masoud baradaran

In the last few years, the drought has had multiple effects on all the different regions of the world, especially the rural areas, which is why people's perception of this event is very different. Perception is the strongest predictor of farmers' risk perception of climate change. Therefore, farmers' perception of drought can be vital in increasing their adoption. The general purpose of this qualitative research, which was conducted using the phenomenological method, was to investigate farmers' perceptions of coexistence with drought (definitions, experiences, memories, and expectations). The farmers of Bavi city formed the studied society. Informative people were identified through the snowball method or chain referral, which finally reached theoretical saturation after 25 interviews. The data of this research was collected through in-depth interviews and direct observation methods, and along with these two methods, taking photos and using library documents were also used. The data was analyzed based on the Colaizzi model. Based on the results, the studied farmers mentioned different understandings, definitions, experiences, risks, and expectations of drought. In such a way that after collecting the concepts, extracted categories were discussed, which were finally extracted for experiences (6 codes), definitions (3 codes), memories (5 codes), and expectations (3 codes). In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for policymakers in this field and provide a basic plan for stabilizing local communities in drought conditions

This research investigates the barriers farmers face in adapting to drought. The statistical population comprises all farmers in Bavi County. Using cluster sampling with proportional assignment based on the Kerjesi and Morgan table, a sample size of 350 farmers was selected. The primary research tool was a questionnaire with a Likert scale, validated by a group of subject experts and confirmed for reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics via SPSS and Lisrel software. The results indicated that some farmers lacked a proper understanding of drought, rainfall, and temperature patterns in the region. Moreover, "land leveling" and "use of local knowledge" emerged as the most important strategies for adapting to drought. The main obstacles identified were "lack of access to timely weather information" and "lack of access to water resources." Finally, confirmatory factor analysis classified the obstacles into economic, infrastructural, technical and informational, and social-human factors.

The main goal of the current research was to explain the impact of social capital dimensions on organizational entrepreneurship in Khuzestan Province Organization of Agricultural Jahad. The survey research method and data collection tool a researcher-made questionnaire, whose face and content validity confirmed by a group of experts, and the reliability estimate of the questionnaire was also provided by calculating ordinal alpha (α = 0.93). The statistical population of this research was all the experts working in the Agricultural Jahad Organization of Khuzestan province (N=293), of which 165 people were selected by simple random method. Data processing was done using SPSS25 software. According to the findings, the state of social capital in 3 communication, cognitive and structural dimensions (mean = 2.79 out of 5 and standard deviation = 0.86) and organizational entrepreneurship in 4 dimensions of modernization, innovation, risk-taking and pioneering (mean = 2.49 out of 5 and standard deviation = 1.02) in Khuzestan Province's Organization of Agricultural Jahad has been evaluated as less than average. The results of ordinal regression in order to determine the impact of social capital on organizational entrepreneurship in the organization of agricultural jihad in Khuzestan province also showed that based on the Nagel Karak coefficient, independent communication, cognitive and structural variables as the 3 dimensions of social capital have been able to 59% of the probability It has explained the variance of the dependent variable of organizational entrepreneurship in the Organization of Agricultural Jahad Khuzestan province.

Today, due to the effective role of higher education in building a knowledge economy, varied missions and expectations have been assigned to the university. Accordingly, the university must, with the long-term support of economic development through the production of knowledge, and the mechanism of technology transfer, affect the economies of countries and promote their economic prosperity. In this context, it is merely an entrepreneurial university that, as a third-generation university with a more Transcendental duty than traditional universities, ensures a better university capacity in response to changes and expectations, Such as improving the job skills of graduates and reducing the number of unemployed graduates, especially in agriculture. The Iranian agricultural sector, being one of the most important sectors of the economy, desperately needs to develop and improve, therefore, building Entrepreneurial Agriculture and Natural Resources University (EANRU) and making fundamental changes in current universities is more urgent. Therefore, this study aims to identify the necessities of creating a university using the qualitative paradigm. The statistical society was comprised of 37 faculty members of the Iranian Higher education Centers. Grounded theory was used to collect data. Snowball sampling method was used. The conceptual model of entailments for creating EANRU was developed after reaching the theoretical saturation, open coding, axial coding and eventually selective coding. Finally, practical suggestions for implementing the model were presented.

