maryam mehrara

This investigation endeavors to elucidate the methodologies through which self-regulation can be imparted to older adults to enhance their acquisition of a foreign language while concurrently enabling them to navigate adverse emotional experiences. In particular, this study scrutinizes the phenomena of obsession and depression. Furthermore, Alzheimer's disease represents a considerable burden for the older population, compounding the inherent difficulties associated with aging and detrimentally influencing their overall quality of life. Consequently, we aim to propose a framework that empowers elderly individuals to reclaim a semblance of control over their obsessive thoughts and depressive states.

The research encompasses 40 Iranian participants who are 65 years of age or older, in alignment with the World Health Organization's classification of elderly individuals. These participants were recruited employing a convenience sampling method. The study utilizes a quasi-experimental design featuring pre-test and post-test assessments alongside a control group.

The results indicate that the instruction of the English language exerts a notable effect in mitigating obsessive thoughts and depressive symptoms among adults diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.

This research bears significant implications for elderly individuals in the initial phases of Alzheimer's, their caregiving relatives, psychologists addressing the emotional difficulties faced by older adults, and policymakers involved in the domain of language education.

When aging starts, the human being becomes prone and vulnerable to a variety of diseases and disorders, specifically Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the main reason for about 80% of the cases of dementia in older adults. AD is associated with a range of challenging disorders, such as aggression and anxiety, which make the lives of patients more difficult. This study aimed at investigating the impact of English language teaching on aggression and anxiety among older people with AD.

The design of this study was quasi-experimental pre-test post-test with the control group. The participants of the study included 40 Iranian (20 males and 20 females) older adults (≥ 65 years) who were suffering from AD in Kerman province, Iran, and also they were selected through convenience sampling. The exercise group participated in 20 sessions of English language teaching three times a week in 40 minutes. Then, the effect of English language teaching on both aggression and anxiety was analyzed. The required data were collected through the Persian version of the Bass-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Persian version of the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. Data analysis was conducted by running descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, Leven test, and one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA).

English language teaching significantly affected aggression among older people with AD (F= 9.112 p < 0.05, w2 = 0.178) similarly; it significantly affected anxiety (F = 9.147 p < 0.05, w2 = 0.130).

English language teaching significantly improves aggression and anxiety among older people with AD. The findings have implications for the elderly with AD and their families, psychiatrists, and English language teaching policymakers.

We aim to highlight the asymmetric relationship between the current account balance and variables of fundamental macroeconomic and macroeconomic stability in the nonlinear boundary test approach in Iran, for the period 1978-2020. The main focus of this research is on the intertemporal approach to the current account views the current account as the difference between domestic saving and domestic investment and focused on macroeconomic factors that determine these two variables. The primary purpose of this research is to assist in the formulation of appropriate economic policies to minimize any negative effects of the current account deficit on the economy. The nonlinear boundary test approach method is used in this article due to the possibility of long-term nonlinear relationships between the current account deficit and financial balance, inflation rate, KOF index, net foreign assets, real effective exchange rate, total investment, terms of trade and GDP per capita growth. According to the analysis findings, there is a long-term cointegration relationship between variables. It is seen that while there exists long-term asymmetry between the current account deficit, net foreign assets, and financial balance the coefficients themselves are not statistically significant. However, the effect of the real effective exchange rate and the Terms of Trade on the current deficit is statistically significant and substantial. The asymmetric cointegration result confirms, between the current account deficit and the inflation rate, KOF index, total investment, terms of trade, and GDP per capita growth a long-run integration exists.

Balancing the internal and external sectors of the economy is one of the important issues for adopting policies that promote stability and growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of budget deficit and savings gap on the current account deficit in Iran. In this regard, the validity of the twin deficit hypothesis is reviewed and the validity of the triple deficit hypothesis is evaluated considering the importance and role of private sector savings. To achieve this goal, the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model has been used to evaluate the long-run relationship. To evaluate the short-term dynamics between model variables, the Error Correction Model (ECM) in the period 1978-2018 has been used. The results of our study show that considering the determining role of both budget deficit and savings gap variables with having a completely contradictory behavior in creating external balance in both oil and non-oil economies, the validity of the triple deficit hypothesis is confirmed. The validity of the twin deficit hypothesis is not confirmed in Iran. Finally, the results of this study indicate that the conclusion of the twin deficit hypothesis test in Iran, ignoring the pivotal role of private sector savings and the importance of the savings-investment gap on the current account deficit, is incorrect and invalid.

