maryam daneshvar

The main purpose of this research is to identify the functions of human resource management in the gig economy with the Meta-Synthesis approach. This research is developmental in terms of purpose. In terms of the nature of the data and the style of data analysis, it is part of qualitative research. And based on data collection, it is documented. From the point of view of the research method, it is analytical-descriptive, and the data of the research were collected and analyzed using the seven-stage meta- Synthesis qualitative method of Sandelowski and Barroso. In order to identify the functions of human resource management in the gig economy, the researchers systematically searched for researches related to these factors in 5 scientific databases: Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley, Sage and Taylor & Francis, as well as Scopus reference database between 2010 and 2023. In the initial investigations, 117 sources were found, and after screening and validation and using the CASP tool, finally 21 articles were analyzed. In total, there are 7 main functions of human resources management in the gig economy, including human resources planning, recruitment of human resources, training and development of human resources, compensation for human resources services, job design, performance management, and communication; And 18 sub-functions of human resource management have been identified in the gig economy.

The management and performance evaluation system as one of the management processes has a prominent role in helping to achieve the goals and missions of the organization. The purpose of this article is to present a method to evaluate the performance of the organization's task units. This approach, based on a scientific and systematic method, explicitly considers the existence of uncertainty and ambiguity in the nature of organizational activities.

In this paper, a MADM hybrid approach is used. First, the performance indicators have been determined by the literature review and consulting experts, and then the importance and weight of each of the performance indicators has been calculated using the intuitionistic Fuzzy DEMATEL and finally, the performance of organization's units has been evaluated using the ELECTRE intuitionistic Fuzzy method. In order to apply this method, the performance evaluation of the organization of industry, mining and trade of Tehran province has been done with the proposed method.

This study shows the effectiveness of the hybrid intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL-ELECTRE approach in performance evaluation the organizational units. This method correctly considers the uncertainty in the performance evaluation indicators by using the intuitionistic fuzzy approach and leads to a correct and reliable performance evaluation. The results showed that among performance indicators, organizational improvement and transformation, transparency and productivity improvement have the most weight and importance in performance evaluation of organizational units.

Originality/Value:

 For the first time, this research has used the hybrid intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL-ELECTRE approach to performance evaluation of organizational units. Using the intuitionistic fuzzy approach provides a unique perspective on uncertainty in performance evaluation and increases the reliability of performance evaluation and ranking. The application of this method in a government service organization provides a methodological tool for performance evaluation or rating of organizational units or work teams in different or similar organizations and fields.

This research aims to identify the consequences of knowledge hiding and develop a structural model and the causal relationships between them using a mixed method. Research methodology is pragmatic paradigm in terms of research philosophy with integrated approach, the first phase is qualitative and the second phase is quantitative, it is also survey in terms of research strategy. The statistical population of the qualitative section includes 34 articles out of 45 related to the period 2000 to 2023 and related to the consequences of knowledge hiding. In the quantitative part of the research, the statistical population included 10 experts in the field of knowledge management. In the first phase, data was obtained from the content analysis of articles related to knowledge hiding, in which 16 consequences of knowledge hiding were identified. In the second step, fuzzy Delphi was adopted in order to select the most important ones and finally 8 factors were identified. In the next step, the structural model of these factors was developed using the interpretive structural modeling method. By using Micmac analysis, the factors were classified based on driving and dependence power. At the end, the fuzzy DEMATEL method was adopted in order to analyze the causal relationships between the factors. The results showed that lack of empowerment is the most important consequence of knowledge hiding, and lack of creativity and innovation, low quality of decision-making, lack of organizational commitment, job dissatisfaction, lack of organizational development, poor performance and turnover intentions are other consequences of knowledge hiding.

This study aims to introduce and review top cited articles, top authors, top journals, top academic institutions, the level of cooperation between authors and the process of scientific production separately each year in the field of urban design of different countries, specially iran based on data from the Web of Science database between 1985 until 2020.

The present research is an applied scientometrics type that has been done by citation analysis method. The research community consists of articles in the field of urban design that were indexed in the Web of Science scientific database between 1985 until 2020. The search in the web of science database was done based on 4 ways, and after several steps of filtering, 1789 articles related to the field of urban design were obtained for citation analysis. Then, the obtained data were entered into the Histcite citation analysis software and the software of creating Scientific maps, Vosviewer, for citation analysis.

