maryam ahmadi

Nowadays, intelligence and industry 4.0 has been the focus of many industries due to its various benefits such as tracking raw materials and manufactured products, reducing costs, etc. One of the most important factors in facilitating the implementation of Industry 4.0 is human resources. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of human resources on the implementation of Industry 4.0 in the steel industry of Yazd. Using research literature, 13 factors related to human resources affecting the implementation of Industry 4.0 have been identified. In the following, by using the fuzzy delphi approach and selecting 17 university professors and managers of Yazd steel industry by snowball sampling and asking for their opinions, three factors of continuous learning ability, data analysis and business intelligence, and security and privacy protection weren’t confirmed. Also, based on the request of the authors of the research from the related experts, by adding factors related to the implementation of Industry 4.0, three factors of freedom of action in doing work, sufficient time to do work, and innovation and creativity were introduced. Finally, the cause-and-effect relationships between the factors were investigated using the fuzzy dematel approach. The results showed that cooperation and interaction are the most important factors for the implementation of Industry 4.0 in Yazd steel industry. Perceived usefulness and recruitment of skilled labor are known as the most effective factors, and innovation, creativity, learning, and empowerment are known as the most effective factors on the implementation of Industry 4.0.

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has shown promise in enhancing post-stroke patients' neural plasticity and functional abilities. However, determining the optimal protocol for this method remains an open question. Our study proposes a novel approach: synchronized stimulation that combines mechanical and electrical stimuli. We hypothesize that this approach will enhance tactile localization ability in post-stroke patients.

We recruited a total of 23 patients and conducted four different types of experiments involving periodic mechanical stimulation on their fingertips. The primary objective was to assess the participant's ability to localize the location of the mechanical stimulation accurately. In one experiment, only mechanical stimulation was administered. Electrical stimulations were combined with mechanical stimulation in the remaining three experiments. The electrical stimulations comprised of one of the following protocols: (1) (tES) pulses administered solely for the initial five seconds of the session, (2) continuous (tES) pulses throughout the entire duration of the mechanical stimulation, and (3) (tES) pulses synchronized precisely with the timing of the mechanical stimulation.

A noteworthy enhancement in tactile localization ability was observed when the electrical and mechanical stimulations were synchronized.

 Our findings demonstrate that the integration of electrical brain stimulation with simultaneous mechanical stimulation of the fingertips resulted in enhanced neural activities. This synchronized integration holds the potential to improve perception and may serve as a vital approach in the treatment of post-stroke patients.

The concept of "happiness" has consistently garnered the attention of various philosophical and ethical systems. In his work, A History of Happiness, Nicholas White critically examines the historical trajectory of this concept while presenting the differing criteria employed by philosophers to define happiness. Ultimately, he concludes that happiness does not serve as an effective guide for applying diverse desires and goals. Notably, White does not explore the notion of happiness in the works of Islamic philosophers, such as Mulla Sadra. Given that Mulla Sadra's perspective on happiness and a flourishing life is grounded in his unique philosophical principles, the authors of this article aim to evaluate White's critique of conventional standards of happiness through the lens of Mulla Sadra's existential framework. This evaluation seeks to address whether the essence of happiness is clearly articulated within Sadra's philosophy or if the criticisms directed at other happiness theories, as interpreted by White, are equally applicable to Sadra's theory. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, this article elucidates Mulla Sadra's understanding of happiness and its efficacy about the criteria established by other philosophers. The research findings indicate that considering the various existential levels and capacities of human beings, a degree of happiness is attainable for all.

With the entry into the information and communication technology age, there have been significant changes in the field of business and companies worldwide. One of these achievements of the new era is the establishment of strategic communications and partnerships with other companies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to answer the main research question, namely, "What factors affect the networking of knowledge-based companies in the lithium battery value chain?" and to examine the impact of the factors identified in Iran on the networking of knowledge-based companies in the lithium battery value chain by presenting a conceptual model.