Incorrect use of chemical fertilizers has had significant consequences on the quality of the environment as well as human welfare. Therefore, limiting its release may be achieved by improving fertilizer management. In this regard, farmers, as the main actors and decision makers in the agricultural sector, will have the task of limiting the use of nitrogen fertilizer and thereby reducing its effects. Therefore, understanding farmers' actions is essential to identify the types of policies that can effectively promote social and technological change. Because developing behavior and promoting the knowledge of environmentalists is an important issue for policymakers, advocates of green businesses and other stakeholders interested in adopting and enhancing environmental protection behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of farmers in Ramshir region regarding nitrogen fertilizer application and its determinants factors. To achieve the research goal, two theories of normative activation and environmental behavior prediction were used. The data were collected through survey technique using a structured questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by faculty members of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Reliability of questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. The sampling method was based on systematic random sampling. Based on the Kerjesi and Morgan table, a sample of 200 farmers was selected among farmers who had received fertilizer from Ramshir Agricultural Jihad Management Organization in year 2018- 2019. The results of the study showed that in the normative activation theory, effectiveness, responsibility, awareness of consequences and subjective norms explain ethical norm variable and the behavior of farmers is significantly explained by the ethical norm variable. In the environmental behavior prediction theory, the variable of intentions was explained by awareness of action strategies and personality factors. Based on the results of the research, suggestions were presented to improve the implementation of the policies in order to better use nitrogen fertilizers.

In the evolving world, an organization can develop that equips its human resources with entrepreneurial knowledge and skills. Paying attention to the quality of work life of employees is one of the necessary conditions to develop the entrepreneurial spirit. Therefore, this study using the descriptive method investigated the relationship between entrepreneurial spirit and quality of work life. The statistical population of this research was agricultural extension experts in Kermanshah province. Data were collected with a questionnaire and a stratified random sampling method was used. The reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha test for entrepreneurial spirit was calculated 0.89 and for each of the factors of quality of work life including social- communication, managerial, psychological, economic- occupational, and environmental were calculated respectively (α = 0.91, 0.88, 0.89, 0.90 and 0.84). Data analysis was performed by SPSS. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurship spirit and quality of work life. The results also showed a correlation between psychological, managerial, social- communication, and economic- occupational factors with the entrepreneurial spirit. Another result of this study was the significant difference between the entrepreneurial spirit of experts with the field of agricultural extension and education and experts with other fields of study. Finally, the suggestions were presented to develop the entrepreneurial spirit with an emphasis on effective variables of quality of work life.

Agriculture and water resources are vulnerable to global climate change. Agricultural and farming practices should, therefore, adapt to the changing environment in order to avoid or to alleviate related risks. The aim of this study was determinate of farmers' adaptation behaviors in facing with the water scarcity by using the protection motivation theory and cognitive theory of stress model. Statistical population was farmers of Shoushtar Township in Khouzestan province. The sample size was determined and selected using the Bartlett table (n-251) and Random sampling. the present study collected data through a nationwide self-administered questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The questionnaire’s internal reliability was investigated using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. All scales indicated a good-to excellent reliability index (0.6–0.88). The results of structural equation modeling analysis revealed that in protection motivation theory, the response efficacy, collective efficacy and response cost regarding climate change were significant predictors of adaptation behavior. Protection motivation theory can explain approximately 33%, of the variance in pro environmental behavior. The results of cognitive theory of stress analysis showed, demand appraisal, self-efficacy and collective efficacy have direct effect on Problem-focused Coping and coping has direct effect on adaptation. the explanatory power of this model explained 28% of the variance in adaptation behavior. Moreover, the results revealed that demand appraisal, self-efficacy and collective efficacy indirectly and significant relationship with adaptation.

