فهرست مطالب majid riazipour

Engyodontium album, Fusarium venenatum, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungi have an important role in the production of proteinase K, Quorn mycoprotein, and bioremediation, respectively. There are several techniques for the detection of fungi in soil. The purpose of this study was to detect and identify E. album, F. venenatum, and P. chrysosporium, directly from soil using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method.

A total of 240 soil samples were collected from different regions of Iran, including Tehran, Zanjan, Hamadan, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, and Hormozgan Provinces. The DNA was extracted and purified directly from soil samples with the modified phenol-chloroform method and by PVPP (Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone) column, respectively. The PCR method was performed using designed specific primers. The PCR products of the E. album, F. venenatum and P. chrysosporium with an approximate size of 248, 202, and 502 bp were sequenced, respectively.

In this study two isolates of P. chrysosporium, 1 isolate of F. venenatum, and 1 isolate of E. album were identified. The fungi detected with specific primers in soil samples were compatible with the results of sequencing.

This investigation described a reliable method that can be used to detect important fungi in the industries and biotechnology directly in soil using specific primers. The results can provide an appropriate platform for next applied research and mass production of valuable fungal products in industries and biotechnology.

The knowledge and recognition of fungal diseases in each area is extremely important. The aim of this study was the survey and molecular identification of Malassezia species which were isolated from pityrosporosis and tinea versicolor diseases in military forces on three Iranian islands of Abu-Musa, Great Tonb and Sirri’s by PCR-sequencing method.
This cross-sectional study was performed during October - September 2011 in Abu-Musa, Great Tonb and Sirri’s islands (Persian Gulf) on military individuals. The samples taken from patients with suspected fungal lesions were studied by mycological (direct, culture) and molecular methods (PCR-sequencing).
In this study, 102 military forces with the mean age of 26 years within the range of 19-53 years old were studied. Among them, 17 patients (16.7 %) were infected with fungal diseases of pityrosporosis (dandruff) (58.8 %), tinea versicolor (35.3 %) and dermatophytosis (5.9 %) respectively. The most frequent species of Malassezia isolated from dandruff and tinea versicolor were M. restricta (80%) and M. globosa (67%), respectively.
In this study, the most frequent Malassezia species isolated from dandruff and tinea versicolor were M. restricta and M. globosa, respectively. In this study, the manual method of DNA extraction from direct sample scrapings was used which has been rarely reported in Iran.

Candida albicans has been isolated in up to 65% of healthy individuals without signs of clinical disease. Mouthwashes can be used for many preventative and therapeutic purposes. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Iranian and foreign mouthwashes against C.albicans as a common fungal flora in the mouth. In this research, standard strain of C.albicans, ATCC 10231 is used. The suspension is provided by a fresh culture of C.albicans (24 hours) and the OD is read in 530 nm. The C. albicans suspension was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. In the next step, two wells created on SDA, filling with mouthwashes (100 µl). After incubation at 37ºC for 24 hours, the inhibition zone was measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of mouthwashes were determined. The data are analyzed by SPSS software, independent T-tests and one sided variance analysis (ANOVA-one way). Findings of our study showed in which agar diffusion, MIC and MFC tests, there are no significant differences between the antifungal effect of the Iranian and foreign mouthwashes on C.albicans (P value>0.05). Discussion and This study shows that both Iranian and foreign mouthwashes have a good effect against C.albicans, as a common fungal flora in the mouth.

During the recent decades research has focused to find scientific evidence for the effects of herbal medicines. Researchers are interested in herbal remedies for medication and aim to substitute herbal material instead of chemical formula with limited side effects for human being.. The aim of the current study was to compare the in vitro effect of herbal and chemical mouthwashes against Candida albicans.. In this research, we used a standard strain of C. albicans, PTCC 5027. The suspension was made by a fresh culture of C. albicans (24 hours) and the optical density (turbidity equating to a McFarland standard of 0.5) was read at 530 nm. The C. albicans suspension was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. Next, two wells were filled with mouthwashes and after incubation at 30ºC for 24 hours, the inhibition zone was measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of mouthwashes were determined. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software, independent T-tests and one-sided variance analysis (ANOVA-one way).. Based on these findings on agar diffusion with (P = 0.764), MIC and MFC tests (P = 0.879), there were no significant differences between the antifungal effect of herbal and chemical mouthwashes.. This study showed that, chemical mouthwashes acted better than herbal mouthwashes and among different chemical mouthwashes, Oral B was most effective..

T-2 toxin is the most poisonous trichothecene produced by Fusarium species especiallyF.sporotrichioides. T-2 toxin is a biological contaminant in a number of agricultural commodities that can cause severe diseases among humans and animals and even lead to death. The aim of the current study is the analysis of T-2 mycotoxin in Fusarium species by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with florescence detection and derivatization with 1-antroylnitrile (1-AN). Totally, 11Fusariumisolates and reference strains were studied. The isolates were tested for the T-2 toxin production after growing on rice substrate followed by using specific “Multisep 225 Trich Clean up columns” purification. In this study, T-2 toxin production was ranged from 197.05ug/kg to 8503.07ug/kg. This is the first study of T-2 toxin analysis by HPLC-F in Iran.

