mahmoud hosseini
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Background and purpose
Melatonin is a product of the pineal gland, which regulates the circadian cycle. Neurotoxicity is the most important side effect of methamphetamine (Met) abuse during pregnancy. This study aimed to explore the effect of Met exposure during gestation and lactation periods on the learning and memory of offspring mice. The protective effect of melatonin and the role of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase were also investigated.
Experimental approachThe pregnant mice were randomly divided into 2 groups. Saline or Met (5 mg/kg) was injected daily during pregnancy and lactation. After the lactation period, the offspring mice of each group were divided into 2 subgroups, and saline or melatonin (10 mg/kg) was orally (gavage) administered to the offspring mice from the post-delivery (PD) day 21 up to PD Day 60. The offspring mice were examined in the passive avoidance (PA) test. Finally, oxidative stress markers and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity were measured in the brains.
Findings/ ResultsAs a result, Met decreased delay and light time while increasing the frequency of entry and time in the dark region of PA. However, melatonin alleviated the impairing effect of Met on PA performance. Meanwhile, the administration of Met increased malondialdehyde while decreasing superoxide dismutase and thiol content. Furthermore, AchE activity was significantly increased in Met-treated mice. Melatonin reversed the levels of antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and AchE activity in the brain.
Conclusion and implicationsTogether, these results suggested that melatonin may be a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating Met-induced memory impairment by restoring redox hemostasis and AchE.
Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase, Methamphetamine, Melatonin, Oxidative Stress -
جنگ اوکراین باعث بروز رفتارهای متفاوتی از سوی اروپا شده است. این جنگ رویکردهای نوینی از همبستگی، اختلاف، انعطاف پذیری و مشارکت در اتحادیه اروپا را به ما نشان می دهد. پژوهش حاضر که با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی سامان یافته به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش است که الگوی رفتاری اروپا در قبال جنگ اوکراین چه بوده است؟ یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که واکنش اتحادیه اروپا در مواجهه با این جنگ بیش از آنکه فعال باشد انفعالی و تدافعی بوده و از همگرایی راهبردی تا واگرایی انفعالی در نوسان بوده است. این مسئله ناشی از پررنگ شدن شکاف های درون این اتحادیه و موضع گیری های متفاوت اعضاء در پی بروز این جنگ می باشد. در نتیجه اینکه، خلاء رهبری قدرتمند و ایجاد شکاف سیاسی در نوع مواجهه به روسیه (سیاسی)، عدم ایجاد چشم انداز واقع بینانه از آینده تامین انرژی و زنجیره منابع غذایی (اقتصادی)، بروز شکاف اجتماعی در مواجه با سیل آوارگان اوکراینی و در عین حال تاکید بر لزوم اتحاد دو سوی آتلانتیک (اجتماعی) و تلاش برای تامین اهداف قطب نمای استراتژیک دفاعی- امنیتی اتحادیه اروپا (امنیتی) از مهمترین الگوهای رفتاری اتحادیه اروپا در قبال جنگ اوکراین می باشد.
کلید واژگان: روسیه، اوکراین، اتحادیه اروپا، امنیت، جنگThe war in Ukraine has caused different behavior from Europe. This war shows us new approaches of solidarity, difference, flexibility and participation in the European Union. The present research, which is organized by descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question, what was the behavior model of Europe towards the war in Ukraine? The findings of the research show that the reaction of the European Union in facing this war was passive and defensive rather than active and fluctuated from strategic convergence to passive divergence. This issue is caused by the widening of the divisions within this union and the different positions of the members following the outbreak of this war. As a result, the vacuum of powerful leadership and the creation of a political divide in the face of Russia (political), the failure to create a realistic vision of the future of energy supply and the chain of food sources (economic), the emergence of social divide in the face of the flood of Ukrainian refugees and in At the same time, emphasizing the need for the unity of both sides of the Atlantic (social) and trying to provide the goals of the European Union's defense-security strategic compass (security) is one of the most important patterns of behavior of the European Union regarding the war in Ukraine.
Keywords: Russia, Ukraine, European Union, Security, War -
Background and aims
Hypothyroidism and cardiovascular diseases are associated with oxidative stress. Vitamin C is widely recognized for its antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin C during the neonatal and juvenile periods on oxidative stress induced by hypothyroidism in the hearts of rats.
MethodsSixteen pregnant rats were randomly divided into five groups after delivery: a control group, a group receiving propylthiouracil (PTU), and three treatment groups receiving PTU along with 10, 100, and 500 mg/kg of vitamin C. The experimental treatments continued for the first eight weeks of the offspring’s life, following the lactation period, and the offspring were treated in the same manner. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed, and serum, aortic, and cardiac tissues were collected for antioxidant evaluation.
ResultsIn the group receiving PTU, levels of thyroxine and antioxidant enzymes were decreased in serum, heart, and aortic tissues. In contrast, the groups receiving PTU along with various doses of vitamin C demonstrated an attenuation of these parameters.
ConclusionBased on the findings, vitamin C supplementation improved cardiovascular oxidative stress induced by hypothyroidism in rats.
Keywords: Vitamin C, Propylthiouracil, Hypothyroidism, Cardiovascular, Oxidative Stress -
Introduction
Evidence declared lipopolysaccharide (LPS) initiates inflammatory responses by stimulating the abandon of cytokines, which may perturb organ function. On the other side, it has been suggested Cedrol has potential properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Herein, this study was done to assess the protective effect of Cedrol against LPS-associated heart damage.