Although there is general agreement on the importance of the strategic management system in organizations, but still there is a gap in the role of strategic management in the education system. This research tries to identify, categories and modelling the functional approach and factors affecting on implementing strategic management in educational system using grounded theory qualitative method. MAXQDA 10 was used to analyses data. based on 12 interviews with some faculty members in Ferdosi university168 concepts among 15 main categorize were identified. Also these concepts are structured according to the paradigm model grounded theory in six dimensions including "casual conditions", "phenomenon", "Strategies", "context", "intervening factors" and "consequences".In the form of strategic management paradigm model including intra-university and extra-university factors as causal conditions, process and structural strategies, management and human resource development, leadership and management style, control systems, as implementation strategies and organizational culture, management system Knowledge and information, innovation-oriented approach as an intervening condition, environmental factor as contextual and economic consequences, socio-cultural consequence, structural structural consequence and achievement of goals and promotion of the university as the consequences of strategic management system through Foundation data theory have been identified.

The present study has identified the challenges of the educational system in Agricultural Higher Education and Natural Resources Centers in Khuzestan Province. This research is achieved based on qualitative method and it was done using a strategy based on Grounded theory. In this regard, using a targeted approach and applying the criterion of theoretical saturation, semi structured interviews were conducted with 14 experienced professor and managers of higher education centers of agriculture and natural resources in Khuzestan province. The results of data analysis were separated in to separate concepts with the help of MAXQDA 2018 software. Concepts were classified in the hierarchy of coding in grounded theory in form of 15 categorical propositions. In the axial coding stage, educational factors were recognized as the main category. Finally, the paradigm model of research considering the main category called causal conditions, insignificance and underestimation of the evaluation of teaching quality and evaluation forms, Curriculum inefficiency "as a context, lack of attention and emphasis of the university on importance and role of education, lack of consensus of policy makers and planners on a specific philosophical basis, lack of attention to entrepreneurship as one of the missions of the agricultural university were drawn as intervening conditions and necessary strategies were developed to solve the challenges

In recent decade, improving of business ecosystem has attracted the attention of policy-makers. In the research area, although some studies appraised efficacious factors on development of country's business ecosystem in its general meaning, its identification and conceptualization in specific subject areas have been neglected. In this regard, the current exploratory study has been conducted in order to identification and explanation of constituent components of rural women's enterprise ecosystem in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. Research sample individuals have been selected in terms of non-probability sampling. The qualitative data were collected by conducting detailed semi-structured interviews to obtain theoretical saturation, and then analyzed through applying ATLAS.ti software. Finding of this section categorized the conceptual emergent codes from detailed interviews with 24 key informants into 9 super-families of constituent components of rural woman's enterprise ecosystem. Consequently, applying a researcher-made questionnaire, the 9 emergent categories were reciprocally compared in the hierarchical analysis process with the use of Super Decision software. Findings showed rural woman's enterprise ecosystem has different entity, combination and priorities in comparison to large-scale industrial enterprises and even small rural enterprises controlled by men. Among resulting conceptual categories, market condition; government's main strategies and politics; regulations; physical and biological infrastructures had the highest weights respectively, with a considerable interval from the other components, implying on their priorities and attention necessity in supportive projects for rural women's regional enterprises.

The instability of production and the reduction of food security have been the result of man's profitable use of nature's capacities. In the field of environmental protection, the behavior of human beings as a key factor in the formation of environmental problems is irrefutable. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to identify the factors influencing the ethical behavior of the villagers, according to Experts of Jihad Agriculture and Environmental Organizations in Khuzestan Province using Grounded Theory method. In this method, coding is a basic technique for data analysis that has a three-step process and includes: Open Coding, Axial Coding and Selective Coding. In the Open coding phase, after conducting 10 in-depth interviews with employees of Jihad-Agriculture Organization and Khuzestan Province Environmental Organization, Line-by-line analysis was used to analyze the findings. Then the sentences and paragraphs were broken down into concepts. In the Axial coding stage of the categories, three categories: Political factors "," environmental ethics Perspective "and" educational factors "were identified as the main categories. Finally, the research paradigm model was drawn, considering the main categories under the terms casual condition, the cynicism of the villagers and the educators about each other as interventionist conditions, drought and lack of fallow as background, and necessary strategies to implement ethical behavior with the environment and their its associated consequences among the villagers, were formulated.

