mahsima pourshahriari

The current research was conducted with the aim of design and validation of a model for the formation of low academic motivation in students.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of the data collection method, it is mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative), and in terms of the research implementation method, it is of the type of foundation data (qualitative phase) and cross-sectional survey (quantitative phase).The statistical population of the study in the qualitative section included all university professors, experts and specialists up to theoretical saturation of 12 people. The statistical population of the quantitative phase of the research included teachers, administrators and educational experts and students of the second secondary level in Tehran. Available sampling method was used for sampling in the quantitative part. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the sample size in this phase. By placing the parameters in the mentioned formula, the size of 385 people became the basis of the analysis. The data collection tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview in the qualitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale in the quantitative part.

Based on the findings of the research in the qualitative part, the findings from the document analysis process and the interviews were combined with each other and the process of assimilation, elimination and integration of the obtained key concepts (examples and evidence) was carried out, which resulted in the identification of 129 key concepts (index), 31 categories and and 5 dimensions (causal factors, contextual factors, intervening factors, strategies and consequences). In the following, the quantitative part confirmed all the relationships of the qualitative part based on the structural equation model.

Based on the optimal fit of the designed model, this model can be used to deal with the low motivation of learners.

Phototherapy, the use of photos in a therapeutic setting under the supervision of a trained therapist, is as an effective method for reducing psychological problems. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of phototherapy on depression and anxiety in divorced women. This study employed single-case experimental design with multiple baseline phases. The statistical population included all divorced women in Tehran who were active on instagram and responded to the research call in 2021. The sampling method was convenience and purposive and four participants were selected based on inclusion criteria. The research instruments included the Lovibond and Lovibond Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and the five main phototherapy techniques by Weiser. Participants took part in multiple baseline stage, five intervention sessions, and three follow-up sessions. Data were analyzed by visuals inspection, improvement percentage, reliable change index strategies, effect size and mixed regression analysis. The results showed that phototherapy has significant effect on reducing depression and anxiety in divorced women. Therefore, phototherapy can be utilized as a novel and effective intervention method for addressing depression and anxiety in divorced women, by therapists and counselors.

This study aimed to present a model for the effect of parent-child conflicts and main family function on aggression, mediated by perfectionism and identity styles, in students. The statistical population comprised senior high-school students in Kermanshah, Iran, in 2022-2023, of whom a sample of 384 was selected via random cluster sampling. The data collection instruments included standard questionnaires. Data was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings showed that parent-child conflicts and main family function directly, and indirectly through perfectionism and identity styles, affected the aggression of female senior high school students in Kermanshah. Therefore, it is possible to alleviate students' aggression by reducing parent-child conflicts, strengthening family functioning, boosting informational and normative identity styles, and correctly guiding perfectionism.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between gratitude, apology, and marital intimacy by moderating the role of arrogance among women in Tehran province. The research utilized a descriptive correlation design. The statistical population consisted of all women aged 20 to 50 in Tehran province in 2022 that had been living together for at least one year. The sample of 308 women was selected using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected through online questionnaires and measures including a Researcher-Made Apology Questionnaire, Authentic Pride and Hubristic Pride Scale (Tracy and Robbins, 2007), Gratitude Questionnaire developed (McCullough, Emmons & Tsang,2002), and Marital Intimacy Scale developed (Walker and Thompson,1983). SmartPLS-3 software was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that gratitude had a positive association with marital intimacy, whereas apology and arrogance had a negative association with marital intimacy. Furthermore, arrogance moderated the relationship between gratitude and marital intimacy, but did not moderate the relationship between apology and marital intimacy. Based on these results, mental health experts are recommended to organize educational workshops to increase couples' awareness of the aforementioned factors, which can enhance the level of marital intimacy and improve the general health of women in relationships.

Intervening factors can lead to a decrease or increase in the vulnerability of women after divorce. This study aims to know the intervening factors in the vulnerability of women after divorce. Using a qualitative method, based on a content analysis approach, conventional content analysis, and heterogeneous purposive sampling, were conducted through semi-structured interviews with 35 divorced women. Triangulation was done by three different methods observation, interview, and study of divorce literature. According to the findings, 2 main themes, 5 categories and 25 subcategories were identified. The results showed that, in general, individual and extra-individual intervening factors have an effect on the vulnerability of women after divorce. While it may not be possible to address all contributing factors, one significant aspect that can be addressed through psychological intervention is the role of the woman's family. By raising awareness about the stressful impact of divorce and promoting a culture where parents seek counseling to better support their daughter post-divorce, the severity of women's vulnerability can be reduced.