This research is applied in terms of purpose, description, and survey. A mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) was used to collect and analyse information. An attempt was made to combine quantitative and qualitative data to achieve a deep understanding of the subject, thereby increasing the generalizability and accuracy of the results. The content analysis method was used in the qualitative part of the research, and in the quantitative part, the structural equation modelling method and SmartPLS version 4 software were used. The statistical population in the qualitative part of the research included 11 experts and specialists in this field and university professors who were selected purposefully; the selection criteria were the experts' familiarity and knowledge of the subject under study and the history of experts' activities in the field of lithium batteries, which was considered valid for the qualitative part. Regarding the sample size, the interview continued until the theoretical saturation stage, and thus, after the eleventh interview, the data reached saturation. The interviews were conducted in person and semi-structured by one person. In the quantitative part of the research, the sample size was (72) people. The primary research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale distributed among experts in knowledge-based companies in the lithium battery value chain in Tehran, Alborz, and Qom provinces, as well as university professors. The questionnaire was designed based on the literature on the subject, interviews were conducted, and factors influencing the networking of knowledge-based companies in the lithium battery value chain were identified. In the first step (qualitative), we identified the factors affecting the networking of knowledge-based companies in the lithium battery value chain. In the second step (quantitative), the direct and indirect effects of the identified factors were examined.

The findings in this study showed that the variables identified in the first step (qualitative) are network structure, environmental factors (social, cultural, governance), knowledge sharing, and trust building between partner knowledge-based companies. Network structure and environmental factors are independent variables, and trust building between partner knowledge-based companies and knowledge sharing are mediator variables. After drawing the conceptual model of the research, the fit and relationships between the variables were tested using structural equation modelling with the partial least squares approach and SmartPLS version 4 software. The fit of the proposed research model was confirmed in three sections: measurement, structural, and general. In the measurement models section, two criteria, the reliability coefficient and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Values above 0.7 indicate acceptable reliability, and all obtained values were confirmed. Also, the results related to convergent validity confirmed convergent validity according to AVE values greater than 0.5, and divergent validity (correlation matrix, Fornell and Larker test) was confirmed. In examining the structural model, in which the relationships between variables were considered, the coefficient of determination and the power coefficient were investigated, and both coefficients were confirmed. In fitting the overall part, two measurement models and the structural model were considered, and the fitting of the overall part was controlled; according to the value obtained of 0.646 from the GOF formula, it showed a strong overall fit for the research model. Accordingly, network structure with the value of T statistic (0.706) and trust building between cooperative knowledge-based companies with the value of T statistic (0.294) do not directly affect the networking of knowledge-based companies in the lithium battery value chain due to the value of T statistic being less than 1.96. Network structure has a positive and significant effect on trust building between cooperative knowledge-based companies with the value of T statistic (25.880). Network structure positively and significantly affects knowledge sharing with the value of T statistic (2.828). Trust building between cooperative knowledge-based companies also positively and significantly impacts knowledge sharing with the value of T statistic (8.824). Also, knowledge sharing with T-statistic (2.093) and environmental factors (social, cultural, governance) with T-statistic (2.645) also have a positive and significant effect on the networking of knowledge-based companies in the lithium battery value chain. Given that Iran is a developing country and the speed of network formation in Iran (despite different cultures, unstable social factors, and complex governance factors) is slow in the bureaucracy supporting the lithium battery value chain, the formation of a network in this heterogeneous space requires systematic government support and legislative legislation and the role of compelling actors in this field. Environmental conditions usually occur related to industrialisation. When the lithium battery value chain in Iran is in the prototype and technology development stage, ecological factors are influential, but with a low factor load; this effect manifests itself significantly when the lithium battery value chain enters the industrialisation phase, and at that time it is necessary to form an ecosystem, and that ecosystem of external circles, which is laws, resources, policymaking, etc., shows itself strongly.

Research limitations:

 Every research activity faces problems and constraints, including the limitations of this research as follows: Since the variables of this research, especially trust, are individual characteristics, it isn't easy to trust the responses of individuals and their honesty. Research of this kind is based on collecting a lot of accurate information, which, due to the newness of the technology and the lack of trust and cooperation of some companies, presents the statistical population with limitations. This research is limited to knowledge-based companies active in lithium batteries and cannot be generalised to all knowledge-based companies in other fields.

Originality/value: 

In the era of information and communication technology, major changes have occurred in the world of businesses. One of these achievements is the creation of strategic communications and partnerships with other companies through networking, and this networking capability can help companies create and improve the structure of their business networks.

Having children is one of the important factors in population science and it is one of the vital topics in the field of social and cultural issues. Demographic changes, especially the decrease in fertility in Iran, have led to many changes in the age structure of the population, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors causing infertility in infertile couples referring to Fatemiyeh Hospital in Hamadan during 2016 and 2016.

The current research is a retrospective cross-sectional study. The main variables of this study include demographic information and possible factors related to infertility by examining the history and summary of the case of infertile couples who referred to Fatemieh Hospital in Hamadan from 2017 to 2021. In this study, 400 infertile couples were included in the study using the total population sampling method. The obtained data were analyzed using Spss.20 software, and independent t-tests, Fisher's exact test, chi-square were used.