Women's empowerment based on the equality in all economic and social aspects is the cornerstone of achieving development. The goal of this study was investigating the factors affecting rural women's empowerment. The statistical population of this study was rural women (15 to 64 years old) in Likak County in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province (N=1300). The sample size (n=300) was determined using the Krejcie & Morgan's Table that selected through random sampling. Data were collected through a researcher made questionnaire. The questionnaire validity was approved by experts in agricultural extension and education. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients were approved by a pilot study (0.65–0.88). The results of structural equation modeling analysis revealed that stereotype has a direct and negative effect on women's empowerment. Self-esteem and motivation achievement had direct and positive effect on women's empowerment.

Psychologists believe that the lack of attention to implementation of the meta-cognition in higher education centersin general and agricultural higher education in particular is one of the important factors that leads to lack of skill in students. Therfore, present study was carried out using a qualitative method with the pourose of explaining scenarios, strategies, and policies for institutionalization of meta-cognition theory in agricultural higher education. Requaired data were collected from meta-cognition experts who were selected using snowball sampling method. The SWOT techniqe was employed to analyze the data. At the first step, 15 interviews with the experts of meta-cognition theory in agricultural and educational majors were carrid out. The purpose of these interviews was to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunites, and threats existing in agricultural higher education. At the second step, the identifical item for strength, weaknesses, opprotunities, and threats were given to a panel of experts in order to determine the importance and present situation of each item. Accordingly, the face validity of research tool was confirmed by faculty members and Alpha coefficient values were at acceptable level. According to the point of view of participants, the most important strenghths of agricutural higher education system were including its ability to train human resources with high creativity, critical thinking, innovative, and thoughtfulness. The most significant weakness of the system was lack of stimulus and facilities. Furthemore, instruction for implementing meta-cognition theory (by faculty members) and lack of previous evidences about employing meta-cognition theory in higher education were the most prominent opportunity and threat of agricultural higher education system, respectively. The result revealed that weaknesses in internal matrix and threats in external matrix were more salient and thus, defensive strategy for institutionalization of meta-cognition theory in agricultural higher education have priority over other strategies. Bsed on defensive strategy,some policy implications were highlighted. At the end, experts were asked to employ these policy implications in identification of policies and solutions for institutionalization of meta-cognition theory. Presented solutions as the practical recommendations can be used by educational managers of agricultural colleges. By doing so, the level of information, intelligence, and meta-cognition skills of faculty members will be increased.