This study aimed to meta-analyze the effectiveness of interventions on students' referential thinking. The statistical population of the research was master's theses, doctoral dissertations, and research published in the field of interventions in magazines and scientific conferences of the country during the last ten years (2011-2021) in the field of educational interventions on student’s referrals thinking that had a suitable sample size and met the necessary conditions in terms of validity and reliability of the measurement tool and sampling method. Therefore, seven methodologically acceptable studies were selected and a meta-analysis was performed on them. The research tool was a meta-analysis checklist. The implementation stages of this meta-analysis were based on the meta-analysis stages of identity and Kramer. The results showed that the effect size of educational interventions on students' referrals thinking was relatively higher than 0.55. The most important point is that teaching cognitive-metacognitive strategies was more considered by researchers and had a higher effect on reducing students' referral thinking.

  In respect of diagnosis and therapy, generalized anxiety disorder is one of the most frequent anxiety disorders, as well as one of the most difficult and resistant. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one of the most frequent therapies for this disorder. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of paradoxical timetable treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating women with generalized anxiety disorder. In this study, the single-case experimental Was used used. The population of the present research included women with generalized anxiety disorder who referred to the Sadra Clinic and had an active case in the summer and autumn of 2021. Among these, three patients received paradoxical timetable therapy, and three patients received cognitive-behavioral therapy. The sample of this research selected through convenience sampling.Generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 items used for collecting data. Chart analysis, reliable change index, clinical significance and Improvement percentage of paradoxical time table was used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software. The results showed that both paradoxical timetable treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy were effective in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Comparing the two treatment methods according to the obtained results and comparing the percentage of paradoxical timetable treatment subjects, the improvement rate for the three subjects in this method is 71%, 79% and 71% and the recovery percentage of cognitive-behavioral therapy subjects for the three subjects is 44%, 52% and 48%, also the percentage of total improvement in paradoxical timetable treatment in three patients is on average 74% and the percentage of total improvement in cognitive-behavioral therapy in three patients is 48%. According to the findings of the study, treatment of paradoxical timetable is an acceptable and quick method to decrease the symptoms of generalized anxiety, and can be used as a recommended treatment.

Place attachment is the emotional bond that a person forms with a place. This concept influences people's life experiences in three domains: emotional, cognitive, and behavioral. The aim of this study was to examine the moderating role of the length of residence on the relationship between place attachment and mental health and social well-being in women living in Tehran. This was a descriptive-correlation study and the sample consisted of 241 women living in Tehran. They were selected by the convenience sampling method. The instruments used in this study were Safarinia's place attachment scale (2011), Besharat's mental health scale (2009), and Keys' social well-being scale (1998). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS v.20 and Smart PLS v.3 software. The results indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between place attachment and mental health, as well as between place attachment and social well-being. Although there was a positive and significant relationship between the length of residence and place attachment, the length of residence did not moderate the relationship between place attachment and mental health and social well-being. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that place attachment has a significant role in enhancing women's mental health and social well-being.

Considering the significant impact of early childhood experiences on various dimensions of physical and psychological life and related problems and according to the literature, the lack of a coherent questionnaire to investigate adverse experiences is obvious, so it is essential to prepare a valid questionnaire to perform preventive and therapeutic interventions.

The purpose of the present study was to validate the International Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) in Mashhad.

Regarding methodology, this research was among the descriptive researches of (survey) type. The statistical population included all people over 18 years of age living in Mashhad in 2021, of which 285 people were selected by purposive sampling. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine validity with the help of SPSS21 and AMOS22 software.

The content of the International Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire items showed that this scale has six factors with favorable fit indices. Also, Cronbach's alpha values for the subscales related to parents and caregivers, family environment, aggression, peer violence, witnessing community violence, and witnessing collective violence or war are acceptable. The results showed that this questionnaire has good convergent and divergent construct validity.

The findings of this research showed that based on the obtained factors, the International Questionnaire of Adverse Childhood Experiences is a suitable scale for evaluating adverse childhood experiences in Iran and can be used as a valid scale in fields such as research and assessment.