In this study, 35.7% of women had a history of regular menstruation and 16.3% had a history of smoking, also 84.5% of men had a history of unusual varicocele, 23.5% had a history of smoking, and 5.7% had a history of mental illness. This study showed that smoking by men, menstrual status, varicocele, and history of mental illness in men and women had a statistically significant relationship with history of infertility (P<0.05).

smoking, history of varicocele and menstrual status, smoking and history of mental illness in men and women are common factors related to infertility in Hamadan city. Understanding these risks will help health care providers and policy makers to design and implement interventions.

Gluten is one of food ingredients that is widely used in food industry because of its technological and organoleptic properties. Celiac is an autoimmune enteropathy disease caused by permanent intolerance to gluten. When genetically predisposed patients are exposed to gluten, which is the major protein of wheat, barley, rye, and related grains, a specific immune response is activated in their body. Currently, gluten-free diets are the only treatment for celiac patients. Eliminating high gluten foods containing wheat, barley, and rye reduces symptoms, improves quality of life and even reduces mortality. For this purpose, in order to determine and confirm the absence of gluten in the products and foods it is necessary to carry out a control test. ELISA has been approved by the American Chemical Society as a conventional method for gluten detection. ELISA is able to detect naturally and heat-treated gluten and measure it quantitatively. ELISA assay can estimate the quantitative amount of gliadins and hordeins in based on wheat and barley processed and unprocessed products, as well as the gluten content of hydrolyzed products.

The definite principle is that regarding the holding of hearings and their administration, whenever the legal standards such as notification in accordance with the law are not met, and also the absence of death and death of the parties, as well as the application of the provisions of the petition to the legal standards, and the meeting is held unnecessarily. Also, if during the administration of the hearing, the beginning and end of the proceedings and also the public proceedings are not done and there is a lack of order in general, there will be a guarantee of execution, so that it will not only result in the disciplinary violation of the judge, but will also cause In some cases, the vote is invalid, and in higher authorities, it sometimes causes the cancellation of the document. The realization of the right and the implementation of justice in the courts require that the platform and context be provided for the litigants so that the parties can easily present their claims and arguments. Regarding the way of administration, although there are major legal issues in this collection, there are still legal gaps. For example, it is not clear whether the meeting will continue or not if one of the litigants and their lawyer disrupts it. Therefore, in this article, we intend to state each of the examples that lead to the examination of the reasons for the necessity of order in the hearing.

The present study seeks to compare the source of control, emotion regulation and self-compassion in people who abuse opioids who have mood and anxiety disorders together and with people who only abuse. Materials were affected, compare.

The current research is causal-comparative and comparative studies. The statistical population of the present study was all the people suffering from opioid abuse who had referred to addiction treatment clinics in 1402. A sample of 90 people suffering from opioid abuse (30 people suffering from anxiety disorders, 30 people suffering from depression and 30 healthy people in terms of suffering from another disorder) were selected from Rutter's locus of control questionnaire (1955). Self-compassion by Neff (2003) and emotion regulation by Gross (2003) were used to collect data.

The results showed that there was no difference between the three groups in terms of the source of internal-external control, on the other hand, compassion was different among the three groups and was minimal for those suffering from depressive disorder, in addition, emotion regulation (reevaluation) for solidarity Anxiety was minimal and emotion regulation (suppression) was maximum for that group.

This research showed that suffering from comorbid disorders with opioid abuse is associated with many problems and plays a role in aggravating the situation. This shows. Therefore, it is possible to refer to the results of this research and pay attention to comorbid disorders in the treatment of substance abuse.

Mental toughness, Perceived Motivational Atmosphere, and Perceived Coach Behavior are three psychological structures affecting athletic performance at High skill levels that have not been studied among female teenager athletes. The purpose of this study is to examine these three structures among female teenager footballers.
 

146 of female footballers between 12-15 years of age (mean age 12.9± 1.04), who participated in the national football team's selection, voluntarily participated in this research. The data collection tools were mental toughness (SMTQ), Perceived Motivational Climate (PMCSQ), and Perceived Coach Behavior (LSS) questionnaires. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling applying Amos22 and at the significant level of P≤0.05.
 

The results of structural equation modeling revealed suitable fit indices. The relationship between supportive coach behaviors with mental toughness and the relationship between democratic coach behaviors with mastery atmosphere were significant, while the rest of the relations were not significant.
 