Climate change is a topical subject worldwide and there is evidence that this phenomenon is taking place. Agriculture is one of the sectors most affected by climate change and Due to smallholder farmers heavy reliance on rainfed agriculture, climate change will increase vulnerability of the rural populations due to food and nutrition insecurity. Climate change is expected to affect agriculture in different ways and to a different extent in different parts of the world and in different agro-ecosystems. In particular, Communities in most developing countries have been identified as being the most vulnerable to climate change because of multiple stressors and reduced adaptive capacity. Adaptation is one of the policy options for reducing the negative impact of climate change in agriculture sector. A wide variety of adaptation options has been proposed as having the potential to reduce vulnerability of agricultural systems to risks related to climate change. In this regard, Climate information and forecast can be of value when used in decisions involving risks posed by adverse weather or climate. In fact, Climate information is an important pre-requisite for informed decision-making in risk management and adaptation that would help prevent climate extremes from becoming disasters and threats to livelihoods. Climate forecast have shown potential for improving adaptation of agriculture to climate shocks, but uncertainty remains about whether farmers would use such information in crop management decisions. Despite tremendous efforts to improve weather and climate predictions and to inform farmers about the use of such weather products, farmers’ intention toward forecast use remain poor and farmer use of forecasts has not increased. Because very little is known about the motivations underlying farmer decisions to use or not to use weather and climate forecasts, we designed and conducted a survey based on the combining social cognitive theory and Technology Acceptance Model to gather such information from farmers in Dehloran, Iran. The Technology Acceptance Model is a frequently used behavioral model for predicting and explaining Information Technology usage. A key purpose of TAM is to provide a basis for tracing the impact of external variables on internal beliefs, attitudes, and intentions. The TAM identifies two two most important factors namely perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. To date the TAM has been used to address why users accept or reject information technology. This model is an adaptation of the theory of reasoned action proposed by Fishbein and Ajzen to explain and predict the behaviours of people in a specific situation. Social cognitive theory (SCT) also is a theoretical framework for analyzing human motivation. The Social cognitive theory consists of factors influencing behavior intention. We used environment factors, Perception of others’ behavior, outcom expentency and self-efficacy as variables of Social cognitive theory in our integrated model. Hence, in our integrated model two factor of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were considered as independent factors, Perception of others’ behavior, outcome expediency, self-efficacy and environment factors as mediated and intention to use or not to use weather and climate forecasts as dependent factor. Methodology In this paper, we address the questions of whether smallholder farmers in Dehloran would intend to use climate forecasts in making crop management decisions and whether such use would lead to benefits. A structural equation model was developed to explore relationships between factors affecting intention to use Climate information and forecast. The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey. Target population of this study consisted of 3820 wheat growers. Using a multistage stratified random sampling method, 350 farmers were selected for this study. The sample size was determined using the Morgan table. Data were collected based on a questionnaire structured to assess the components of combining model. We use a self-report questionnaire to examine the proposed research model empirically. A self-report method refers to an approach in which observation data are provided by participants instead of raters or coders. The questionnaires data were gathered based on a face-to-face survey of farmers. The respondents were assured about anonymity and confidentiality. They were also given the right to refuse participation and also to refuse to answer any question they deemed to be too sensitive or that they felt uncomfortable about. Those declining participation were replaced by other students. No payment was made to the respondents. Answering time for the questionnaire was about 15-20 min. The survey was pre-tested and piloted on 30 farmers from outside the study area. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients were calculated for the pilot study and used to refine the questions for the final questionnaire. All scales indicated good-to-excellent reliability, generally 0.76–0.89. Results Regarding demographic variables, the participants were aged from 22 to 85 and had a mean age of 44.59 years (SD = 14.24). in main analysis, Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess the causal relationships that were hypothesized in the proposed model. the results of structural equation modeling obtained for the proposed conceptual model revealed that χ2 /d.f. = 1.98 (p < 0.001), GFI = 0.83, RMSEA = 0.053, NFI = 0.79, RFI = 0.78, and CFI = 0.88. Accordingly, the summary of the overall goodness-of-fit indices indicated good fit of the model and data. (χ2 /d.f. value was less than the recommended threshold value 5, RMSEA value was less than the recommended threshold value 0.08). The finding indicates that technological Acceptance Model factors (perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness) significantly positively affect the social cognitive theory factors (self-efficacy, outcome expectancy and Perception of others’ behaviour). Path relationships revealed that outcome expectancy (β = 0.58, p < 0.001) and self-efficacy (β = 0.26, p < 0.001) had a positive direct relationship with intention to use meteorological information. In addition Perceived ease of use has direct effect on perceived usefulness (β = 0.74, p < 0.001), self efficacy (β = 0.80, p < 0.001) and outcome expectancy (β = 0.27, p < 0.001). perceived usefulness also has direct effect on Perception of others’ behavior. However, environment factors and Perception of others’ behaviour affected intention nonsignificantly. Findings suggest that respondents’ self-efficacy help predict whether an individual intends to use weather and climate information. Regarding indirect effect, perceived usefulness and perceived usefulness had a strong indirect effect on intention. The model accounted for 59% of variance in intention to use Climate information and forecast. Also, The finding indicates that in suggenstion model environment factors (beta= 0.01, p>0.05) and Perception of others’ behaviour (beta= 0.56, p>0.05) were not significant predictors of intention to use climate forecast. To successfully transfer costly weather and climate products into meaningful information that farmers can use in their decisions, farmers must understand the products and have the intention and motivation to extract the relevant pieces of information and apply them to specific decision contexts. This study integrated two sociopsychological theories, social cognitive theory, with a widely used information system technology acceptance model (i.e., the TAM) to provide a comprehensive behavioral model for understanding elderly farmers intention toward using meteorological information. The framework was extended from the original TAM by considering the relationships among technological factors (perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness), and social cognitive factors (system self-efficacy, environment factors and Perception of others’ behavior, outcom expentency), and behavioral intention to use the meteorological information. regarding the samples, the integrated model fitted considerably well. The proposed model has been proven to be valuable for evaluating and predicting the behavioral intention of climate information and forecast because it provides an integrative perspective that prompts researchers and practitioners to pay attention to the interdependence of these aspects. This study is a justification for using the constructs of this model in politics and decision making that encourages farmers to use meteorological information. The proposed integrative congnitive-technological model may serve as a theoretical basis for future research and can offer empirical foresight to practitioners and researchers in the agricultural departments and rural communities.