Based on the results it was found that 2014 was the most successful year in of producing top cited articles and Respectively United States, China and Australia and also Respectively Berkeley, Utah and Michigan universities in united states producing the most cited Articles in the field of urban design. Meanwhile, Iran is ranked 21st in the world in terms of producing top cited articles in the field of urban design, and also Amirkabir Univ Technol, Shahid Beheshti Univ and Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training Univ are respectively as the top academic institutions in terms of producing top cited articles in the field of urban design in iran.

Due to the interdisciplinary nature of urban design knowledge and the involvement of various disciplines and knowledge related to this field, it is necessary to increase cooperation between different universities and create incentive mechanisms for researchers in this field in order to improve the quality of future researches.

The present study investigates the factors of customers' resistance in accepting and using the services of digital only banks in Pasargad Bank branches in Tehran. This research has been done using methods of descriptive and survey research. The statistical population in this research is the customers of Pasargad Bank branches in Tehran, who, according to their own statement, have never used the services of a digital only bank before. The sample size was calculated using G-Power software. The questionnaire was distributed electronically among the customers, and finally 591 acceptable questionnaires were obtained, and the same number was used as the basis for the analysis and testing of hypotheses. By calculating CVR and CVI for the questionnaire questions, its validity was confirmed. The data have been analyzed by the help of SPSS and SMARTPLS software and using statistical, descriptive and inferential tests. The result of the research indicates that in the category of psychological barriers, perceived tradition had a significant effect on negative attitude of the customers, and on the other hand, perceived image of digital only banking did not have a significant effect on the formation of the negative attitude of the customers. In the category of functional barriers, the impact of perceived value, perceived risk and perceived usage has been confirmed on negative attitude and resistance of customers. Only the effect of tradition on perceived value (as a mediating variable) was not confirmed. In addition, the factor of satisfaction with traditional banking on customers' resistance was also investigated and its positive effect on the formation of customers' resistance to using the services of digital only banks has been confirmed.

Knowledge is always considered a valuable asset and strength for organizations, and its achievement is a competitive advantage for organizations. Just as sharing knowledge has positive consequences for the organization, knowledge hiding can have destructive effects on the organization's performance in various aspects. It is necessary to encourage the factors that reduce the knowledge hiding behavior of employees, and one of the strongest factors of this is the leadership in the organization. The aim of this study is to systematic review the impact of different leadership styles on knowledge hiding with a meta-analytical approach. From a total of 167 articles that were obtained in the initial search from reliable scientific information and citation databases, 24 articles were finally selected for meta-analysis based on the protocol clauses. The analyzes show that according to the heterogeneity of the reviewed studies in relation to the research hypotheses based on the random effect size, the effect of all leadership styles on knowledge hiding is confirmed. Also, the results of the fail-safe N test show the stability and immutability of the results of this research. The results of this research show that ethical, altruistic, knowledge, inclusive and empowering leadership styles have a negative effect on knowledge hiding and exploitative leadership style has a positive effect on knowledge hiding.

Urban development plans are one of the planning tools in the urban planning system of Iran. However, in a few studies, the use of the proposed land use of the master plan in the cities of Iran has been investigated, regardless of the type of land use and based on the spatial location of the proposals. In this article, the implementation of the land use plan proposed by the first and second comprehensive plans of Mashhad has been studied. In order to achieve this goal, the present study has used the descriptive-analytical research method and the spatial compliance-based evaluation method. Data collection tools in this article are documentary and library data and data analysis tools based on quantitative and qualitative methods of spatial analysis in ArcGIS software. The research findings show that in general, the rate of land use realization of the proposed comprehensive plans of Mashhad in the periphery of the city and new developments is significantly less than the central areas of the city. Also in terms of area, the proposed land use of about half of the city area has been achieved in both master plans. In the first master plan 47% in the total of fully realized and relatively realized areas and in the second master plan 48% Percentage achieved. It is suggested that similar research be conducted in other cities of the country.