Prolonged antiacid and antibiotic usage in peptic ulcer diseases mayPredispose fungi colonization in stomach., detect and eradication of it may prevent delayed treatment. In order to isolate and diagnosis of fungi infestions in patients with gastroduodenitis and gastric ulcer This study has been planned..

This is a prospective crossectional study. We studied140 biopsy specimens of patients with chronic peptic ulcer diseases (morthan12 month) referred to Qum province hospitals, during 8 month. The biopsies selected for 1: direct examination with KOH10%.2: culture of specimens3: tissue staining with H&E

7.1% cases of yeasts were isolated in this investigation. Isolated yeastshave been identified as follows: 10 cases of C.albicance7.1% of The patients were male and the rest were female.

All the patients that had a positive history of long lasting antacid taking for gastric ulcer or gastritis. Candidacies must be investigated. duodenitis and gastric ulcer, who are refractory to classic therapies and also in patients Who have the chronic disease, fungi infestations must be roll out.

T-2 mycotoxin belongs to Trichothecene family. This toxin has some severe effects on immune system cells. This study attempted to invesigate the T-2 toxin influence on phagocytosis function of human peripheral blood neutrophil and the protection role of selenium on this process. In this experimental study، human peripheral blood neutrophils purified using dextran-phicol method. For determining phagocytosis function of neutrophils، opsonized Candida albicans yeasts count was used. Then neutrophil phagocytosis function in presence of several concentration of T-2 toxin was investigated and numerous selenium concentrations on reduction of T-2 toxin effects were studied. Data were analized using ANOVA in Stata. T-2 toxin in 100 µg/ml concentration affected on Candida killing function of neutrophil and reduced this function to half. Selenium in 100 ng/ml had the best effect and approved Candida killing function to 90%. This study shows that T-2 toxin causes reduction of phagocytosis function of neutrophil and selenium has protection role and can return phagocytosis activity to near normal state.

Solid organ transplantation patients are at high risk for opportunistic air-borne fungal infections due to using the potent immunosuppressive agents.. The current study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the fungal flora present in the air of Kidney transplant unit of Baqiyatallah hospital.. In this prospective study, air samples from patient room, baths site, ICU and isolated room, corridor site and outside the ward were obtained by settled plate technique using plates containing Sabouraud''s dextrose agar medium. In the current study, 36 agar plates containing Sabouraud dextrose agar medium were used. The plates were exposed for 20 min at height of 100-150 cm above the ground in units of hospital. Immediately after collection, samples were incubated at 27 ± 2ºC for four weeks. The slide culture method and Lacto-phenol cotton blue were used for definitive identification and staining fungal cultures, respectively.. The mean of colony forming units (CFUs) on indoor and outdoor plates was 6.6 ± 1.3 and 6 ± 1.9 / plate respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the observed difference is not significant. Also, the results showed that the mean of CFUs in the air of patient''s rooms (6.8 ± 1.7), halls (4.5 ± 1.7), bathrooms (6.8 ± 1.5), and ICU rooms (3.2 ± 1.8) were not significantly different. The mean of different fungal genera isolated from indoor and outdoor plates were 1.9 ± 0.2 and 4 ± 0.5 genera/plate respectively, that indicates significant difference between indoor and outdoor air quality (P < 0.001).. Lack of difference between quantity of outdoor and indoor air fungi indicates inefficiency of air control measures, and indoor lower genus diversity compared to outdoor air shows that there may be conditions that facilitate fungal growth in the environment of kidney transplantation unit..