In the eyes of young female footballers, unsupportive coaching behaviors and supportive coach behaviors can foster a motivational atmosphere toward performing tasks and create mental fortitude, respectively.

In their research, the authors aim to predict the level of psycho-spiritual development through cognitive inefficient beliefs and guilt-feeling in those suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OSD). The research design is a description of the type of correlation. The statistical population included 600 patients with OCD who referred to counseling centers in Qom city with the main complaint of OCD, from whom 240 individuals were selected as sample members using purposeful sampling method. Answering the Yale-Brown obsession questionnaire and having an obsession severity score higher than 7, the sample members were selected; they also answered the cognitive inefficient beliefs questionnaire, the Jan Bozorgi psycho-spiritual development questionnaire and the Googler and Jones guilt questionnaire. Regression analysis was carried out in the process of data analysis. The results suggest that the variable components of cognitive inefficient beliefs helped as a whole to predict 21% of the variance of the psycho-spiritual development level scores in OCD patients. Likewise, the study of beta coefficient suggests that among the components of cognitive inefficient beliefs, only that of perfectly doing things could meaningfully predict the level of psycho-spiritual development variable. Findings did not confirm the second hypothesis of the research based on predicting the level of psycho-spiritual development through guilt-feeling in OCD patients.

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease presented by chronic inflammation of large joints and central skeleton. The role of various immune cells, including T cell subsets, has been studied in the pathogenesis of AS. Two critical transcription factors, runtrelated transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) and interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), are involved in the differentiation and function of T lymphocytes. This study compared the gene expression level ofRUNX3 and IRF4 between patients with AS and healthy subjects to understand the impact of these factors in the immunopathogenesis of the disease.

Thirty patients with AS and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals were recruited to the study, and expression of RUNX3 and IRF4 genes was evaluated using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique in their peripheral blood.

The expression of RUNX3 and IRF4 genes in AS patients was significantly upregulated compared to the healthy controls (P=0.03 and 0.025, respectively). In addition, there was a direct correlation between IRF4 gene expression and bath ankylosing spondylitis global score (BAS-G) (correlation coefficient=0.38, P=0.04)

Gene expression of RUNX3 and IRF4 transcription factors involved in T cells’ differentiation and function was increased in AS. These findings might have prognostic and therapeutic value.

Today, Information technology has penetrated all sectors of society and its impact on the advancement of processes is significant. The judiciary and the prosecution are not exempt from this and application of technology in this area is popular all over the world. Although discussion on the possible use of technology in this sector is not very old but from the beginning it has been met with reception and introduction of proposals in various areas, in order to better use in the administration of justice.Our country is also not far behind and use of technology in the judiciary is following up with related laws and regulations. The necessity of application in this section has been the subject of many studies and articles and some Recommendations has been provided for use in proceedings that they has been more in the field of criminal procedure.However Study about the issue that technology specifically in which procedural steps and sections could be used or not, is novel and although necessary to know. In this article, by investigating details of civil procedure form and looking in to each parts from possible use or non-use of technology, effort has been to inaugurate an opening to offer new recommendations.

 This research aims to provide a model of entrepreneurship development in education with a skill-learning approach. The current research has a fundamental purpose and a practical approach, and the research method is qualitative and content analysis. The statistical population includes professors and experts in the field of entrepreneurship development, and the sampling method in this research is the snowball sampling method. The method and tool for collecting information in the qualitative section is semi-structured interview. Content analysis method has been used to identify the components of entrepreneurship development with a skill-learning approach; The Delphi method has been used to rank the components of entrepreneurship development with an institutional approach; Structural and interpretive equations method (ISM) was used to stratify the factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship with a skill-learning approach. The statistical population consists of 950 people in the quantitative section, including employees and education managers of Mashhad District 2, and the sample size is calculated based on Morgan's table of 274. The statistical methods for analyzing the available data are SMART PLS and SPSS20 software. The results of the research show that the structures of the skill learning model are the entrepreneurial attitude of the minister of entrepreneurship and governance support, and they are a structure related to the development of entrepreneurship, including entrepreneurial performance, entrepreneurial vision, entrepreneurial management, and strategic thinking of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial culture. The results of the structural model show a positive relationship between governance support and skill learning 0.231 and 2.365 test and there is a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial management and entrepreneurial culture with learning skills. There is also a moderate relationship between entrepreneurial performance and learning skills.Key words: model, entrepreneurship development, education, skill learning approach, foundation data method.