MethodsThirty-five rats (200-250 g) were sorted into five groups, including control, LPS, LPS-Cedrol 7.5 mg/kg, LPS-Cedrol 15 mg/kg, and LPS-Cedrol 30 mg/kg groups. Cedrol was administrated through injected intra-peritoneally for two weeks. The heart tissues were removed and malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) as antioxidant markers were assessed. Furthermore, the interleukin (IL)-6 level in cardiac tissue was measured and Masson’s trichrome methods were employed to appraise cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, respectively.
ResultsInflammation induced by LPS was significantly accompanied by myocardial fibrosis which was shown by Masson’s trichrome staining (P<0.001). In addition, LPS administration enhanced the MDA level while it diminished the activity of anti-oxidant markers such as CAT and SOD (P<0.001 for all cases). In the histological results, Cedrol improved LPS-induced inflammation and cardiac fibrosis (P<0.01 to P<0.001). Cedrol also enhanced CAT and SOD activities, whereas declined MDA level in the cardiac tissue (P<0.01 to P<0.001).
ConclusionThe current findings proposed that the administration of Cedrol exerted a protective role in LPS-associated heart damage by reducing inflammation, cardiac fibrosis, and oxidative stress.
Keywords: Lipopolysaccharide, Cedrol, Heart, Inflammation, Fibrosis, Oxidative Stress -
Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpenoid compound that has antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is derived from the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and is responsible for acute kidney injury. In this research, the protective effect of carvacrol on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury was studied. For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were used. Animals were randomly divided into 5 equal groups: 1) control, 2) LPS group, 3) LPS+carvacrol (25 mg kg-1), 4) LPS+carvacrol (50 mg kg-1) and 5) LPS+carvacrol (100 mg kg-1). To induce acute renal injury, daily 1 mg kg-1 LPS for 2 weeks was injected intraperitoneally. Carvacrol was administered intraperitoneally daily for 30 minutes before LPS injection. LPS-induced kidney injury was evaluated by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and nitric oxide levels in kidney tissue by spectrophotometric methods. The level of the interleukin 1 beta was detected by ELISA in the kidney. Our results showed that LPS injection increased BUN, creatinine, nitric oxide, and IL-1β levels (P <0.001). Pretreatment with carvacrol reduced BUN at 25 mg kg-1 (P <0.001), 50 mg kg-1 (P <0.01), and 100 mg kg-1 (P <0.001) doses, nitric oxide at 25 mg kg-1 (P <0.05), 50 mg kg-1(P <0.01) and 100 mg kg-1(P <0.001) doses, and IL-1β levels (P <0.001) at all doses significantly but did not affect serum creatinine. These results indicate that carvacrol has an anti-inflammatory effect and protects kidneys against LPS by reducing pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β and nitric oxide.
Keywords: Lipopolysaccharide, Carvacrol, Kidney, Inflammation -
Oxidative stress has a crucial role in epileptic seizures. Several studies have shown the protective effect of Artemisia absinthium (A. absinthium) against neuronal damage and oxidative stress. In the current research, the effect of A. absinthium on oxidative stress indicators in an animal model of seizure provoked by injecting pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was estimated in mice. The mice were allocated into the following groups: a control group in which vehicle was administered; PTZ group (a single dose of 100 mg kg-1, ip); and other groups, which daily received 6.25-200 mg kg-1 of the A. absinthium extract during 3 consecutive days before PTZ. The first recorded MCS and minimal clonic seizure and the first generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) latencies were analyzed. The brain segments, including the cortex and hippocampus of the animals, were then removed and harvested for oxidative stress evaluation. The extract significantly postponed the onsets of the MCS and GTCS when injected before PTZ. The seizure attacks provoked by PTZ also increased MDA in the cortex and hippocampus to levels greater than the control (P<0.001). In addition, the extract had an ameliorative effect on MDA concentration in the cortex and hippocampus (P<0.05-P<0.001). A lower concentration of total thiol was observed in the brain of the PTZ injected mice than the control ones (P<0.01- P<0.001). Pretreatment with the extract corrected the thiol level in the brain tissue (P<0.05- P<0.001). The current research shows that A. absinthium hydro-ethanolic extract has considerable anti-oxidant properties in a PTZ-induced seizure model in mice.