According to economic researchers, tax is the most appropriate and stable type of income for the government and an efficient tool for execution economic policies. Therefore, from their point of view, for the continuation of government activities, an efficient tax system is necessary. One of the factors that is very important in establishing an accurate and effective tax system, especially in developing countries, is the tax behavior of taxpayers. The purpose of this research is identifying effective factors on taxpayer’s tax behavior and the structure of relationships between them. For this purpose, mixed methodology is used. Factors have been identified by content analysis, the structure of relationships between them has been identified by interpretive structural modeling, and they have been classified by MICMAC analysis. The results show that taxpayers' financial behavior, transparency in tax collection processes, tax rates and coefficients, unions and trade associations, mass communication tools, tax laws and regulations, the attitude of senior tax managers towards tax culture, designing and establishment a comprehensive tax system and increasing people's awareness are the most important effective factors on taxpayer’s tax behavior

scattered urban development and dispersion have led to many conflicts in cities. Therefore, the Smart Growth Approach aims to solve these problems. From the viewpoint of urban planners around the world, it is imperative that all actions taken in the field of urban development be sustained. Therefore, this research aims at the Spectrometry of neighborhoods in District 1 of Mashhad by comparing smart growth and passive defense approaches, in this regard along with smart growth, the principles of passive defense are also evaluated. This research is practical in terms of purpose and has been done by using descriptive-analytical method. The required information is collected by documentary and field studies. this study is done by using the views of 12 experts in urban affairs and using the MACBETH technique. the indicators in each approach (7 indicators of smart growth and 8 of passive defense) were weighed and determined by the model of MACBETH, then the analysis and ranking of the neighborhoods of district 1 in Mashhad, based on both approaches, are discussed by ELECTRE model. The results of the study indicate that Goharshad neighborhood has the highest score among the neighborhoods in terms of smart growth, while in the passive defense approach is in the last rank. In the Beheshti neighborhood, the principles of smart growth are less than other neighborhoods, insofar as it is relatively inferior to the principles of passive defense. Kolahdouz among these neighborhoods is the only neighborhood that is in the right position in terms of both approaches.

One of the important issues in project management is project scheduling. Since projects are faced with high uncertainty, project scheduling is of high importance under uncertain conditions. The purpose of this research is to present a robust multi-objective model to optimize project scheduling with limited resources by considering uncertainty, in which activities have several execution modes with uncertain duration, costs, and resources.
After reviewing the extant theoretical literature on project scheduling, the assumptions, parameters, and variables of the mathematical model were determined. Then, considering the goals and limitations of the project scheduling problem in deterministic conditions, a mathematical model was developed. This model was transformed into a single-objective model by the epsilon constraint method. To consider the uncertainty in the parameters of the problem, robust optimization, and Bertsimas and Sim's approach were used. Also, Robust optimization of the single-objective model was developed to consider the uncertainty.
According to the obtained results, while the duration of the project increases with the increase in the tolerance of non-deterministic parameters; the percentage of project duration changes decreases for higher values ​​of robust parameters.
The robust parameters are with negative coefficient in the objective function, so their increase leads to a decrease in the objective function value. The highest reduction of the objective function is when the robust parameter is changed from two to one. This coefficient decreases with the increasing value of the corresponding parameter i.e., as the value of stability parameters increases, its effect on changing the value of the objective function decreases. The cost parameter was changed between -40% to +40% for the value of gamma 10 (the state where 10 activities of the project are non-deterministic) for different variation values of parameters of non-deterministic activities. Its effect on the values of the objective function indicated that the variation of the cost parameter in the range of 0 to +40% turns it into an unnecessary constraint and that its change has no effect on the value of the objective function (project duration). Also, in the range of 0 to -40%, the cost reduction caused a decrease in the value of the objective function (increasing the project duration) and the maximum impact of the reduction of the project budget related to the situation where the uncertain parameters of time and cost change by 40% and 50%.