Our goal in this paper analysis the dynamics of national saving investment relationships between 1978 and 2017 in the economy of Iran to determine the degree of capital mobility. For this purpose, the validity of the Feldstein-Horioka hypothesis was tested by relying on the ARDL Bounds testing approach to co-integration and vector error correction model. The authors interpret the close relationship between national saving and investment in the long run as a reflection of a lack of capital mobility. These results suggest that the Feldstein-Horioka Hypothesis is applicable for the Iran economy in the period analyzed. The analysis of the time series characteristics of the current account balance shows that the current account balance does not have a unit root and the link between Iran's economy and international capital markets is not significant. We observed that trade openness, can't help explain the investment. Our findings for Iran suggest that home bias in the allocation of domestic savings significantly declines when domestic investment is financed by domestic savings alone. Furthermore, the empirical results indicate that the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle does not hold for the Iran economy.

The degree of international capital mobility is a decisive and vital factor in the economic, political, and social life of countries and low capital mobility is considered as a concern for them. Capital mobility among countries has always been the focus of many policymakers and observers of the international economy. The main issue in this research is to address a new approach in measuring the degree of capital mobility and solving the Feldstein-Horioka (FH) puzzle in the studied countries. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the status of international capital mobility between 10 developing oil-exporting countries in the period 2000-2018 using the dynamic panel data technique. Theoretically in an open economy, saving and investment are more affected by capital flows and global interest rates. Hence, the relationship between these two variables is not expected to be strong in an economy that is open to capital flows. This analysis contradicts the results of the FH study. Their experimental findings in 1980, using cross-sectional analysis, showed that the correlation between savings and investment for the 16 OECD countries during the period 1960-1974 was close to one (between 0.85 and 0.95). They interpreted the value of this coefficient as the reason for the low mobility of capital. This finding was contrary to the expectations of capital mobility in these countries, because, in fact, the degree of integration of these countries in international capital markets has been high. This became known as the FH puzzle and became the source of discussions about the degree of financial integration and the degree of trade openness in the industrialized world. The results of research in many cases indicate that experimental models that do not take into account the degree of financial openness and economic globalization, lead to an upward bias in the savings coefficient. Therefore, our empirical approach includes adding the variables of the degree of trade openness and the Kof index as indicators of traditional and modern globalization, respectively, as well as the interactive effect of the Kof index on the original equation, which has been used for the first time in domestic and foreign studies.  Also, for the first time, by adding new variables on the initial form of the FH equation, a new specification of the initial equation for solving the puzzle in internal studies has been investigated. Given the characteristics of the countries under study that have sufficient financial resources to finance and do not need external resources, the study of international capital mobility for them can be important because it clarifies the role of home bias in accurately estimating international capital flows.The results indicate the elimination of home bias in estimating the relationship between saving and investment and the realization of the relationship between the two variables.

After performing the unit root test on the model variables, through the Leimer test, the H0 hypothesis was rejected for the pooled data model, so we used cross-sectional analysis to estimate panel data for 10 developing oil-exporting countries (Iran, UAE, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan, Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Egypt, and Sudan). Then we used two cointegration techniques called the Pedroni panel-data cointegration test and the Kao panel-data cointegration test to detect the existence of a long-term relationship between variables. Finally, two fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimators were used to estimate the long-run equilibrium parameters in estimating the models. All research variables except the Kof index are extracted from World Bank (WDI) database. KOF Globalization Index statistics are taken from the 2021 time series on the website of the Swiss  Economic Institute.