Keywords: Artemisia absinthium, epilepsy, Pentylenetetrazole, Oxidative stress -
ObjectiveThe current study aimed to investigate whether Cocos nucifera L. oil (CO) is effective on menopause-related memory dysfunction in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.Materials and MethodsFifty healthy female Wistar rats were randomly selected and classified into five groups as control, OVX rats, and three OVX groups of rats which received three different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) of CO for five consecutive weeks by gavage. To assess the effect of CO, neurobehavioral tests such as Morris water maze (MWM) and Passive avoidance (PA) were done and then the animals were sacrificed to remove cortical and hippocampal tissues for biochemical analysis.ResultsIn both behavioral tests including MWM and PA, treatment with CO particularly two higher doses of 200, and 400 mg/kg demonstrated significant improvement in comparison with OVX group. Furthermore, antioxidant biomarkers such as total thiol content, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly higher in the OVX-CO groups versus the OVX group. On the contrary, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration as an oxidative stress biomarker was remarkably lower in the OVX-CO200 and 400 mg groups than the OVX group.ConclusionThe present study demonstrated the significant improvement of CO on learning and memory impairment induced by ovariectomy. Although the exact mechanism needs further investigation, it might have occurred due to the anti-oxidative effect of CO.Keywords: Cocos nucifera L, Morris Water Maze, Ovariectomy, Oxidative stress
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ObjectiveLiver is an important player in regulation of body homeostasis. Study investigated the effects of hydro-alcohol extract of Zataria multiflora (ZM) on oxidative damage, level of IL-6 and enzymes of liver in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats.Materials and MethodsThe rats were distributed into 5 groups: 1) Control; 2) LPS; and 3-5) ZM-Extract (Ext) 50, ZM-Ext 100, and ZM-Ext 200. ZM-Ext groups received 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of extract 30 min before LPS. Drugs were injected intraperitoneally. The entire period of this project was 17 days. In first three days, only extract was injected and then, ZM was injected along with LPS.ResultsLPS increased the level of ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate aminotransferase ), ALK-P (Alkaline Phosphatase), IL-6, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites and lowered thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) concentration. ZM extract not only reduced ALT, AST, ALK-P, IL-6, MDA, and NO metabolites concentrations but also increased thiol content, and SOD and CAT levels.ConclusionExtract of ZM prevented LPS-induced hepatotoxicity. This protective effect was associated with reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress.Keywords: Zataria multiflora, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharide, Liver Enzyme
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Introduction
Inflammation and oxidative stress are contributed to cardiovascular diseases. Vitamin D (Vit D) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the current research, the effect of Vit D on cardiac fibrosis and inflammation, and oxidative stress indicators in cardiovascular tissues was studied in lipopolysaccharides(LPS) injected rats.
MethodsRats were distributed into 5 groups and were treated for 2 weeks. Control: received vehicle(saline supplemented with tween-80) instead of Vit D and saline instead of LPS, LPS: treated by 1 mg/kg of LPS and was given vehicle instead of Vit D, LPS-Vit D groups: received 3 doses of Vit D (100, 1000, and 10000 IU/kg) of Vit D in addition to LPS. Vit D was dissolved in saline supplemented with tween-80 (final concentration 0.1%) and LPS was dissolved in saline. The white blood cell (WBC) was counted. Oxidative stress markers were determined in serum, aorta, and heart. Cardiac tissue fibrosis was also estimated using Masson’s trichrome staining method.
ResultsWBC and malondialdehyde (MDA) were higher in the LPS group than the control group, whereas the thiol content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were lower in the LPS group than the control group (P<0.01 and P<0.001). Administration of Vit D decreased WBC (P<0.001) and MDA (P<0.05 and P<0.001) while enhanced thiol (dose 10000 IU/Kg) (P<0.001), SOD (dose 10000 IU/kg) (P<0.001), and CAT (P<0.05 and P<0.001) compared to the LPS group. All doses of Vit D also decreased cardiac fibrosis compared to the LPS group (P<0.001).
ConclusionVit D protected the cardiovascular against the detrimental effect of LPS. This cardiovascular protection can be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Vit D.
Keywords: Lipopolysaccharide, Cardiovascular, Vitamin D, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Fibrosis -
کارواکرول یک فنل مونوترپن طبیعی است که فعالیت ضدباکتریایی، ضدقارچی، ضدسرطانی و ضدالتهابی قابل توجهی را از خود نشان می دهد. با این حال، اثر کارواکرول بر استرس اکسیداتیو در آسیب حاد کلیوی ناشی از لیپوپلی ساکارید (LPS) هنوز گزارش نشده است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات حفاظتی کارواکرول بر استرس اکسیداتیو کلیه ناشی از لیپوپلی ساکاریدها و پاسخ های التهابی در موش های صحرایی نر انجام شد. موش های صحرایی نر ویستار به گروه های زیر تقسیم شدند (7 = n): 1) کنترل، 2) گروه دریافت کننده LPS 3) گروه دریافت کننده LPS +کارواکرول 25 میلی گرم/کیلوگرم، 4) گروه دریافت کننده ی LPS +کارواکرول 50 میلی گرم/کیلوگرم و 5) گروه دریافت کننده LPS +کارواکرول 100 میلی گرم/کیلوگرم. برای ایجاد آسیب حاد کلیوی، LPS با دوز 1میلی گرم/کیلوگرم به مدت 2 هفته به صورت داخل صفاقی تزریق شد. دوزهای مختلف کارواکرول، 30 دقیقه قبل از تزریق LPS به صورت داخل صفاقی تزریق گردید. بعد از بیهوش نمودن حیوانات، کلیه راست خارج و در بافر فسفات هموژنه شد. سطوح سیتوکین التهابی اینترلوکین یک بتا (IL-1β) و شاخص های استرس اکسیداتیو (مالون دی آلدیید، تیول تام، فعالیت کاتالاز و فعالیت سوپراکسید دیسموتاز) به ترتیب با روش الایزا و اسپکتروفتومتری تعیین گردیدند. نتایج نشان داد که تزریق LPS باعث افزایش مالون دی آلدیید و IL-1β می شود در حالی که تیول تام، فعالیت آنزیم های کاتالاز و سوپراکسید دیسموتاز را در بافت کلیه کاهش می دهد. اما پیش تیمار با کارواکرول نه تنها سطوح مالون دی آلدیید و IL-1β را کاهش داد، بلکه باعث افزایش تیول تام، فعالیت کاتالاز و فعالیت سوپراکسید دیسموتاز گردید. مقدار مالون دی آلدیید با سطح IL-1β همبستگی مثبت دارد. با این حال، بین مقادیر مالون دی آلدیید و تیول تام، فعالیت آنزیم های سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز همبستگی منفی معنی داری وجود داشت. کارواکرول با کاهش التهاب و جلوگیری از استرس اکسیداتیو از کلیه در برابر LPS محافظت می کند.