Housing is one of the essential needs of human beings; therefore, efficient planning and policy-making to provide it for all of society are very necessary. The housing policy-making after the iran's revolution has had major differences, and various orientations. According to housing experts, these efforts have been sometimes successful and generally failed and have had a significant effect on the supply and demand of housing in the country. Therefore, the main issue is the ineffectiveness of some of these policies in providing housing during the revolution until now. The purpose of the essay was to do a comparative study of the land and housing policies in the iran's development plans and to determine their effectiveness according to the statistical data on housing in certain period[1]s after the revolution. A comparative study with a mixed (quantitative and qualitative) approach has been considered to achieve this purpose. In order to collect data, non-reactive measures and documentary methods have been used. For analysis, the concepts extracted from these texts, have been coded, classified, and organized under categories and subcategories. Then, they have been qualitatively compared over five-year periods. In the next step, a comparative study between quantitative housing data was done in the same periods. Finally, using the TOPSIS model, these plans have been ranked based on efficiency. The results show that the fifth economic, social and cultural development plan has the most efficient policies. On the contrary, the sixth plan is considered the most ineffective development plan since the iran's revolution.

With the increase in population and the number of cities in this century, especially in developing countries, the quality of life in cities has become an important issue in urban planning. The master plan of the city is one of the most important documents of urban development, which is approved in a costly process by local and national authorities. The current research seeks to identify the components of quality of life in the process of approving the third comprehensive plan for Mashhad City The process of approving this plan started in 2018 and finally it was announced in 2018. In order to study the plan approval documents, the content analysis method has been used. The data collection tool was documentary and the data analysis tool was in the form of inductive content analysis in MaxQda software. Based on the literature review, the quality of life components in the planning process has been classified into substantive and procedural dimensions. The Substantive dimension includes health, recreational, educational, technological infrastructures, natural environment, social environment, and economic environment are considered, and the procedural dimension includes qualitative considerations in planning approach, qualitative considerations in planning documents, qualitative considerations in plan implementation, planning organization, and urban plans hierarchy. As a result of the analysis of the project minutes, 1034 codes were identified and classified according to the conceptual model. According to the research findings, 81.23% of the identified codes were procedural and 18.76% were substantive. In the approval documents, the most attention was paid to the planning organization, but the technological infrastructure and quality of implementation were not addressed. At the local scale, the ratio of paying attention to the quality of life in urban planning has been almost double that of the national scale. Based on the findings of the research, it is suggested that the substantive aspects of the quality of life in the process of approving urban development plans, especially on a national scale, should be given special attention by the authorities.

As cities become more and more crowded, urban environmental noise increases. This paper discusses the practical recognition of the Mashhad MELAT Park sidewalk's soundscape. The purpose of this s tudy is to answer the ques tion of the Mashhad MELAT Park sidewalk's soundscape in people's minds. On-site sound recordings have been collected from the 1s t of November, December, and January of 2022 in consecutive places on Mashhad MELAT Park sidewalk and EMAMAT Boulevard. Sound and soundscape are sense s timulants that impact on quality of urban spaces. Sound, as one of the inseparable parts of the urban atmosphere, influences individual behavior, choosing the urban space, s taying or passing by, perception of people from urban space, and overlay it influences the quality of urban spaces. Nowadays, variety and increasing sound sources from traffic, human activities, and dis turbing sounds have created unpleasant soundscapes, leading to unclear sonic perception in citizens. The research is applicatory and descriptive-analytical. Data collection tools were done through sound walking (recordings for sound walking were up to 5 meters in dB by Calibrator S t-8851 sound meter device for numerical analysis), photography, and ques tionnaires based on people's mental perception. The data analysis method was performed through SPSS Analysis, sound maps, and GIS maps for qualitative analysis. Surveys showed a lack of invigorating sound resources on this sidewalk, expressing the dominance of vehicle traffic horns over natural and people sounds. Concentrating on soundscape in urban spaces leads to achieving sus tainable urban spaces.

In recent years, rainbow trout roe has become a valuable and popular product among consumers. In this study, the quality and health status of this product were studied during the salting and refrigeration process.

This study aimed to compare the effects of salting rainbow trout roe on its shelf life, volatile nitrogen, and changes in fatty acid profile during refrigerated storage.

After the first wash, we grouped the fish roe into the raw roe (control group) and the salted roe (1.5% pure salt). The groups were kept in the refrigerator for 0, 15, and 30 days and analyzed for chemical, microbial, organoleptic, and fatty acids.

The results showed that salt content affected the fatty acid profile during the salting of the fish roe, but no significant differences were observed between the two treatments. Total bacterial counts increased during refrigerated storage, but the salted fish roe had lower total bacterial counts than the raw roe. Total volatile basic nitrogen in raw roe increased from 5.97 to 30.00 mg/kg and in salted roes from 6.05 to 23.18 mg/kg.