It is imperative to understand what and how the problems of couples and families are from the revealed source of the Holy Quran. Jealousy is a characteristic that has cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dimensions, etc., and it has destructive effects on the interaction patterns of couples. The present study aimed to discover the semantics of couples' jealousy from the perspective of the Qur'an. The current research is qualitative, and analysis method of Quranic verses was used. The content of the research carried out with an emphasis on the word deliberation method from the series of deliberation methods, the word Jealousy, and the discovery of the general semantics of Jealousy in the Qur'an (Surahs Baqarah, Nisa, Fatah, and Falaq) was chosen, as well as the concept of jealousy of couples. It was examined in the Qur'an. The concept of jealousy in the verses of the Quran, the interpretations of the verses, the research dictionary, the summary of the semantics of jealousy, its prerequisites, accessories and results, its dimensions, levels, and components were investigated and a definition of the jealousy of couples based on the Quran was obtained.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Islamic couple's anti-jealousy couple therapy package on family efficacying and jealousy in incompatible couples. The research method was experimental and in the framework of a quasi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test with a control group with follow-up after two months. The statistical population of the present study included all couples in Tehran who announced their readiness by participating in a training course to promote couple relationships. After performing the tests, the researcher selected a couple in which women had a lower than average score in the Safouraei Parizi family efficiency questionnaire (2009) and a higher than average score in the researcher-made couple jealousy questionnaire and were randomly assigned to the groups. Dad. Thirty-two couples were selected by purposive sampling from the statistical population of the study and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data collection tools in this study included the Safavid Parizi family efficiency questionnaire (2009) and according to the design, the subjects were assessed in two stages before and after the implementation of the designed model. Analysis of covariance with SPSS-25 statistical software was used to analyze the data. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the mean scores of family performance in the experimental group increased compared to the control group and the mean scores of jealousy in the experimental group decreased compared to the control group. As a result, it can be said that the couple's anti-jealousy therapy package has been effective on family efficacying and jealousy in incompatible couples.

Reception of the essence and nature of marital problems from the revelatory source of Holy Quran is considered essential. Jealousy is a trait that has cognitive, behavioral, emotional and other aspects as well as destructive effects on couples' interactive patterns. The aim of this study was to discover the semantics of jealousy from the perspective of the Quran and hadiths; and also to design a specific couple therapy model based on elimination of jealousy.In this study, both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied. In the qualitative section and content analysis of verses and narrations, the components of the couple therapy protocol based on the word of jealousy were extracted from verses, and moreover, in the quantitative section, the face validity and content validity of the constructed protocol were evaluated. In the design and compilation stage of the protocol, by analyzing Quranic verses and related narrations relying on the root of "jealousy", the conceptual components of jealousy including the preliminaries, supplies as well as results and effects of jealousy were obtained. In regard to outbreak of jealousy in couples’ interaction, protocol of couple therapy was designed based on it through designing jealousy elimination techniques, by a group of 5 people. In the second stage, to examine the content of the protocol, the opinions of a 10-member panel were used by Delphi method and the relative content validity coefficient (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were calculated.The definition of jealousy process within the definition of couple jealousy was obtained in this study. Also, a protocol based on Quranic verses was developed using narrations. The results of the content validity test of the protocol by the panel of experts showed that the total CVR of the protocol is 0.8, 1 respectively, and CVI of sessions is 1, which indicates that the minimum of acceptable amount is established. Results Since jealousy is a trait that is seen in many couples, therefore its identifying and eliminating can eliminate many roots of the conflict between couples and improve marital satisfaction and promote intimacy between them. Most of all, the treatment through this approach would align the person with the divine goals and Hereafter direction in his life so that he can experience the true satisfaction.

One of the most common childhood disorders is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its interaction with parental behaviors. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) on reducing verbal and non-verbal violence of mothers and symptoms of ADHD in preschool children. The method of the study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included preschool children with ADHD symptoms and their mothers in Tehran. Twenty of these children and their mothers were selected using convenience sampling method and were matched and randomly assigned in experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of 90 minutes in PCIT sessions. The instruments included the Connors’ Parent Rating Scale and the Parent Behavior Screening. Data analysis using MANCOVA in SPSS version 22 showed that the scores of verbal and non-verbal violence of mothers, also the symptoms of ADHD decreased in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p <0.001) and treatment has a significant effect on reducing mothers’ verbal and non-verbal violence and symptoms of ADHD. It can be concluded PCIT could decrease the severity of ADHD symptoms in children and mothers' verbal and non-verbal violence.