کلید واژگان: کارواکرول، IL-1β، استرس اکسیداتیو، لیپوپلی ساکارید، آسیب حاد کلیویCarvacrol is a natural monoterpene phenol which retains significant antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity. However, the effect of carvacrol on oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury has not yet been reported. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of carvacrol on lipopolysaccharides-induced renal oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in male rats. Male Wistar rats (weighing 200 to 250 g, n=7 each group) were divided into the following groups: 1) control, 2) LPS, 3) LPS+carvacrol 25 mg/kg, 4) LPS+carvacrol 50 mg/kg and 5) LPS+carvacrol 100 mg/kg. For inducing acute kidney injury, 1 mg/kg LPS was injected intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. Carvacrol was administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes prior LPS injection. After preparation of renal homogenates, levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and oxidative stress indexes (malondialdehyde, total thiol, catalase and Superoxide dismutase activity) were detected by ELISA and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. Our results showed that LPS injection increased malondialdehyde and IL-1β while, it reduced total thiol, catalase and SOD activity in the renal tissue. But, pretreatment with carvacrol not only decreased malondialdehyde and IL-1β levels but also increased total thiol, catalase and SOD activity. Simple regression analysis revealed that MDA was positively correlated with IL-1β level). However, there was a significant negative correlation between MDA level and total thiol, SOD and CAT activities. Our results showed that carvacrol protects the kidney by reducing IL-1β and preventing oxidative stress in the renal tissue.enal tissue.Keywords: Carvacrol, IL-1β, Oxidative stress, Lipopolysaccharide, Acute Kidney Injury
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کشف ذخایر گاز، تاثیر قابل ملاحظه ای بر موازنه اقتصادی، ژیوپلیتیکی و سیاسی در منطقه مدیترانه شرقی داشته است. توسعه میادین و انگیزه بازیگران دولتی برای استخراج و صادرات احتمالی باعث شده تا منطقه انرژی در مدیترانه شرقی شکل بگیرد. اگرچه در نظریات کلاسیک منطقه گرایی، تشکیل منطقه با قرابت جغرافیایی و انگیزه امنیتی بازیگران دولتی گره خورده و عوامل اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی به عنوان عناصر وابسته و فرعی در نظر گرفته می شوند اما در این پژوهش تلاش شده تا عامل انرژی را به مثابه عاملی مستقل در شکل گیری منطقه در نظر گرفته شود. این مساله باعث شده تا نقش بازیگران و عوامل دیگری در نظم منطقه ای مدیترانه شرقی مورد تاکید واقع شود. سوال اصلی مقاله آن است که فاکتورها و عوامل دخیل در شکل گیری یک منطقه انرژی کدامند و چه تاثیری روی امنیت و نظم منطقه ای به ویژه در منطقه مدیترانه شرقی داشته اند؟ فرضیه این مقاله آن است اکتشاف انرژی و ظهور منطقه انرژی در مدیترانه شرقی باعث شده تا بازیگران مختلفی از جمله بازار، شرکت ها و تنظیم کننده های ملی و بین المللی با فشار روی دولت های منطقه از درگیری ها و منازعات مستقیم ژیوپلیتیک جلوگیری کرده و بسترهای همکاری و به تعبیر بهتر رقابت غیر مستقیم را فراهم آوردند.
کلید واژگان: منطقه گرایی، منطقه ای شدن، مدیترانه شرقی، تنظیم کننده هاThe discovery of gas reserves has had a significant impact on the economic, geopolitical and political balance in the Eastern Mediterranean. The development of fields and the motivation of government actors for possible extraction and export have led to the formation of an energy zone in the Eastern Mediterranean. Although in classical theories of regionalism, the formation of the region is tied to the geographical proximity and security motives of state actors and social, cultural and economic factors are considered as dependent and sub-elements, but in this study we try to determine the energy factor. Consider it as an independent factor in the formation of the region. This has led to new forms of the process of regionalization and the emergence of a new logic of governance in which the issues of difficult security in the formation of the region are ignored and instead the energy factor as the goal and focus of governance This has created a platform for the actions and reactions of various actors, including upstream gas companies (exploration and extraction) and national and international regulators, and the logic of regional exchanges from regional conflicts to It turns into intergovernmental competition.
Keywords: Regionalism, regionalization, Eastern Mediterranean, regulators -
ObjectiveThe present study examined the effects of Artemisia absinthium L. on scopolamine-induced memory dysfunction and brain tissue oxidative damage in rats.Materials and MethodsFifty rats were used in five groups: Control: received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/saline, Scopolamine: scopolamine (2 mg/kg) was administered along with DMSO/saline, and Scopolamine-Ext 50, Scopolamine-Ext 100, and Scopolamine-Ext 200 groups: A. absinthium hydroalcoholic extract 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg were administered before scopolamine. The Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tasks were used for assessment of behavioral parameters. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, total thiol, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in the cortex and hippocampus.ResultsA. absinthium decreased the delay time and distance traveled to reach the platform in the MWM test (p<0.05-p<0.001). Besides, the extract increased the delay time to pass in the dark and the light time while decreasing the number of entrances and the dark time in the PA task (p<0.05-p<0.001). In biochemical assessments, A. absinthium attenuated NO metabolites (p<0.001) and MDA (p<0.05- p<0.001) while enhanced total thiol (p<0.001), CAT and SOD (both p<0.05-p<0.001).ConclusionThis study revealed that A. absinthium improved memory and learning impairment and brain tissue oxidative damage in scopolamine-treated rats.Keywords: Artemisia absinthium, Memory, Oxidative stress, Scopolamine
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Objective
Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum) against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures were investigated.