Salting (1.5%) fish roe is a good way to increase its shelf life while preserving its high quality. After salting, the amount of fatty acid decreased, but no change was observed during storage.

In organization and management studies, the collective expression of constructive ideas, dissatisfactions, formal and informal participation in influencing the development of the organization is known as the employee's voice. Studies show that the two-way relationship between employees and supervisors and leader-member exchange (LMX) are factors influencing voice behavior. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of leader-member exchange (LMX) on employee voice. In this research, in order to understand more comprehensively the impact of leader-member exchange on the employee's voice a systematic review and meta-analysis approach were used. From the total of 88 articles obtained in the initial search, according to a systematic protocol 33 articles were analyzed using the meta-analysis method with two fixed and random effects models and using CMA 2 software. The results show that according to the heterogeneity of the reviewed studies, the influence of the leader-member relationship on the voice of the employees is confirmed. Also, the results of the Fail-Safe N test show the stability and immutability of the results of this research. The results of this research show that employees express their ideas when there is a strong LMX relationship between leaders and followers. This type of encouragement allows employees to be more creative and take risks and fostering innovative work behaviors.

The city needs ecology for survival and an economy for sustainable growth. These components are found in the form of the city as effective communication between the ecological components and the sustainable economy. On the other hand, uncontrolled physical development has limited the ecological capacities and capabilities of natural ecosystems. And unbalanced economic activities have disturbed the biological balance in all aspects of human life and the form of the city. For this purpose, the Noh-Darreh neighborhood of Mashhad has been selected due to its ecological background of the southern highlands for tourism development, along with the risk of ecological degradation of the region due to inefficient morphology and abnormal social groups and economic opportunities. To reach a practical solution to the problem by spatial analysis of the relationships of the influential components in this neighborhood. for this purpose, a questionnaire consisting of characteristics and components whose validity and reliability was measured in the neighborhood were developed. The questionnaire was distributed among 378 residents in Noh-darreh. using analytical tools, lisrel 8.8 and spss22 software and by structural equation modeling technique, the relationships of components and their effects were investigated. Also, in line with the main purpose of the research, using the Spatial Analysis tool of GIS software, the spatial analysis was performed based on the relationships between the components of the research. Finally, according to the research findings, it can be said that the indicators related to improving the housing situation of people in the ecological context of the neighborhood have a significant impact on improving its sustainability. The primary nucleus of the Noh-Darreh neighborhood is at its lowest in terms of the characteristics of the overlapping maps produced to determine the status of the components in the Noh-Darreh morphology. As a result, the most important non-invasive strategy in the Noh-Darreh neighborhood can be considered to promote economic sustainability in the ecological context to improve housing. this strategy, whose practical solutions are based on statistical results obtained from the criteria, can be considered as a turning point in solving the problems of the physical context of the Noh-darreh.

Although citizen participation in the neighborhood-centered approach is a key issue, there is ample evidence that the implementation of participatory approaches has led to disappointing results. According to researchers, the concept of urban self-organization can provide a way out of this dilemma for planners. Despite the importance of this issue, so far, no research has been done on how to use this concept in the process of planning and development of neighborhoods and cities in Iran. The present study tries to examine and analyze how to apply the concept of urban self-organization in the development of neighborhoods in Iran. A case study of this research is Sabzevar city and the research method is multi-ground theory. The analysis of the collected data led to the extraction of 547 primary codes, 77 concepts, and 31 categories. Finally, the abstracted categories and the relationships between them were drawn and presented in a model. According to the findings of this study, the pattern of self-organized participation of citizens in neighborhood development is a transparent, borderless, sustainable, and technology-based network that connects all actors involved in neighborhood development. This pattern brings about the integrated development of neighborhoods and through very soft and gradual changes, creates huge changes in the cities.