As expected, the Kof variable has a significant positive coefficient in determining the investment ratio. The degree of openness has not helped to explain the investment ratio. The interaction effect of the Kof index with the savings ratio has a significant negative coefficient. The savings ratio variable with a significant (close to one) positive and significant coefficient indicates the importance of the savings ratio coefficient in determining the investment ratio. Under these conditions, domestic investment is made only through domestic savings.

The inclusion of the Kof index, the degree of trade openness, and the interaction of the Kof index in the original FH equation eliminated home bias and made the value of the savings ratio coefficients a reality. Therefore, the very low degree of capital mobility among the studied countries can be conclusively concluded.  In general, our main conclusion is that there is no evidence of the confirmation of the FH conundrum for the selected study countries. The degree of openness of trade as a factor reducing trade friction did not play a role in determining the investment ratio and reducing home bias, while increasing the Kof index as a factor reducing trade and financial friction played a decisive role in determining the investment ratio. The changes made to the FH equation play an important role in solving this important puzzle of the international economy. The degree of trade openness is not the best representative for reducing trade friction. Therefore, the results of our research confirm the introduction of the Kof index as an advanced and modern version of the degree of trade openness for studies on the FH puzzle.

Due to the importance of balancing internal and external of the economy, research on the interaction effects of the budget deficit, savings gap, and current account deficit has always been a major issue for policymakers. The main purpose of this study was to test the validity of the triple deficit hypothesis during the period 1978-2019 in the Iranian economy with the presence of the degree of trade openness for two models of oil trade and without oil trade. In the present paper, by providing a theoretical framework and using the Johansen - Juselius cointegration test method and the error correction mechanism, long-term and short-term relationships of the variables of this research are investigated. The results showed that the long-run relationship among the components of the triple deficit hypothesis is established in the two models of oil trade and without oil trade, but the validity of the triple deficit hypothesis is not confirmed in the short run. Through the Impulse response functions, decisions were made about the interrelationships among the variables, and the results of this method confirmed the validity of the triple deficit hypothesis for the oil trade model and the occurrence of the inverse mechanism for the oil-free trade model. Finally, in the oil trade model, internal and external imbalances reduced trade openness, and in the non-oil trade model, only the savings gap played such a role. This emphasized the key role of the private sector in reducing internal and external imbalances.

Due to the painful and long-term treatments of cancer, children with cancer may suffer from severe psychological problems such as anxiety and decreased level of pain tolerance. Accordingly, psychological treatments such as play therapy can be helpful in this regard. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy on pain tolerance and trait-state anxiety in children with cancer in Isfahan. The statistical population of this study was all children aged 9 to 12 years old who were referred to specialized cancer clinic of Isfahan in 2016. 30 of them were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control. The results were analyzed using covariance analysis. The results of data analysis indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy games resulted in increased pain tolerance and decreased trait anxiety in children with cancer (p <0.05). According to the findings of this study, cognitive-behavioral play therapy can be used as a complementary therapy to relieve anxiety and increase pain tolerance in these children. Declaration of Interest: None.

Studying the status of Tehran urban parks for conservation of environment. Management in the urban parks results in environmental indices promotion; Applying the appropriate management provides the conservation of urban parks’ environment; The appropriate management results in reduction of environmental wastes in the urban parks. Sampling group: The sampling group of this study is consisted of 52 parks available in Tehran municipality Dist. 7 including all experts، managers and personnel of Deputy of Urban Affairs and Green Space، generally the sample size is 123 persons. Sample size: The sampling group of the research is consisted of 93 experts، managers and personnel of Deputy of Urban Affairs and Green Space، and 10 parks have been selected as sample randomly out of 5 studies zones in Dist. 7. The data analysis method includes two descriptive and inferential parts which has been applied aiding SPSS software، that Pierson coefficient of correlation tests have been used in this research. The findings of this research indicated that the most correlation among the variables is as follows: Applying the appropriate management provides the conservation of urban parks’ environment; the appropriate management results in reduction of environmental wastes in the urban parks; Management in the urban parks results in environmental indices promotion.