Materials and MethodsMice were divided as follows: (Group 1) Control, (Group 2) PTZ, (Groups 3-5) 50,100 and 200 mg/kg hydro-ethanolic (HE) extract, and (Groups 6-8) 200 mg/kg ethyl-acetate (EAF), N-hexane (NHF) and water (WF) fractions. Minimal clonic seizures (MCS) and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) latencies were measured. Biochemical and histological studies were done.
ResultsMCS and GTCS latency in HE groups were longer than the PTZ group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). EAF and NHF prolonged the onset of MCS and GTCS (p<0.001). PTZ increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and dark neuron (DN) production while decreased thiol, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Pre-treatment by HE and all fractions of the plant attenuated MDA and DN while increased thiol, CAT and SOD (p<0.01 to p<0.001).
ConclusionEAF and NHF had anticonvulsant properties. The extract and fractions protected the brain from PTZ-induced oxidative damages and showed neuroprotective effects.
Keywords: Neuroprotective, Ocimum basilicum, Oxidative stress, Pentylenetetrazole, Seizures -
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research, Volume:30 Issue: 143, Nov-Dec 2022, PP 561 -565Background and Objective
Datura stramonium L. is a medicinal herb from the family of Solanaceae. It has been used in herbal remedies for promoting health and treating several diseases. The current study was set up to compare the effects of Datura stramonium L. extract on the naloxone-precipitated opiate-withdrawal in mice.
Materials and MethodsMale BALB/c mice (30–35 g, n = 40) were arbitrarily separated into 4 groups. The control group received morphine and normal saline and other groups received three doses of D. stramonium extract (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p.). Physically dependent was made by the administration of morphine in increasing doses (50-75 mg/kg, i.p.). The withdrawal signs were elicited by intraperitoneal injections of naloxone (5 mg/kg) 2 h after the last injection of morphine.
ResultsAdministration of D. stramonium extract in doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg markedly diminished the jumping numbers compared to the control group (P<0.05). All three doses of D. stramonium extract could significantly suppress the increase in climbing (P<0.05, P<0.001, and P<0.001, respectively) and diarrhea (P<0.001). D. stramonium in higher doses (20 or 30 mg/kg) significantly decreased rearing and itching (P<0.001).
ConclusionThe study findings suggest that D. stramonium extract is effective in alleviating the signs of morphine withdrawal. Additional research is needed to determine the exact mechanisms underlying D. stramonium for inhibiting morphine withdrawal syndrome.
Keywords: Morphine Withdrawal Signs, Naloxone, Datura stramonium extract, Opioid Addiction -
Objective
The beneficial effect of carvacrol on neuroinflammation, oxidative damage of brain tissue, and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration were evaluated in rats.
Materials and MethodsVehicle (1% Tween 80), 1 mg/kg of LPS, and carvacrol (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg administered prior to LPS) were injected and behavioral and biochemical tests were done.
ResultsThe results of forced swim test revealed that carvacrol attenuated immobility time and increased activity and climbing times (p<0.05 to p<0.001). The results of elevated plus maze also revealed that treatment by carvacrol prolonged the open arms time and entries and decreased the time and entries in the closed arms (p<0.05 to p<0.01). Carvacrol enhanced crossing, time, and traveled distance in the central segment of the open field and increased total crossing and distance while attenuating the peripheral zone time (p<0.05 to p<0.001). All doses of carvacrol attenuated TNF- α (tumor necrosis factor α) and NO (nitric oxide) in the brain (p<0.01 to p<0.001). The 50 and the 100 mg/kg doses of carvacrol decreased malondialdehyde (p<0.001 for both), and the 100 mg/kg dose of carvacrol increased the content of the thiol (p<0.001).
ConclusionIn conclusion, carvacrol improved the behavioral consequences of LPS challenge and attenuated neuroinflammation and brain tissue oxidative stress in rats.
Keywords: Inflammation, Anxiety, Depression, Carvacrol, Oxidative stress -
Background
Rosa damascena Herrm (R. damascena) is a species of the Rosaceae family. The R. damascena has been shown to improve depression, anxiety and grief. It also suppresses allergic reactions and migraine headache. In addition, amelioration of learning and memory deficits, delay in onset of seizure attacks, alleviation of pain and improvement of sleep disorders have been attributed to extract and essential oil of R. damascena. This review was conducted to integrate the neuropharmacological effects of R. damascena.
MethodsEmployed scientific databases for collecting information were including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar.
ResultsThe results of animal and clinical trial studies indicate that the extract of R. damascena and its essential oil apply useful therapeutic effects on depressant and anxiety-like behaviors, epileptic seizures, learning and memory impairments, sleep disturbances and pain.
ConclusionBased on scientific findings, the neuroprotective effects of R. damascena can be mainly linked to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Keywords: Rosa damascena Herrm, Nervous system, Neuropharmacological -
Background
Thyroid hormones are essential to maintain the tissue’s metabolism throughout the life. Thyroid hormones exert their effects on physiology and almost all body functions. Carrot is a rich source of iodine and carotenoids that can interfere in the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Materials and MethodsThe present study was designed to investigate the effects of carrot consumption on T4 levels and its effect on memory, nerve conduction velocity (NCV), animal weight, and finally, on water and food intake in Wistar rats. In this study, 24 male rats were used and divided into three groups: Control, Ca 200 mg/kg, and Ca 400 mg/kg.
