maryam khosravi nezhad

Food production and nutrition of human society are highly dependent on natural ecosystems and production systems in agriculture. More than three thousand plant species are responsible for providing food for the world's population, of which only 300 species are cultivated for food supply, and 12 species provide about 90% of the world's food consumption. The most important role of the bee is pollinating flowering plants, which unfortunately is not paid attention to because of little information and lack of culture. In addition to honey bees, other bees also play an essential role in plant pollination, which directly preserves the diversity of flowering plants and indirectly preserves the survival of a large part of animals. These insects play an essential role in preventing soil erosion and providing oxygen. In addition to honey bees, other bees also play an essential role in plant pollination, which directly preserves the diversity of flowering plants and indirectly preserves the survival of a large part of animals. Applying correct management to prevent losses and extinction of insects, guarantees food for living beings and preserves the ecosystem.

The industrial maintenance of livestock and poultry on a large scale in an intensive manner has increased the possibility of diseases, which reduces the occurrence of these diseases helps to increase growth and improves production traits. Today, the use of growth-promoting antibiotics has been limited due to the possibility of bacterial resistance and also transmission through manufactured products to consumers. Medicinal plants with antimicrobial effects and reduced serum lipids have been proposed as suitable alternatives for antibiotics. The origin of many medicines are herbal plants because due to the lipophilic nature of the effective oils found in some medicinal plants, these compounds can completely disrupt the membrane structure of bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria, and even some effective oils in essential oils have Irritation of the digestive system, increasing the production of digestive enzymes, improving the use of digestive products and the body's immune response. The most important biological activity of medicinal plants is related to antioxidant and antibacterial activities, related to their biologically active molecules such as carvacrol, thymol, cineol, allicin, capsaicin, piperine, etc. The property of stopping the reproduction of the disease agent or the lethality of the disease agent is a common point between chemical drugs and medicinal plants, but creating a protective layer on the intestine to prevent the penetration and growth of the coccidiosis agent in the intestines and stimulating the body's immune system against the disease agent is a unique feature.

Antioxidant enzymes and selenium in semen plasma have vital effects on reducing lipid peroxidation of spermatozoid membrane in elderly organisms by preventing the destructive effects of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the use of antioxidants and selenium is essential for normal testicular function and spermatogenesis.

In this experimental study, 44 male Wistar rats aged 2.5 months (young) and 44 male Winstar rats aged 11 months (old) were separated into 4 groups of control, placebo, experimental 1 (0.2 mg/kg BW), and experimental 2 (0.4 mg/kg BW). Rats encountered weekly surgery after a week of receiving different treatments. Resection of their testes was used for histological studies.

The number of spermatocytes, spermatid, and spermatozoa in young and old rats increased during the study period. In young rats, the highest number of these cells remarked in the third and fourth weeks of the experiment using selenium nanoparticles (ranged from 165.3 to 285.3 × 106 ). For old rates, the highest number of the abovementioned cells observed in the second week of the experiment (ranged from 143.3 to 146.7×106 ). Variables of treatment, week, and age presented significant effects on the number of testicular germ cells. Also, applied treatments had no significant effect on the sperm quality characteristics of rats. The number of Sertoli and Leydig cells did not show a significant difference compared to the control group. The results showed a positive and highly significant correlation between spermatozoid, spermatocytes, and spermatocytes. The findings also indicated the same genetic and environmental effects on the traits. Therefore, any spermatocyte shift will have a direct influence on the spermatozoid.

This study demonstrated that using selenium nanoparticles in young and old age groups in rats could improve testicular germ cells, especially in the old group. Therefore, with growing age and decreasing sperm quality, selenium nanoparticles can be used due to their positive effect on sperm parameters and their low health risk.

Coinciding with the rise of human population, the use of medicinal plants began by ancient peoples as medicine, poison, detergent, food and paint upon it. In present study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Shirazi thyme, T. vulgaris, essential oil was analyzed by three methods (DPPH, potassium ferricyanide reaction and CUPRAC methods) and comparison with TBHQ method for determination of reducing power of T. vulgaris essential oil by potassium ferricyanide method. Phytochemical composition of T. vulgaris essential oil was identified by GC/Mass device. The results showed that T. vulgaris essential oil has a good potential against oxidants even near to TBHQ. The essential oils of this plant are Thymol (40.02%) and Carvacrol (18.31%). The results of antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris using three methods and comparison with TBHQ (Tertiary butyl hydroquinone) showed Thymus vulgaris essential oil have a good potential for scavenging of free radicals similar to TBHQ.

Coinciding with the rise of human population, the use of medicinal plants began by ancient peoples as medicine, poison, detergent, food and paint upon it.
In present study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Shirazi thyme, T. vulgaris, essential oil was analyzed by three methods (DPPH, potassium ferricyanide reaction and CUPRAC methods) and comparison with TBHQ method for determination of reducing power of T. vulgaris essential oil by potassium ferricyanide method. Phytochemical composition of T. vulgaris essential oil was identified by GC/Mass device.
The results showed that T. vulgaris essential oil has a good potential against oxidants even near to TBHQ. The essential oils of this plant are Thymol (40.02%) and Carvacrol (18.31%).
The results of antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris using three methods and comparison with TBHQ (Tertiary butyl hydroquinone) showed Thymus vulgaris essential oil have a good potential for scavenging of free radicals similar to TBHQ.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of inhibition of aflatoxin B1 by various sources of selenium and to compare the effect of nano selenium and sodium selenite on humoral immunity of quails. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design (CRD) using six treatments and four replicates of ten quail chicks per replicate. Two hundred forty quails were divided in six groups vis. control: without aflatoxin B1 and without selenium. Group2: 1ppm aflatoxin B1 and without selenium. Group3: 1 ppm aflatoxin B1 and 0.3 ppm nano selenium. Group4: 1 ppm aflatoxin B1 and 0.3 ppm sodium selenite. Group5: 1 ppm aflatoxin B1 and 0.6 ppm nano selenium. Group6: 1ppm aflatoxin B1 and 0.6 ppm sodium selenite. To evaluate the humoral immunity response 0.2 ml of sheep red blood cell (SRBC) solution was injected into breast muscle of quails at day 35 and blood sampling was conducted after a week. Newcastle vaccine was injected at day 28 and the antibody titer was determined after two weeks. The highest level of titer of antibody against the SRBC solution was related to the group which received 0.06 ppm nano selenium (p<0.01). These results indicated that nano selenium in comparison with selenium selenite can improve humoral immunity and blood biochemical parameters.