The present qualitative research was conducted to find the essential components of premarital counseling. The samples were selected via convenience sampling, which included three equal groups of 10 counselors, couples about to get married, and married couples (30 people in total). A focus group meeting was held for each of them, and the data were coded using Strauss and Corbin method. The findings of the research show that the main components from the point of view of these three groups include “examination of values and attitudes, socio-economic status, rules of the family of origin and setting demarcation, attractiveness and physical and sexual health, lack of personality disorder, intellectual and emotional maturity, and preventive skills training”. Furthermore, 31 sub-components were identified. As far as the difference between coding in the three groups is concerned, the results indicated that counselors consider “teaching communicative skills” to be a sub-category of “emotional maturity”, but married couples and couples about to get married considered it to be a sub-category of “teaching premarital preventive skills”. Couples about to get married emphasized checking “physical health”, but counselors suggested thoroughly investigating it while family genogram is illustrated. However, married couples gave it no priority, but strongly emphasized a person’s social and mental issues. The results of this research can be used in premarital counseling or educational workshops in this field. By using these components, it is possible to identify the differences between couples, inform couples about the benefits and possible challenges caused by these differences, and teach them how to manage these differences to properly deal with marital problems.

Shame and guilt as negative and maladaptive emotions are associated with psychological problems in adolescents, including depression and suicide, social anxiety, bipolar disorder, and low level of self-compassion. However, despite the importance of these emotions in adolescents, there is a research gap in investigating the psychometric properties of a valid scale to measure shame and guilt in Iranian adolescents.

This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Guilt and Shame Experience Scale (GSES; Malinakova et al., 2019) in adolescents in Tehran.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose, survey in terms of type of data collection, and testing in terms of methodology, which was conducted in the form of a correlational research design. The present study sample was 2291 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling. The confirmatory factor analysis method was used to determine the construct validity, and the multi-group analytical method was used to test the invariance of the scale concerning gender.

The confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed the existence of two factors of shame and guilt and indicated a good fit of the data in the groups of girls and boys. The multi-group analysis also showed the invariance of path coefficients and residuals in both groups (P> 0.05). The scale’s reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha, MacDonald omega, and composite reliability (α, ω, CR ≥ 0.7). The results indicated that the GSES has an adequate face, content, construct, divergent and discriminant validity. Examination of demographic variables showed an increase in feelings of shame and guilt with age (P< 0.01).

The Persian version of the Shame and Guilt Experience Scale has desirable psychometric properties, and is a simple, brief and reliable tool for assessing the emotions of shame and guilt in Iranian adolescents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on social attitudes towards the singlehood(SATS) and belief in a just world(BJW) in single girls. The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included all single girls 30 years old and above in the faculty of literature and humanities of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. 34 people were selected voluntarily as a sample and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (17 people in each group). Questionnaires of Social Attitudes towards the Singlehood of Ghanee Ezabadi, et al. and Belief in a just world of Sutton and Douglas were administered. For the experimental group, 8 sessions of 90 minutes were performed for two months, but the group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. Findings showed that self-compassion training is effective on SATS and BJW in single girls. Due to the increasing age of marriage in the girls of the society, self-compassion training can be used to improve the mental health of these people.

The aim of this study was to analyze the experiences and psychological perceptions of recovered COVID-19 patients.

This research was conducted using qualitative approach of phenomenology type. The population of this study included the patients recovered from Corona virus in Tehran province. Sampling was performed purposefully. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews. Collaizi’s seven-step method was applied for analyzing the data.

After coding the interviews and categorizing the topics, the following nine main themes were obtained: initial reaction of loneliness and the need for receiving compassion, negative consequences, proximity to death and the reaction of individuals toward it, effective coping activities, mutual transmission of mental status of the patient, caregivers and medical staff, the effect of illness on meaning and style of life, preoccupation with duties and responsibilities.

The present study showed that the experiences of Covid-19 patients have similarities and differences and being ware of these experiences may help the experts and policymakers to prevent the psychological crisis in the post-corona period and prepare the people psychologically in the society to face the epidemics.