Numerous evidences indicate the extensive effects of the Covid-19 crisis on the working conditions of nurses and their job satisfaction. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the job satisfaction of nurses during the covid-19 pandemic.

This study was conducted using a systematic review based on six Cochrane stages. After determining the objectives and questions of the research, the key words "job satisfaction", "work satisfaction", nurse, Covid-19, coronavirus and their Persian equivalents including job satisfaction, nurse, covid-19 and corona in valid databases including Web of science, PubMed, Scopus and electronic journal Science Direct and SID and Magiran were searched using AND, OR and NOT operators in the period of December 2019 to January 2022. Also, the Google Scholar search engine was also checked in order to ensure the extraction of all available related articles. Finally, out of 495 articles included in the screening stage, 22 articles were selected based on the entry and exit criteria for full review and data extraction.

After reviewing the full text of 22 included articles, the findings about "job satisfaction of nurses during the covid-19 pandemic" were summarized in three categories: (1) the level of job satisfaction (2) factors related to job satisfaction and (3) Solutions provided to improve job satisfaction

Job satisfaction of nurses during the pandemic was moderate in most studies and was related to three categories of individual, social and organizational factors. Also, researchers have presented solutions in their studies that can be used to improve the job satisfaction of nurses during this crisis.

social media such as tv and radio, It plays a significant role in presenting a professional and sometimes unprofessional picture of different professions from different angles, dimensions and perspectives in societies. With the unexpected arrival of the covid-19 pandemic, nurses and the nursing profession received more attention from the public media, so this study aimed to compare the nursing image in this social media before and after the covid-19 pandemic.

 This article is a narrative review article. Search articles with the keywords "Nursing Image", "social media" and " Covid-19", through national databases, SID IranMedex, Magiran and Pubmed and International, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, web of science was conducted between 2000 and 2022. The twenty-eight article was searched based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and the purpose of this study was finalized.

The findings were reviewed in foreign and domestic media before and after corona and showed that before the covid-19 pandemic prevalence, nurses had more stereotypical or propaganda images in terms of appearance, gender and professionalism and were more engaged in non-specialized and physician-dependent tasks with the pandemic prevalence of covid-19 nurses in the media, mostly with the words "hero" and "soldier". And the health advocate was introduced and found a special place.

Covid-19 pandemic caused the media to present a more realistic image of nurses' role in health and disease control to the community and increase awakening and public awareness of the profession and nurses to be seen more prominently than before.

Burnout syndrome is common among health workers, especially nurses. Among the nurses of different departments, the nurses working in the emergency department are more prone to burnout due to the existence of several factors such as high workload, long shifts, and insufficient human resources. The purpose of this study is to investigate burnout in emergency nurses.

This is a review study by searching for Persian studies using the keywords of job burnout, health care workers, medical staff, health care workers, nurses, emergency, in databases of SID, Civilica, Magiran and using the keywords of burnout, emergency, care provider, health care workers, nurses in PubMed, ISI Web Of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar databases between January 1, 1990 and December 30, 2022. Of the 761 studies that were found after an extensive search and screening; 44 studies were evaluated and analyzed for data extraction.

The results of these studies indicated that emergency nurses face burnout syndrome more than other nurses. It was also observed that various factors such as age, marital status, workload and working hours have a direct relationship with the job burnout. Also, the results of the studies show the impact of coping strategies, mindfulness and training programs on reducing nurses' burnout.

A significant number of emergency nurses had moderate to high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, along with low levels of personal success. Using coping strategies, mindfulness, meditation, and meditation are suggested ways to control and prevent burnout in emergency department nurses.

In recent years, there has been a significant interest in lanthanum-based perovskites due . Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSMO) is one of the most well-known materials. In this research, the synthesis and investigation of the effect of oleic acid on the structural and magnetic properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanoparticles by the combustion sol-gel method is discussed. The structural and magnetic properties of the prepared samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), magnetic properties analysis (VSM), and field emission electron microscopy (FESEM). In the XRD study, it was found that the crystal structure of the samples is hexagonal. Also, the average crystal size in the samples increased from 18 nm to about 33 nm as a result of adding oleic acid. The images obtained from FESEM show that the presence of oleic acid in the synthesis of nanoparticles caused it to affect the shape of the particles as a surface layer. Synthesized nanoparticles have a particle size between 20-100 nm, and with the increase of oleic acid, the particle size becomes more than 100 nm. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the effective bonding between LSMO nanoparticles and oleic acid, based on these results, it clearly shows the presence of oleic acid molecules on the surface of magnetic particles. In the investigation of magnetic properties, it was found that the presence of non-magnetic sodium oleate surface layer, which due to the addition of oleic acid on nanoparticles, the saturation magnetization value decreased from 38.55 emu/g to 28.46 emu/g.