Today, cities are increasingly competing with each other to attract more and more tourists, investors and companies, new citizens, and a valuable and creative workforce. However, city branding plays an effective role to attract or repel them. Therefore, preparing strategic urban branding plans to recover and promote the brand of cities is of great importance. In Iran, some efforts in this regard such as the strategic branding plan of Isfahan, Tehran, and the strategic plan of the visual identity of Mashhad and Kelardasht have been made. Therefore, studying the effects and evaluation of strategic urban branding plans can improve the quality of strategic city branding programs in Iran. As a result, studying the effectiveness and efficiency of these strategic plans is of high importance. In this research, the qualitative content analysis method was used to study the strategic branding plan of Isfahan and identify the components of urban branding according to the existing documents. To do so, the emphasized or neglected dimensions were identified and presented in Isfahan’s branding. The purpose of this study is to determine the components of city branding and the way the dimensions of the subject are emphasized or neglected in the existing document.

 Studies show that the concept of urban self-organization can pave the way for researchers to achieve actual citizen participation. Despite the importance of this issue, there is a significant cognitive gap in this field in Iran. Due to the contextual nature of urban self-organization, to use this concept in the development of the country's neighborhoods, one must first understand the specific concepts and elements of this phenomenon inside. This study aims to identify the concepts and categories of urban self-organization in the neighborhoods of Sabzevar and investigate the relationship between these concepts and categories. 

 the research uses the multi grounded theory. The existing theoretical texts were reviewed during a round-trip process, and 18 activists of urban self-organization processes in Sabzevar, officials, and experts on urban issues were interviewed. A combination of purposeful judgment methods and snowballs, non-probabilistic methods, has been used to select the statistical population. Adequacy of sampling has also been achieved by the theoretical sampling method. 

 During the research process, 423 initial codes, 68 concepts, and 22 categories were identified. Among the obtained categories, "constant energy flow" was introduced as a core category. "motivating factors", "Structural forces and capacities of the local community", "Transparency and accessibility of information", "Socio-psychological characteristics of key people", "Spatial-social proximity" and "Determination of managers" "Were identified as causal conditions. Strategies resulting from a core category in the model include "negotiations and agreements", "multi-sectoral funding methods", "creating common interests" and "collective learning". On the one hand, in this model, the categories of "technical capacity, knowledge, and awareness of citizens", "capacity of local scientific societies", "capacities and physical assets of the neighborhood", "recognition of self-organized groups" and "independence of Self-organized groups" is introduced as the context conditions. On the other hand, "institutional rules and forces" are the intervening conditions in the mentioned model.

 The flow of communication, interactions, and exchange of ideas, experiences, and information among the various actors of urban self-organization processes, including citizens, key individuals, and Responsible official bodies, form the basis of urban self-organization processes. Therefore, efforts to establish and increase this flow can provide the necessary conditions for forming urban self-organization processes. According to the research findings, structural and legal reforms in urban management processes are inevitable to achieve real and self-organized participation. Changes to multi-level management systems, the development of flexible rules that are adaptable to local conditions, and the elimination of cumbersome administrative procedures are among the most essential measures that should be considered in this regard. Finally, the proposed model promotes functional, semantic, and environmental dimensions and brings "economic achievements" and "social and behavior-oriented interventions".

One of the main issues in the field of urban planning in Iran is the performance of urban development projects. Urban development plans have been prepared in Iran since the 1960s. However, over time, they have encountered some problems in practice. In order to identify the problems, the performance of urban development projects has been evaluated in different periods. According to the requirements of the time, various solutions have been presented in order to improve the process of preparation and approval of urban development plans in Iran. Most of the evaluations have been done in relation to the physical recommendations of the performance of the plans and most of the solutions have been presented in order to change the methods of preparing urban development plans. In the global literature today, the nature of the discourse of planning and decision-making in the public sphere is followed by scholars such as Foucault, Allmendinger, and Healey. Accordingly, the attitude towards urban development plans in this study has shifted from an empirical perspective to more flexible and deductive perspectives. In the field of urban development plans, this article seeks to reveal the components affecting the process of preparation and approval of plans in Iran based on the experiences of the city of Mashhad. In order to achieve this goal, the present study will use the capabilities of new methods of the grounded theory called situational analysis. The use of situational analysis could show us that the factors influencing the preparation and approval of urban development plans in Iran are very diverse, dynamic, and complex. Different factors affect urban development plans and they are influenced by different discourse worlds at different scales. Data collection tools in this study include field data and library data. Field data collection includes 17 interviews with specialists. There were also 546 interviews, reports, and articles published in the press that were used to collect library and documentary data. Data analysis in this study was carried out by using the proposed method of Adel Clarke using location maps and arena/social world maps on the national and local scales. The results of this study showed that in different social worlds, different discourse structures affect the preparation and approval of urban development plans in Iran. Areas affecting the preparation of urban development plans were divided into three categories: political, intellectual, and social capitals. As a result of the impact of these three types of capitals, different planning methods and decision-making methods have emerged. The analysis of the arena-social world map in this study showed that there are content differences in the fields of social capital, intellectual capital, and political-managerial capital at national and local scales. consequently, planning tools and decision-making methods are also expressed differently at national and local levels. At the local level, due to the role of municipalities in urban development plans and their vital relationship with the people, there is a tendency for short-term, collective, and action-oriented decisions, while at the national level due to centralist approaches and oil revenues, long-term, governmental, and idealistic measures are in focus.