ResultsThe results indicated that carrot consumption at Ca 200 mg/kg treated group increased the level of serum T4 and induced hyperthyroidism. Animal weight in both treated groups did not change compared to the control group (P > 0.05). Water and food consumption, and the level of T4 in Ca 200 mg/kg group increased when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). NCV in both treated groups was not significantly different in comparison with the control group (P > 0.05). Spatial memory and passive avoidance memory in both treated groups significantly decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05).
ConclusionCarrot consumption, via increases the synthesis of thyroid hormones, creates hyperthyroidism, but due to induced moderate hyperthyroidism did not impact on weight. Moderate hyperthyroidism induced appetite and memory impairment. Then increased food intake or effect of hyperthyroidism on metabolism increased water intake
Keywords: Carotenoids, Daucus carota, hyperthyroidism, iodine, memory disorders, thyroxin -
ObjectiveThe effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on oxidative stress imposed by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was examined in mice brain tissues.Materials and MethodsAnimals were divided into five groups as follows: 1- control group which received saline; 2- PTZ group (100 mg/kg, ip); and groups 3 to 5 which received (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of C. zeylanicum for seven days prior to PTZ injection. The latencies of the first minimal clonic seizure (MCS) and the first generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) and levels of oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers were measured.ResultsTreatment with the two higher doses of the extract significantly increased the MCS and GTCS latencies (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were increased, but superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and thiol were decreased in both cortical and hippocampal tissues of the PTZ group compared to the controls (p<0.001). Pretreatment with the two higher doses of C. zeylanicum significantly led to a significant correction in NO, MDA, SOD and CAT levels in the hippocampus and cortex compared to the PTZ group (p<0.05 to p<0.001).ConclusionAntioxidant and anticonvulsant effects of C. zeylanicum in PTZ-injected animals may suggest its potential therapeutic effect on nervous diseases such as seizures.Keywords: Pentylenetetrazole, Seizures, Mice, Nitric oxide, Oxidative stress, Brain
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The study was aimed to evaluate the effects of hydro-ethanol extract Zataria multiflora on the brain tissue oxidative damage, and hippocampal interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as learning and memory capacity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - challenged rats. The rats were randomized into five groups as follow: Control group: Rats were treated with saline, LPS group: Rats were treated with LPS 1.00 mg kg-1, ZM50, ZM100 and ZM200 groups in which the rats were treated with Z. multiflora extract (50.00, 100 or 200 mg kg-1 per day, respectively). The treatments including extract or vehicle were administered intraperitoneally and given three days before the behavioral tests and were continued within a6-day behavioral experiment. Injection of LPS was daily done before the behavioral tests. Finally, the brains were collected for biochemical evaluations. Although LPS administration prolonged the latency in Morris water maze and shortened the latency to enter the dark chamber in passive avoidance test, ZM extract restored these changes to approach control group values. Also, LPS increased IL-6, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites levels and lowered thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in the brain, however, Z. multiflora extract reduced IL-6, MDA and NO metabolites concentrations, but increased thiol content, SOD, and CAT levels. The results of this study showed that Z. multiflora ameliorated learning and memory dysfunction in LPS - challenged rats by alleviating of inflammatory responses and brain tissue oxidative damage.
Keywords: Inflammation, Lipopolysaccharide, Memory, Oxidative stress, Zataria multiflora -
اهداف
استرس اکسیداتیو نقش مهمی در پاتوژنز تشنج دارد. در این پژوهش اثر فراکسیون اتیل استات گیاه بابونه چشم گاوی بر آسیب اکسیداتیو مغز در مدل تشنج ناشی از پنتیلن تترازول در موش بررسی می شود.
مواد و روش هادر این مطالعه تجربی، موش های سوری در 6 گروه توزیع شدند: 1. گروه کنترل، 2. گروه پنتیلن تترازول، 3-6. گروه های پنتیلن تترازول + فراکسیون که حیوانات چهار گروه اخیر علاوه بر پنتیلن تترازول، 25، 50، 100 و 200 میلی گرم از فراکسیون را دریافت کردند. پنتیلن تترازول (100 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم) و فراکسیون (30 دقیقه قبل از پنتیلن تترازول) به مدت 3 هفته و داخل صفاقی تزریق شدند. تاخیر در شروع تشنج های کلونیک، تونیک کلونیک ژنرالیزه و سطح شاخص های استرس اکسیداتیو در بافت های قشر مغز و هیپوکامپ اندازه گیری شدند.
یافته هاپیش درمانی با فراکسیون اتیل استات باعث تاخیر در شروع تشنج ها در گروه های فراکسیون+پنتیلن تترازول در مقایسه با گروه پنتیلن تترازول شد (P<0/05 P<0/001, P<0/01). همه دزهای فراکسیون اتیل استات باعث کاهش غلظت مالون دی آلدیید و افزایش سطح گروه های تام تیول و فعالیت آنزیم های سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز در بافت های مغز در گروه های فراکسیون+پنتیلن تترازول در مقایسه با گروه پنتیلن تترازول شد (P<0/05, P<0/01, P<0/001).
نتیجه گیریفراکسیون اتیل استات گیاه بابونه چشم گاوی باعث تضعیف تشنج های تحریک شده به وسیله پنتیلن تترازول از طریق بهبود استرس اکسیداتیو در بافت مغز شد.