Iron oxide nanoparticles have been gaining much attention lately due to their magnetic properties and biocompatibility. This research focused on investigating the properties and synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles that have been substituted with zinc ZnxFe3-xO4 (x= 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6)  using the hydrothermal method. The synthesized samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and found that they have a space group of fd3m. The crystal size of the samples was found to be smaller than 20 nm. Vibrating sample magnetic analysis (VSM) was used to determine the magnetic behavior of the nanoparticles. The analysis showed that the nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetism. In addition, the saturation magnetization values of the nanoparticles for samples with x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 were 44.10, 49.09, 43.51, and 48.07 emu/g, respectively. The microstructure and grain size of magnetic nanoparticles were analyzed using a field emission electron microscope (FESEM). The FESEM images revealed that the majority of the grains are spherical and have uniform distribution. The average grain size for the sample ranges between 10 and 30 nm. Based on these results, it can be concluded that these particles are suitable for use in medical and catalytic applications.

Waste can be described as any type of material or object that has no other use and is to be thrown away. Perspective, the generation of waste materials is unavoidable in a consumption-based society, and it makes waste management a major challenge considering the huge amounts of waste produced globally. In fact, in 2014, about 2.6 billion tons of waste was generated in the European Union (EU), of which 41% was disposed of in landfills, 36% was recycled, 10% was used in excavation operations, 7% was treated in sewage treatment plants and the remaining of 6% was burned for creating energy or oxidation and stabilization of waste. Accordingly, in recent decades, humanity has changed its focus on traditional waste management from the concept of "collection and disposal" in favor of hierarchical management of waste to increase sustainability.Nevertheless, even when environmentally friendly practices such as recycling and reuse are carried out, many operations are "downcycling", meaning that the recycled product has less economic value than its original objective, and is not as valuable as the original product made from strong raw materials. In this way, the linear economy model based on the pyramidal hierarchy of waste materials, which is used today, also has limitations. Indeed, there are still opportunities to increase productivity in many industrial processes, but these gains are likely to be increasingly marginal and undifferentiated. Therefore, the future acceptance of the circular economy concept, as opposed to the current linear model, is a necessary paradigm shift. This new concept is increasingly considered a source of innovation in products, processes, and business models and opens up great opportunities that should be used by companies and organizations as competitive advantages in a dynamic market to be used globally. The processing of raw biomass to produce energy, fuel and chemicals through a combination of different applied technologies is considered a promising path to achieve sustainable waste management, with many environmental and economic benefits. The main processes related to energy recovery and biofuel production are considered under the concept of biorefineries. This waste biorefineries are facilities that integrate the necessary technologies to convert biomass feedstock and other waste into usable products, ensuring that the circular economy moves from theory to the real world. Existing waste streams can be converted to biofuels (waste-to-liquids, WtL) or energy (waste-to-energy, WtE) technologies, both of which are expected to be a key element in future waste management. In general, energy and biofuel production technologies from waste are classified into three main thermochemical, biological and chemical processes. Thermochemical technologies include processes of combustion/incineration, gasification, steam explosion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and torrefaction; biological technologies include the processes of anaerobic digestion, fermentation, enzyme purification, and microbial electrolysis, and chemical technologies include hydrolysis, solvent extraction, transesterification, and supercritical conversion.

The present research is a descriptive-review study whose data was obtained through library studies and various sources were used to process the material. Considering the importance of biofuels as a source of renewable energy, we tried to use as much as possible the most relevant and up-to-date sources containing valuable points regarding the types of energy and biofuel production technologies from biomass. In this review article, the possibility of using the remaining post-processed waste as available and low-cost bio-renewable resources in waste bio-refineries has been investigated. Waste biorefineries are facilities that integrate the necessary technologies to convert biomass feedstock and other waste into usable products, ensuring that the circular economy moves from theory to the real world. Existing waste streams can be converted to biofuels (waste-to-liquids, WtL) or energy (waste-to-energy, WtE) technologies, both of which are expected to be a key element in future waste management. Accordingly, in this paper, we briefly study the current status of the main WtL and WtE technologies in order to use them as a tool for the management of residual post-processing wastes and by-products resulting from them, and finally about Future developments on the mentioned technical options are briefly discussed.