The aim of present study was to examine the mediating role of hope in the relationship between self-efficacy and flourishing among counselors and psychologists. The research method was correlational using the structural equation modeling method. The sample consisted of 407 counselors and psychologists who were selected online through social media (Female :319, Male: 88). The instruments used were General Self-efficacy scale, Hope scale, and Flourishing scale. Data analysis was performed by statistical methods of Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The result of structural equation modeling revealed that the model of relationship between self-efficacy, hope and flourishing, had a good fit. According results, high levels of self-efficacy and hope, predicted greater levels of flourishing. Also, hope emerged as a mediator in the link between self-efficacy with flourishing. This study showed that self-efficacy and hope play an important role in the rate of flourishing and targeting them can promote the well-being in counselors and psychologists.

Marriage, as a complex and challenging issue, can be successful or not, depending on various factors, like interpersonal problems of couples. Studies indicated that different variables direct couples' interpersonal problems. Schemas originate from the events of one's life. A benefit of the schema model is its complexity and depth as a unique treatment. Moreover, self–differentiation is referred to the individual's ability to distinguish between rational and emotional currents concerning family members and others. Reality therapy is among the approaches to counseling and psychotherapy that focuses on concepts, such as the acceptance of responsibility, reality, incorrect understanding, and their relationship to everyday life. The three approaches discussed seem to be a good predictive for couples' interpersonal problems. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the premarital counseling package (based on the concepts of schema therapy, self–differentiation, & reality therapy) on interpersonal problems among couples on the brink of marriage.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest, a two—month follow—up, and a control group design. The statistical population of this study included all couples on the brink of marriage, referring to Tarrahi Zendegi center in Shahre Kord City, Iran, in 2017. Of them, 20 couples were selected by random sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control (n=10/group). The inclusion criteria included satisfaction with participating in this research; being on the brink of marriage; being in the premarriage stage; the age range of 18–40 years; a higher education than a diploma, and experiencing first marriage in the normal range of society respecting socio–economic conditions without problems to participate in training sessions. The exclusion criteria included absence from 2 consecutive training sessions, unwillingness to continue treatment, providing incomplete questionnaires, and the death of a couple. For both groups, pretest, posttest, and follow–up examinations were performed. Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (Horowitz et al., 1988) was used to collect the necessary data. The premarital counseling package was administered in 8 ninety–minute sessions twice a week for the experimental group. Research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution table, and inferential statistics, including repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and LSD post hoc test in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.

The ANOVA results indicated that the main effect of time (p=0.006), the main impact of the group (p=0.001), and the interaction of time and group (p=0.001) were significant on interpersonal problems. The size of the main effect of the group equaled 0.28, revealing that 28% of the variable changes in interpersonal problems were due to the effect of the premarital counseling package intervention. Furthermore, the LSD post hoc test results suggested that in the experimental group, the mean pretest scores of couples' interpersonal problems were significantly higher than the posttest scores (p=0.015) and follow–up (p=0.024). Additionally, no significant difference was observed in the mean scores of the mentioned variable between posttest and follow–up stages (p=0.228), reflecting that the effect of the intervention lasted over time in the experimental group.

Based on the present study data, the premarital counseling package training based on the concepts of schema–therapy, self–differentiation, and reality–therapy effectively declined interpersonal problems among couples on the brink of marriage.

Marital relationship is one of the most stable interpersonal relationships and its impact on individuals and society is more than any other relationship. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Couple Therapy Gottman and Datilio Couple Therapy on improving the sexual satisfaction among couples.

The statistical population of this study included all couples referred to the counseling clinics of Torbat Heydarieh city in 2018, among whom 168 (84 couples) volounteered to participate. Based on the G-power formula, the sample size was 90 (45 couple). The primary sampling method was non-random, but in the next step, a simple random sampling method, 90 subjects out of 168 were selected. Then, 15 couples participated in 14 weekly 45-90 minute sessions of Gottman's couple therapy, 15 couples participate in sessions based on Datiliou's treatment, and 15 couples did not receive any treatment. Data were collected via demographic questionnaire and sexual satisfaction Huddson questionnaire. Data were collected via SPSS software version 22.

The mean (SD) age of the participants in the Datilio couples was 30.7 (7.6), Gottman's couples 31.6 (8.2), and the control group were 31.7 (8.4). The mean (SD) score of sexual satisfaction in the pre-test group of Datilio therapy group varied from 62.3 (13.8) to 78.9 (13.5) post-test and 77.2 (12.8) in the follow-up (P<0.001), sexual satisfaction in the pre-test group of Gottman's couples increased from 61.7 (13.9) to 79.5 (13.4) in post-test and 77.8 (13.1) in follow-up (P<0.001); however, the mean (SD) of sexual satisfaction scores in the control group did not differ significantly in pre-test, post-test and follow-up. There was no significant difference between the efficacy of Datilio and Gottman's couple therapy on improving sexual satisfaction.

