mahdi mohagheghian

Money creation (money issuance) is one of the most important economic phenomena that leaves many effects on the economy. In order to grant loans to bank customers, money or credit based on which banks create credit from “nothing” in the account of the loan applicant is created. Although this phenomenon has also supporters, but this same group also admits and acknowledges the destructive economic effects of money creation. Its most important effects include economic instability, unbridled inflation, discrimination and violation of justice. This issue can be considered as a matter of concern affecting the Islamic society because there are few people who have not applied for a loan from banks. This phenomenon from a jurisprudential point of view can be considered as an unlawful ownership (in Arabic: اکل المال بالباطل, unjust enrichment); because, the bank acquires property (tries to make money) instead of “nothing”. On the other hand, the prohibition of the abuse of the right, which is based on the evidence of the rule of prohibition of detriment (in Arabic: لا ضرر, principle of harm), implies the prohibition of the creation of money. Banks have the right to loan their customers money and this right is considered by law and Sharia (Arabic: شریعه, Romanized: sharīʿa, religious law) for them, but they have made this right an excuse for their profiteering (mercantilism, trade) and causing harm (damnification) to the whole society, which is ruled to illegitimacy on the basis of the evidence of prohibiting the abuse of the right and principle of harm. It should be finally noted that the criterion stated in some ḥadīth (pl. aḥādīth, literally means talk or discourse, narrations) for the unlawfulness of usury, which is the earning of profit without anything in return (equivalent), is equally true about the creation of money, and it is possible to generalize the prohibition of usury by conclusive rectification of the effective cause (Arabic: تنقیح المناط).

Respiratory illnesses caused by occupational exposure have the most negative effects on the workers’ health status in workplaces. In occupations with a high likelihood of labor-induced pulmonary diseases, a periodic spirometry test is usually used to monitor occupational lung function and prevent occupational respiratory diseases. Monitoring workers exposed to occupational pulmonary diseases is widely done using forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) for early diagnosis of obstructive pulmonary and lung diseases. We assessed the usefulness of longitudinal data of periodic spirometry tests in a sulfate production industry.

In this longitudinal study, 212 individuals working in a sulfate production industry near Tehran were examined. Demographic data and information, such as FEV1, FVC, FEV1%, FVC%, and FEV1 / FVC ratio were obtained from 2009 to 2013. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 21. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and repeated measures ANOVA for data analysis.

The results showed that the variation of the spirometry parameters over 5 years was significant. The factors studied not only decreased in some years but also increased in comparison with the previous year. Also, the average FEV1 and FVC and also FEV1 / FVC significantly was different at different time points [F(2.864, 590.029)= 27.269, P < .0001], [F(2.910, 599.546)= 38.239, P < .0001], and [F(3.257, 671.019)= 13.351, P < .0001].

The best spirometry tests, not only acceptable tests, are important in longitudinal spirometry evaluations. There is no systematic supervision on spirometry tests in Iran and the results of this study reflect a serious need for such supervision.

Inflation or continuum and general raise of prices, is depended on different reasons and factors. Sometimes incomes and spending of government are imbalanced and government is forced to commit inflation policies and realizing money in order to protect against the side effects of borrowing from Central Bank, and consequently raise to devaluation of national money. In this regard, from juridical viewpoint it is possible to survey that in such circumstances, is there any way to put the responsibility of compensating of money devaluation and losses of citizens on government or not. It seems that if the pills of civil responsibility are complete, so, appropriate is ready for civil responsibility of government. Because, based on no-losses-rule, harm defeat, causation rule, ownership right and the necessity of compensating lost interests assuming interest conflict, it is possible to put the responsibility for compensating the losses of citizens on government. In other hand, from Jurisprudential view point, there is no constraint for this sentence and therefore, government is force to handle this responsibility, anyway.