Introduction and Esterase activity is used in evaluation and correlation of strains in fungi. Our previous study showed that Candida albicans has a kind of intracellular esterase activity in yeast extract, peptone, and glucose medium (YPG). The aim of this research was to study the qualitative and quantitative differences of this enzymatic activity among clinical isolates of this yeast. Candida albicans isolates which have been kept on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium by continuous passage were grown in YPG medium for 48h in order to induce enzymatic production. In the next step, yeast cells were collected and then broken with glass bead. Esterase activity of cytoplasmic extract of isolates was measured by colorimetric method. Besides, five synthetic substrates were used to assess the qualitative differences in this enzymatic activity. The cytoplasmic extract of 12 C. albicans isolates demonstrated an esterase activity to all used substrates and no significant qualitative and quantitative differences were found in this enzymatic activity. The average enzymatic activity of all isolates had a reversed relation to the number of carbon atoms in carboxyl substrates (except for alpha-naphtyle laurate). The amount of this activity for alpha-naphtyle acetate, beta-naphtyle acetate, alpha- naphtyle caprilate, alpha- naphtyle laurate, and alpha-palmitate were 14.4, 8.45, 0.94, 0.42, 0.75 unit (μM/mg protein in min), respectively. The observed fluctuation in esterase activity of clinical isolates of C. albicans might be useful in tracking its sub species in epidemiological purposes.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most causes of food poisoning (FP) in dairy products. The main etiologic agent of FP is staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE). There are different types of SE but type A (SEA) and type B (SEB) are the most important types. Because traditional dairy products are still produced and sold without a permit from the Ministry of Health this study was conducted to evaluate molecular and serological detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus SEA and SEB from traditionally dairy products. In the current study 100 samples of dairy products which were produced by traditional methods were transported to the laboratory under sterile conditions and were assessed. Samples were cultured and identified by routine bacteriological methods. The isolated bacteria were evaluated by PCR tests for diagnosis of the gene encoding of SEA and SEB. Subsequently the ability of above mentioned strains to produce enterotoxin were examined by Sac’s culture method and were confirmed by SRID. Data were analyzed using chi-square test. The results indicated that 32% of dairy products were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus (18% cream 10% cheese 4% milk). The PCR results showed that 15.6% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates possessed the SEA gene 9.3% had the SEB gene and 6.2% possessed both genes. The ability of enterotoxin production indicated that 80% of SEA and 33% of SEB genes were expressed. Enterotoxins SEA and SEB are heat stable; therefore heating has no effect on dairy products contaminated by entertoxins and gastritis may occur in a short period of time. As PCR is a rapid sensitive specific and inexpensive method we suggest that it can be replaced to traditionally assays for detecting SE.

Introduction and The appearance of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs hasgenerated research to find new and more effective drugs. Löwenstein-Jensen medium (LJ) isfrequently used for culturing strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A group ofantimicrobial substances used in treating tuberculosis is sensitive to heat and cannot be usedon LJ medium. Research now aims to setup a modified method for evaluation of heat labiledrugs in LS medium. In this study, we investigated culturing M. tuberculosis for 48h onMiddlebrook 7H9 broth medium with antituberculosis drugs and re culturing on LJ medium(without antibiotic) and incubating for 40 days. Our results after 48h of contact of the strains with antibiotic were comparable withthe standard method of culture on Middlebrook 7H10 agar medium containing antibiotic.Therefore, 48h is a suitable time for primary contact between mycobacterium and heat labile antibiotics. This modified method can be applied to LJ medium instead of expensiveMiddlebrook 7H10 agar medium for evaluation of heat labile anti tuberculosis drugs.

The major immuno-modulating effects of Ganoderma lucidum includemitogenicity and activation of immune effector cells such as T cells, macrophages andnatural killer cells resulting in the production of cytokines. The purpose ofthis study was to evaluate the expression of CD40 and CD80 by G. lucidum-treated humanperipheral blood mononuclear cells. Monocytes were isolated and incubatedat 37°C and 5% CO2 for 24 h and 48 h in the presence or absence of different concentrationsof G. lucidum. Cells were then incubated with labelled monoclonal antibodiesagainst CD14, CD40 and B7-1(CD80) molecules utilizing standard protocols, andanalyzed by flow cytometry. The results showed that incubation of monocyteswith G. lucidum led to marked enhancement of CD40 and B7-1 expression in a doseandtime- dependent manner (p<0.001). G. lucidum was more effective in enhancing theexpression of CD80 and CD40 molecules of cells obtained from females than male donors(p<0.001). G. lucidum enhanced the expression of CD40 and CD80molecules on peripheral blood monocytic cells derived from both sexes in a dosedependentmanner, with a preferential higher effect on cells obtained from female donors.

T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin of type A trichothecenes produced by several fungal genera such as Fusarium species. Mycotoxins can affect both cell mediated and humoral immune compartments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of T-2 toxin on cytokine production by mouse peritoneal macrophages and lymph node T cells. Mouse peritoneal macrophages and lymph node T cells were isolated and treated with different concentrations of T-2 toxin and incubated at 370C and 5% CO2 in air for 48 hours. Cell free media were removed and used for cytokine assay by an ELISA method. T-2 toxin significantly reduced IL-1β release in a concentration dependent manner (p<0.005, p<0.001). Interleukin-12 and TNF-α production were significantly increased in response to 0.001ng/ml, 0.01ng/ml and 0.1ng/ml of T-2 toxin (p<0.001). However, T-2 toxin at higher concentrations ranging from 1ng/ml to 100ng/ml, reduced both IL-12 (p<0.001) and TNF-α production (p<0.005, p<0.05). The effects of T-2 toxin on lymph node T cells showed that IL-4 and IL-10 release was decreased in a concentration dependent manner (all with p<0.01). T-2 toxin at concentrations between 1ng/ml and 100ng/ml reduced the release of both IL-2 and IFN-γ (p<0.05, p<0.001). The results suggest that T-2 toxin at low concentrations can highly induce secretion of IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 and it may be used as a positive immunomodulator in the human model.