In this review research, the possibility of using the remaining waste after processing as abundant and low-cost bio-renewable resources in waste bio-refineries in the future was investigated. Existing waste streams have a complex and diverse composition according to their source, which require new logistics platforms of classification and valuation. With the exhaustion of the linear economy of "collection and disposal", new methods of waste management are inevitable in the long term. In this way, waste biorefineries that generate green energy and produce virtual products with high value and zero waste (no waste) in a "closed loop" and "up-cycling" approach are the "landfills" of the future. It is expected that they will be very important and vital in bringing sustainable waste management into the real world that will allow transformative economic growth under the concept of circular economy. However, from the technologies reviewed, it can be concluded that individual WtL and WtE processes are almost always limited in their scope and produce multiple unwanted products. In this regard, the gasification process is largely considered a technology with greater potential and scope in individual applications. However, even this process has drawbacks such as reactor design, feed system, and bitumen production that require costly post-treatment and/or further technical improvements. In contrast, the combination of several WtE and WtL processes in an integrated waste biorefinery allows reducing and eliminate the drawbacks of each process. For example, in gasification, some of the unwanted materials produced may be used and valued by further chemical processing, and even syngas can be upgraded. This new pyramid of waste valorization creates opportunities for specific technologies such as explosive depressurization and drying to become practical applications by reinforcing other well-established technologies in an integrated approach. Future research should primarily focus on establishing a hierarchy of processes to produce the highest value products, and then gradually progress to low-cost products and energy production. However, for this vision to become a reality, an increased effort by researchers is required with continued and sustained support from all potential stakeholders. More pilot or semi-pilot scale demonstration projects should be realized in the coming years, focusing on aspects such as energy balance and cost-benefit analysis that will ensure the viability of the proposed solutions

Nanoparticles have brought significant advantages in a wide range of fields due to their unique size-dependent physical and chemical properties. In this research, the combustion solution method is used to make La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles. Then the nanoparticles are covered with polyethylene glycol polymer. Due to the presence of hydrophilic molecular chains and high flexibility, polyethylene glycol is one of the most ideal coating agents to increase the colloidal stability and biocompatibility of LSMO nanoparticles. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the crystal structure, nanoparticle size and nanoparticle composition of LSMO were investigated, and a hexagonal structure with a crystal size of 18.4 nm was observed. Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to investigate the shape and size distribution of nanoparticles. The images showed that most of the grains are spherical with uniform distribution and the grain size in the processed sample is between 20 and 60 nm. The behavior of nanoparticles was estimated as ferromagnetic using Vibrating Sample Magnetic Analysis (VSM) and the saturation magnetization value before and after nanoparticle coating is 24.8 (emu/g) and 23.6 (emu/g), respectively. FTIR spectroscopy showed effective bonding between LSMO nanoparticles before and after treatment with polyethylene glycol.

Blastocystis is an extracellular and noninvasive unicellular enteric parasite with zoonotic potential. Intestinal epithelial cells produce nitric oxide (NO), primarily on the apical side, in order to target luminal pathogens. L-arginine can act as a substrate for inducible nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS), which leads to the synthesis of nitric oxide. The current study was designed to assess the effect of L-arginine on Blastocystis ST3 in vitro conditions.

The parasite was cultivated in DMEM F-12`s medium and was then identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the subtype of the parasite was determined which was subtype 3. Then, the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and flow cytometry methods were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and probable apoptosis of the prepared druges /substances on Caco2 cells. This study investigated the concentrations of L-arginine ( 1/02/04/08/0 and 1/6 mM ) and Metronidazole (1 2 4 8 and 16 µg/mL ), and their effect on 24 and 48 hour time points after exposure to the parasite. Then, the final number of parasites was counted after staining with trypan blue by a Neubauer slide and the values of IC50 were calculated for each substance.

It was found that after 48 hours the number of live Blastocystis trophozoites decreases with the increase in L-arginine concentration and At the concentration of 1.6 mM the number of live trophozoites was 33.83 (P≤0.05).

L-arginine, especially in high concentrations‚ is capable of inhibiting Blastocystis trophozoites In vitro. 