The study showed that Datilio and Gottman's couples was effective on improving the sexual satisfaction of couples, but there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of Datilio and Gottman's couple therapy on improving sexual satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of group spiritual-religious therapy on reducing the stress of mothers of mentally retarded children. The statistical population of the study included the mothers of mentally retarded children in boys’ exceptional schools in Tehran. Two schools were selected using two-stage cluster sampling. After completing Kuh and colleagues’ stress response scale, 24 subjects who scored above the cut scores were selected as the sample and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eight 120- minute sessions of spiritual -religious therapy, but the control group received no intervention. The results of the data analysis in the posttest and in the follow up test two months after the post-test showed that group spiritual -religious therapy was effective in reducing stress, tension, aggression and depression in the mothers of mentally retarded children in the experimental group.

The present study investigates and compare happiness, coping strategies and social anxiety in two groups of adolescents and young families living in centers boarding as well as boys and girls. In this study, 147 boys and girls aged 12 to 18 years, cluster sampling, all available sampling from Tehran and adolescents, the teenagers living in centers boarding houses and city government in Tehran were selected and completed, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) Adolescent Coping Scale, Short Form (ACS-2) and Lajrsa adolescent social anxiety questionnaire. Then the data were analyzed by multivariate (MANOVA) technique. The results showed that students living in boarding centers have less happiness and more social anxiety and use less effective coping strategies. Regarding the relationship between the variables with each other and their impact on mental health, providing conditions for improving the situation of adolescents, seems essential.

Background and Children's behavioral problems can lead to frequent problems in school and not only endanger the education of children, but also cause social problems and reducing their attention and self-esteem. The purpose of the research was to the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on children's behavioral problems.
The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test-posttest design with control group. The statistical population consisted of all sixth grade students in the 2nd district of Tehran in the academic year of 1395-1959, among them 20 students were selected using purposeful sampling method and placed in the experimental and control groups.
The research tools were child and adolescent mindfulness measure (Greco and Baer, 2011) and behavior problems checklist (Quay-Peterson, 1987). Before intervention both groups were evaluated. Cognitive therapy based on mindfulness was trained in 12 sessions of 90 minutes to the experimental group. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.
The findings showed that the students in the experimental group had significantly lower behavioral problems (symptoms of conduct disorder, attention problems and immaturity, anxiety and withdrawal symptoms) in the post-test stage. Also, there was a significant increase in mindfulness and acceptance of children participating in the program (P According to the findings of this study, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness for children can be used to reduce behavioral problems and increase their mental awareness.

This study provides an overview of interventions, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Behavioral Parent Training for aggressive behavior, and Peer Problems of children with Conduct Disorder (CD) worldwide. Conduct Disorder is one of the main externalizing disorders listed in DSM-5 among children and adolescents. Children with this disorder violate basic rights of others and other societal norms. The main symptom of Conduct Disorder is aggression. Aggressive behavior often results in being rejected by their peers (especially those with prosocial behaviors) and losing the opportunity for developing social skills. This study reviews the related studies on treatment of children with CD through the aforementioned methods conducted over the world. Most of the studies mainly focused on only children with conduct problems and only in a few of them parents of the children were involved as sources of data collection. This review demonstrated that aggressive behavior of children with conduct problems is investigated vastly by researchers worldwide. It is also evident that more studies need to be conducted in both developed and developing countries to solve peer problems of children with CD. It is recommended that in developing countries studies based on Making Choices program need to be expanded.

The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of humor training in marital adjustment and psychological well-being through an quasi experimental design. All female teachers in Ardestan city in the academic year 2012-2013 were included in the study. Based on the score of marital adjustment questionnaire (DAS, Spanier) and a psychological well being questionnaire (RSPWB, Ryff) twenty-eight persons were selected, through randomly assignment to an experimental and control group (14 persons in each group).The experimental group received the humor training program inspired by McGhee’s 8-Step Humor Skills Training Program (2002) In eight sessions (60 minut). Data were analyzed using Covariance test. The DAS and RSPWB were again administrated to both groups. Findings showed that marital adjustment in the experimental group was enhanced as compared to the control group and there were no significant differences between experimental group and control group in psychological well-being. For more reliable results, researcher suggests that the session at least continue for six monthes.