasoul Allah (saww) and Amir al-Mu’mineen (a.s) whose mission was to lead the Muslim Ummah during two different periods of time, sought a confrontation with the hypocrites and tried hard to reveal what they did and neutralized them. An issue which is not paid enough attention to is that if there is a difference between the way Rasoul Allah (saww) and Amir al-Mu’mineen (a.s) confronted the hypocrites. This paper, comparing and studying these two confrontations, is to show that the intensity level used by Amir al-Mu’mineen (a.s), forced by circumstances, in an confrontation with the hypocrites had been more than that used by Rasoul Allah (saww) in his time.

The conduct of infallible Imams, like their words, constitutes one part of Sunnah in Shia thinking, which has an important role in comprehension and interpretation of the Quranic Teachings. But because of not knowing the different efficiency aspects of this traditional (hadith) component, the presence of this part of Sunnah in Imamites interpretations seems faded and there is no much citation to that. The present research tries to discover the functions of relying on the Prophet’s conduct in the area of interpretation through performing a comparative study between two contemporary independent reasoning (Ijtihādi) interpretations of Imamites, namely “Al-Mizan” and “Min Vahy Al-Quran”, and to provide an opportunity for Quran researchers to make more use of these exegetical traditions. The results of the study show that functions including summoning witnesses (Istishhad), reasoning and criticism in two domains of interpretation and explanation can be understood from the total citations to the Prophet’s conducts in two above-mentioned interpretations.

Human thoughts play a decisive role in creating his satisfaction in the life. This is because the inner thoughts of man shapes beliefs and feelings and gives direction to his behaviors. The world - It is marked as a container of human life- has the most important effects in people satisfied feel strengthen or weaken of the life. Because the world has laws if it is known as well as it is, Human expectations, adapted to the realities of the world and provided his satisfaction of the life. This article attempts to review the descriptions of Imam Ali (as) about the world to extract the real-world features and adapting to the life satisfaction explain and analysis the close relationship between these two facts. Some features have influence on life satisfaction including: to be easy going, accompanied by pain and stiffness, instability, mixture of bitterness and sweetness, and the results of this research were obtained is that rare description of the world by Imam Ali (as) in addition to many educational and moral teachings contains a psychological outcomes too and causes look of the man to the world is modified and be realistic understanding and consistency be established between his exceptions and reality of the world and finally his life overstretched with satisfaction.