Many contaminants can enter the environment via dentistry. Some of the materials including heavy metals may present some problems to the environment. Amalgam waste in dental clinics is the main source of mercury pollution in the environment. Apart from mercury, other amalgam constituents such as Ag, Sn, Co, Cu, and Zn in dental clinics’ wastewater have just been reported in a few previous kinds of literature. This study aimed to measure the concentrations of mercury, cobalt, zinc, copper, tin, silver, chromium, and nickel in the influent and effluent of dental units of some dental clinics. Samples were collected over 6-month period from 5 dental clinics and three samples were collected from each clinic at the end of the working day, within a week as the effluent sample. Metal concentration was also detected in the influent of the dental units and samples were analysed for metals using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) technique for statistical analysis. Data were analysed with Wilcoxon and Kruskal – Wallis tests within SPSS 18 software. The concentration of all the metals in influent water was at the level of the national standard in all samples. In comparing influent and effluent values, the P-values for Hg, Zn, Cu, and Sn (0.001), Cu (0.003), Ag (0.028), Cr (0.007), and Ni (0.016) as shown significant differences between influent and effluent values for all the sample. Based on the obtained findings from the study, wastewater has an undesirable level in terms of heavy metals. Thus, dental clinic wastewater might be considered hazardous waste that should be properly treated before it discharges into the environment.

Anthropology in psychology under the title of "personality theories" has been able to be effective in the field of behavioral studies and interpersonal relationships. The need to explain and analyze the true nature of man in the field of "being" - contrary to psychological personality theories that generally identify human nature in the field of "appearance" - caused this article based on Sadra's anthropological opinions and view According to Allport's trait theory, which is one of the pioneers of the trait approach, it should be organized by descriptive-analytical method. The individualistic approach based on traits is the main feature of Allport's and Mulla Sadra's personality theory. The foundation of personality in both theories is based on the most profound characteristics of person; However, in the analysis of Mulla Sadra's philosophical texts, the quality of the appearance of these traits and why they influence the structure of personality and, accordingly, human behavior, have been explained. "Self" or ego, contrary to its abstract concept in Alport's view, is a real and existential thing in Sadrai's system. The dynamism and unity of Alporti's personality can be rationally explained by the rule of "unity of the known and the known" and "intrinsic volitional movement".

Advancements in technology have significantly facilitated fieldwork for engineers and researchers by providing new tools and methods. Utilizing tools and software designed for routing, orientation, and traffic management has proven highly efficient and effective in field surveys, particularly in river engineering. One such software is AlpineQuest. This application is easily installable on both Android and iPhone devices, granting users access to topographic maps, Google Earth imagery, slope maps, and more for any location on Earth. Additionally, AlpineQuest aids in determining the optimal route efficiently in terms of cost and time. This software offers various capabilities, including sketching, data collection in different formats, compatibility with other engineering software, and geometry calculations. In this study, AlpineQuest was used during a field visit to investigate the causes of the July 2022 flood in Rafsanjan. The software was used to register the accident locations, critical intersection structures, and the entrance to the floodway. The flood polygon was mapped and point data were defined within the application. Initial analyses of the field sites were conducted using Google Earth maps, Google Hybrid, and AlpineQuest slope maps. Subsequently, all data collected during the field visit were exported from AlpineQuest in GIS format. The findings indicate that factors such as long-term precipitation, urban development in the downstream alluvial fan, critical intersection structures near accident locations, and the presence of unregulated flood control structures upstream from Rafsanjan airport were responsible for the flood in Rafsanjan City.

Lanthanum strontium manganese oxide (LSMO) nanoparticles, which have shown favorable magnetic properties, have recently been introduced as a new class of magnetic nanoparticles in the hyperthermia application. The purpose of this study is to look into the behavior of nanocrystalline La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) synthesized by the combustion solution method at various temperatures. Glycine, which acts as a fuel and complexing agent, has been used in this synthesis. LSMO nanocrystals were calcined at different temperatures of 600-1000 °C. The produced LSMO nanocrystals were examined in terms of structural and magnetic characteristics. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) study, the crystallite size of LSMO nanocrystals at temperatures of 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 degrees Celsius will be 16.6, 9.2, 18.4, 13.8, and 33.2, respectively. The (M-H) curve investigated the magnetic characteristics of LSMO nanocrystals at various temperatures, revealing that the saturation magnetization value at 700 and 900°C temperatures is lower than at 600 and 800°C temperatures, possibly explaining the reduction in nanocrystal size. The effective bonding of LSMO nanocrystals were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A field emission electron microscope (FESEM) was used to examine the shape and size distribution of nanocrystals. The micrographs suggested that the particle size range was 20-60 nm.