City and climate are two human made and natural systems that influence each other. The city that influences greenhouse gas emissions leads to global warming as a result of climate change. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of urban development on the climate change (a case study of Mashhad metropolis). The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical, in which by referring to library studies and field-based studies a theoretical framework is obtained; also, by determining evaluation options according to the negative effects and consequences of urban growth and development of Mashhad metropolis in recent decades on social systems, physical, functional, transportation and access are examined. In this study, the Iranian Leopold matrix method and rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) as well as Microsoft Excel, Arc GIS and Google Earth software have been used. Findings in this study indicate that the functional system with the range of letters -E and number -5 has the most destructive effects on climate change in this metropolis and the physical system with letters -B and number -2 has the least effects on the process. With the increase in population in the metropolis of Mashhad, urban growth and development is extended to villages and agricultural lands, and as a result, the change of use from agriculture to urban use occurs, leading to more greenhouse gas emissions and the creation of urban heat islands. So, in order to control such things, appropriate solutions in the system should be presented.

Traditional urban centers from the past until now have been the bedrock of social interactions and have welcomed citizens and pilgrims from all over the country. But today, the historical nuclei of cities have declined and worn out with the growth of urbanization and have led to the exit from social life. Due to the role of culture, the historical and cultural values in these contexts can be used as a source for economic development and productivity, by creating artistic and cultural centers as well as attractive and diverse social events as a new approach to return to social life. Organizing and recreating culture became the basis of historical contexts. The purpose of this study is to use social and cultural events and benefit from their positive economic, social and cultural effects in order to revive the legacy left and recreate the culture based on the historical context. The present study was conducted by descriptive-analytical method using a questionnaire. The statistical population includes the residents of Arg neighborhood by random sampling method and using the Cochran's formula, equivalent to 288 people were selected. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling and PLSS and SPSS software. The results show that benefiting from the diversity of heritage and cultural sites of historical context, social and financial support for holding social events, motivating participants and social cohesion leads to increasing vitality and reviving the historical context of Arg neighborhood.

Problem statement:

 Since the arrival of the concept of self-organization from the domain of the complex systems to the field of urban studies, this topic has attracted many scholars. Various researchers have come up with it from two different approaches including the socio-spatial self-organizing and community-based urban self-organization. Studies showed that the concept of the urban self-organization can help planners to improve not only the unexpected spatial-social events in cities and the inadequate implementation of the anticipated plans and programs, but also the inefficiencies in the existing collaborative processes. Trying to apply the concept of the urban self-organization in the planning and management of the cities requires a detailed understanding of this concept and its various aspects. However, there has been no research that investigates all the dimensions, features and components of this concept and provides a comprehensive understanding of the urban self-organization. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer this question: what are the dimensions and components of the concept of the urban self-organization?

the purpose of the present study was to identify the dimensions and components of this concept and to achieve a comprehensive understanding of it. The results of this research can clarify the different dimensions of the urban self-organization concept for exploitation in the development of cities and neighborhoods of the country.