کلید واژگان: قشر مغز، هیپوکمپ، بابونه چشم گاوی، استرس اکسیداتیو، پنتیلن تترازولAimsOxidative stress plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of seizures. In this study, we investigated the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Tanacetum parthenium against oxidative brain damage in a pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice.
Methods & MaterialsIn this experimental study, mice were divided into 6 groups: control, PTZ, and 4 other groups that, besides PTZ, received 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of the fraction. PTZ (100 mg/kg) and a fraction (30 min before PTZ) were administered intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. Delay in the onset of the minimal clonic seizure (MCS), generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), and the level of oxidative stress indexes in cortical and hippocampal tissues were measured.
FindingsPretreatment with fraction resulted in postponing the onset seizures in the Fraction+PTZ groups compared to the PTZ group (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.001). In addition, all doses of ethyl acetate fraction decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the level of tom thiol groups and the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in the brain tissues compared to the PTZ group.
ConclusionEthyl acetate fraction of Tanacetum parthenium attenuated PTZ-stimulated seizures through improving brain tissue oxidative stress.
Keywords: Cortex, Hippocampus, Tanacetum parthenium, Oxidative stress, Pentylenetetrazole -
ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to assess olive leaf extract (OLE) effects on learning and memory deficits in a model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in rats.Materials and methodsThe rats were divided as: (1) control rats, (2) diabetic rats, and (3–6) diabetic rats treated by 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of OLE or metformin. Using the passive avoidance test (PA), we investigated fear learning and memory behaviors. In cortical and hippocampus tissues, total levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol were measured along with the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).ResultsLearning and memory behavior impairment were significantly developed in diabetic rats as shown by the impairment of the PA task compared to the control group (p<0.001). In addition, elevated levels of MDA and reduced overall concentrations of thiol, CAT and SOD activity were obvious in diabetic rats’ cortex and hippocampus tissues (p<0.01–p<0.001). Meanwhile, OLE in a dose-dependent manner, improved memory deficit and cognitive performance that was attributed to a reduction of lipid peroxidation and elevation of total thiol concentration, and CAT and SOD activity levels in the brain tissues (p<0.05–p<0.001).ConclusionOLE could be effective in improving cognitive impairment in STZ-induced diabetes by oxidative stress depression.Keywords: Diabetes, Oxidative stress, Memory, Olive leaf extract
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Medicinal plants are used for different purposes in traditional medicine. Boswellia serrata (B. serrata) from Burseracea family has been widely used for human medical purposes. This plant known as frankincense or olibanum has a resin with therapeutic properties. The main constituent of this resin is boswellic acid that plays an important role in various fields. From past to present, many studies had been shown that olibanum and its main constituent, boswellic acid, have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-arthritic, antimicrobial and anti-carcinogenic effects. In addition, many findings about effects of B. serrata and its ingredients on central nervous system (CNS) are available. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review in vivo and in vitro evidence attributed to this plant and its constituents on CNS. Databases including Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar were explored for entries from the beginning of January 2000 until the end of November 2020. Findings reveal that B. serrata and its constituents have neuroprtotective effects and ameliorate learning and memory malfunction. These effects mainly are attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of this plant.
Keywords: Boswellia serrata, Frankincense, Olibanum, Central nervous system -
Objective
Oxidative stress has pernicious effects on the brain. Pinus eldarica has antioxidant properties. We explored neuroprotective effect of P. eldarica against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures.
Materials and MethodsMale mice (BALB/c) were grouped as control, PTZ, Soxhlet (Sox) 100, Sox 200, Macerated (Mac) 100 and Mac 200 groups. Sox and Mac extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) were injected during 7 days. Delay in onset of minimal clonic seizure (MCS) and generalized tonic- clonic seizure (GTCS) was measured. Number of dark neurons (DN) and levels of oxidative stress indicators in the hippocampus were evaluated.
ResultsOnset of MCS and GTCS was later in groups treated with the extracts than the PTZ group (p<0.01 and p<0.001). Number of DN in the hippocampus in the PTZ group was higher than the control group (p<0.001) while in the extract groups, was lower than the PTZ group (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001). MDA level was higher whereas total thiol level and activity of SOD and CAT were lower (p<0.001) in the PTZ group than the control group. MDA level in the Sox 100 (p<0.01), Sox 200 (p<0.001) and Mac 200 (p<0.01) groups was less than the PTZ group. Total thiol level in the Sox 200 (p<0.001), SOD in the Sox 100 (p<0.05), Sox 200, and Mac 200 and CAT in the Sox 200 (p<0.001) groups were higher than the PTZ group.
ConclusionP. eldarica prevented neuronal death and reduced seizures caused by PTZ via improving brain oxidative stress.
Keywords: Pinus eldarica, Pentylenetetrazole, Oxidative stress, Dark neurons -
منطقه غرب آسیا، مهمترین نقطه و به عبارتی مرکز ثقل استراتژی های ایالات متحده در طول تاریخ بوده است. توجه آمریکا به این منطقه از دهه 1970 با عقب نشینی انگلیس آغاز شد. از آن زمان تاکنون سیاست خارجی آمریکا مبتنی بر مجموعه ای از خط مشی باثبات و مستمر نسبت به منطقه غرب آسیا بوده است.
در سال 2016 و با انتخاب ترامپ به عنوان رییس جمهور، وی وعده احیای قدرت و عظمت آمریکا را ارایه داد و در این راستا سیاست هایی را در حوزه داخل و خارج در دستور کار قرار داد که برخی از آن به عنوان پدیده ترامپیسم یاد می کنند. با توجه به این مساله، مقاله حاضر در صدد پاسخ به این سوال است جهت گیری های کلی سیاست خارجی ترامپ در منطقه غرب آسیا چه بود و از چه اصولی پیروی می کرد؟
یافته های مقاله نشان می دهد در دوره ترامپ، نقش شخصیت فردی رییس جمهور، تبدیل به رکن اصلی در مقابل ساختارهای حقوقی و سیاسی تصمیم گیری در آمریکا شد. اصول دکترین ترامپ ترکیبی از آموزه ها و رویکردهای واقع گرایانه بود. براساس این دکترین، ترامپ راهبرد موازنه از راه دور را در قبال منطقه غرب آسیا اعمال کرده و تلاش داشت تا این منطقه را همچنان در حوزه نفوذ ایالات متحده آمریکا نگه دارد. در این دوره ایالات متحده به دلیل واگذاری نقش خط مقدم خود و تبدیل شدن به مثابه یک میانجی گر خارجی در منازعات منطقه ای به سیاست مدیریت از راه دور گرایش پیدا کرد. از این منظر، آمریکا منطقه را به عربستان سعودی و رژیم صهیونیستی واگذار کرد.
هرچند سیاست های ایالات متحده در هنگام برخورد با کشورهایی که در دوره های قبل به عنوان محور شرارت خوانده می شدند، استمرار و ثبات اصولی نداشت، اما ترامپ برای مقابله با ایران در آسیای غربی، تلاش کرد ضمن اعمال تحریم های گسترده و بی سابقه در حوزه اقتصادی، استراتژی نظامی حضور گسترده نیروها با تجهیزات سنگین را به کناری گذارده و با تامین نیروهای کم تعداد در عین استفاده گسترده از پهپادها طی عملیات پایدار، تدریجی و فزاینده در کمتر از آستانه جنگ فراگیر، «ناحیه خاکستری» خود را گسترش دهد.
در سایر حوزه ها و مناطق، ترامپ با شعار «نخست آمریکا»، به دنبال یک جانبه گرایی بود که مبتنی بر حمایت از تولید در داخل و منافع ملی آمریکا بود. ترامپ در عین حال به دنبال برتری طلبی در جهان بود.آمریکا در دوره ترامپ تلاش کرد برتری خود را از طریق تحمیل هزینه های اضافه بر رقبا، کاهش تعهدات خود در جهان، افزایش قدرت نظامی و قدرت اقتصادی داخلی آمریکا حفظ کند.کلید واژگان: سیاست خارجی، ترامپ، غرب آسیا، ساختارهای رسمی و غیررسمیThe West Asian region has been the center of gravity of US strategies throughout history. American attention to the region began in the 1970s with the retreat of Britain. Since then, US foreign policy has been based on a set of consistent policies toward the West Asian region. In 2016, with the election of Trump as President, he promised to restore the power and greatness of the United States, and in this regard, put on the agenda policies at home and abroad, some of which are referred to as the phenomenon of Trumpism. Given this, the present article seeks to answer the question: What were the general directions of Trump's foreign policy in the West Asian region and what principles did he follow? Findings from the article show that during the Trump era, the role of the president's personal character became a key element in front of the legal and political decision-making structures in the United States. The principles of the Trump Doctrine were a combination of realistic teachings and approaches. According to this doctrine, Trump has implemented a strategy of remote balancing towards the West Asian region and tried to keep this region within the sphere of influence of the United States of America. During this period, the United States shifted to remote management policy as it shifted its front-line role and became a foreign mediator in regional conflicts. From this perspective, the United States ceded the region to Saudi Arabia and the Zionist regime. Although US policies have not been consistent in dealing with the drawbacks of what were once considered the axis of evil, Trump has sought to counter Iran in West Asia by imposing large-scale, unprecedented economic sanctions, aside the military strategy of large presence of heavily equipment and expanding its "gray area" by providing small forces while using drones extensively during sustained, gradual, and increasing operations below the threshold of all-out war. Elsewhere, under the slogan "America First," Trump sought unilateralism based on support for domestic production and American national interests. At the same time, Trump sought world supremacy. Under Trump, the United States sought to maintain its supremacy by imposing additional costs on rivals, reducing its global commitments, increasing US military power, and domestic economic power.
Keywords: US Foreign Policy, West Asia, Islamic Republic of Iran -
Objective
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herb belonging to the Apiaceae (Umbellifera) family that is used as food additives traditionally. This plant is called “Geshniz” in Persian and is native to Mediterranean regions but it is currently cultivated in several countries. All parts of coriander are edible and have been traditionally used to treat different disorders, including digestive problems, flatulence, diarrhea, colic and other gastrointestinal diseases.
Materials and MethodsThe databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus were considered. The search terms were “Coriandrum sativum” or “linalool” and “anti-anxiety”, “sedative”, “antioxidant effect”, “anticonvulsant” and “neuroprotective effect”.
ResultsAntioxidant, diuretic, cholesterol lowering, anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities were reported for the seeds and leaves of the plant. Furthermore, linalool as the main component of coriander has different neuropharmacological effects, including anti-anxiety, sedative, anticonvulsant and anti-Alzheimer’s disease activities.
ConclusionVarious neuropharmacological effects of C. sativum and its component which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, have been summarized in the current review article.
Keywords: Coriandrum sativum L, neuro-pharmacological effects, memory impairment, Linalool
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