In this research, the meta-synthesis has been used to study the concept of the urban self-organization and to explain its dimensions and components. The research population consisted of all Persian and English scientific articles published in the field of the urban self-organization, without temporal and spatial constraints. The Sid, Magiran, Springer, Google Scholar, Wiley, Science Direct and Taylor & Francis databases have been used to access these articles. The total number of the articles obtained in this study was 62, which was reviewed by the CASP method in order to obtain more accurate results. After screening articles through the CASP, there was 29 articles and due to the low sample size, all of them were examined. Of the 29 final papers, 11 articles had considered urban self-organization as a socio-spatial theme (first view), they were published mainly in the early years of introducing the self-organization in the field of the urban studies. The remaining 18 articles had referred to the urban self-organization as a community-based phenomenon (second view), which has been included in the urban discourse since about 2010. The final sources were coded using the MAXQDA 10 software with a focus on the research question, aiming at a comprehensive understanding of the concept of the urban self-organization and explaining its various dimensions.

During the data extraction process, 108 codes were identified and then they were grouped into five categories according to the similarity of concepts, i.e., "fields and factors", "supporting theories", "properties", "scope of use" and "measure". It was tried to explain each of the mentioned categories based on the type of the view, respectively.

In the present study, for the first time, the dimensions and components of the urban self-organization were investigated in detail.The results of the present study showed that although according to the existing theories, the nature of the urban self-organization processes is based on the local interactions and not the interference of the external factors such as the government, however, to study these processes and to use them in planning processes, it is necessary to consider the role of the environmental and external factors. In order to support and encourage the processes of the urban self-organization as a tool for the collaborative planning which can assume some of the responsibilities of the governments, it is necessary first and foremost that the urban self-organization processes as valuable capacities to be accepted by the city officials. In order to take advantage of these capacities, it is necessary to establish and envisage the legal frameworks based on the citizens' collective initiatives. Transparency of the information related to the urban planning and sharing this information with the local residents through the use of the information technology and through the launch of the online sites and software are other measures that could support and accelerate these processes. Also, identifying the structural forces of each neighborhood, whether individual or local, and facilitating the exchange of information between the government and the citizen, are among the issues that should be addressed. In addition, upgrading the social capital in the neighborhoods can increase the likelihood of the urban self-organization processes at the neighborhood level.

Lack of readings of concepts such as power has caused irreparable damages to the body of cities. In Iran, due to the domination of traditional viewpoint of planning, this concept has not paid much attention. An urban power exercising environment, deviating from the expected process, in addition to cause the domination of the powerful people on urban topics, has marginalized the local community with the least impact and has impressed the physical structure of the city. This study attempts to explore the unknown dominant dimensions in the Mashhad metropolis by examining the power exercising environment governing the planning process of urban development designs (including preparation, approval and implementation) in order to control and handle it, and provides a suitable model by understanding these processes.

This paper, based on the grounded theory approach, examines its various dimensions through three types of open, axial, and selective coding.

On this basis, after clarifying the concept of Controlling and Handling the Power Exercising Environment, the results of a total of 20 interviews 84 identifiers, with 27 concepts and 5 categories was achieved.

The results of this research showed that the Controlling and Handling the Power Exercising Environment model is identified by expressing 5 categories in deterrent factors, factors, the intervening conditions of executive, consequences and finally, were presented as a conceptual and strategic framework.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cooking (frying and microwave), chitosan additive and freezer storage on the fish fillet in terms of sensory and color evaluation and weight changes.

Cultivated fish fillets, frozen at -18 ° C for 4 months. They were then transferred to the Fisheries Processing Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in the shortest possible time (day 0, day 2 and month 4). The fillets were frozen and cooked in a pan and microwave. The experiment was designed in 4 treatments: T1 (fried sample without chitosan), T2 (fried sample containing 1% acid-soluble chitosan), T3 (microwave cooked sample without chitosan), T4 (Microwave cooked sample containing 1% acid-soluble chitosan). Fillet weights were measured before and after cooking. Sensory evaluation and colorimetric evaluation of fillets were also performed after cooking.

The use of 1% acid soluble chitosan had no significant effect on sensory parameters and colorimetric factors (p> 0.05). Weight changes in fried fillets increased over time but decreased in microwave-cooked fillets over time.

The use of natural additives such as acid soluble chitosan 1% had no significant effect on the sensory indeces compared to the control group. In terms of colorimetric factors, chitosan had a positive effect on yellowness index. In terms of cooking and having a safe product, it is very important that the weight factor of the microwave cooked fillets is more favorable than the fried fillets.