Climate change is a threat to water security, water resources and access to water, and thus considered as one of the major threat to the agricultural sector. Farmers have different ability to implement adaptation strategies and that pecuniary and non-pecuniary costs affect human behavior. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing farmers’ adaptation to climate change in Shushtar County. The population of interest consisted of farmers in Shushtar County. According to Bartlett table, a total of 251 farmers were estimated as a sample size. Random sampling was used to draw a sample of farmers from the study area. Data were collected through personal interviews based on a structured questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the main scales of the questionnaires was examined by Cronbach Alpha coefficients, which ranged from 0.43 to 0.73. The results showed that the variable of self-efficacy and risk perception have a direct and positive effect on the variable of adaptation behavior. The results showed that the variable of self-protection has a direct effect on the variable of adaptation behavior. The variables of risk perception and self-efficacy have an indirect effect on the variable of adaptation behavior. Collectively, the suggested model is capable predict 35 percent of the variability adaptation behavior.

One of the reasons for the low efficiency of university graduates in the Work Market is to provide the theoretical training regardless of the Work Market requirement in the Higher Education. In order to solve this problem, the Applied Scientific University and following of that ‘the training centers of Jihad-e-keshavarzi were created with the aim of training qualified skills graduates who the Work Market require them .Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of comparative study of professional competencies of Applied Scientific graduates in medicinal plants course of Imam Khomeini Higher Education with the needs of Work Market in a consecutive mixed method in 2018 . To achieve the research goal, at first ,the Delphi method was used to extract Work Market competencies. The statistical community of this section included the activists of the Medicinal Plants Department and faculty members and instructors of Applied Scientific Higher Education Centers (n=27) who were selected through a targeted random sampling method. The statistical community of this stage of research included 380 Medicinal Plants graduates during 2009-2016 that 181 students of them were selected by random sampling based on Krejcie and Morgan table. The results showed that the level of competencies of the Work Market for graduates was lower than employers' expectations. It is suggested that, in order to aligning the graduates' competencies with the Work Market requirement and increasing their employment, when designing and compiling the courses of these centers, effective interaction with the employers, their expectations should be considered.

Value co-creation process as a mutual interaction between individuals is a key issue across the management network. Recently, studies have placed a special emphasis on people’s interaction in order to accomplish value co-creation. Given that the process of experience exchange enables us to identify our resources in transactional processes and make collaboration to achieve common values, the purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting student value co-creation to institutionalize sustainability in agricultural and natural recourses universities. Statistical population of the research consisted of 2248students of which 204 students were selected using stratified random sampling. The main research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and whose construct validity was confirmed by using explanatory factor analysis (KMO = 0.752; P= 0.01).The reliability was checked by calculating ordinal theta ( 0.89). Data was analyzed by SPSS20.Descriptive findings showed that student value co-creation level was moderate (43.060 percent). The findings of exploratory factor analysis revealed that seven factors including teaching quality, support from top management, students’ social capital, confidence to faculty member, self-efficacy, pro-environmental values, and infrastructures of information and communication technology (ICT) captured 77.74 percent of student value co-creation variance.

The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing women’s participation in social, economic, and political activities in rural areas of Likak city. Target population of this study consisted of active rural women of 15 to 64 years old in Likak city which based on krejcie and morgan table, 300 women were determined as sample and using a random sampling method were selected. questionnaire was the data collection instrument which its face validity was confirmed by a group of experts and its reliability was obtained also by conducting a pilot study and calculating Cronbach alpha coefficients (0.73-0.94). Results of the study reflects the high mean of women’s participation in social, economic and political activities in rural society. Moreover results revealed, there is negative correlation between economic participation, political participation and social participation and a number of key variables such as gender stereotype, farmer identity and housewife identity. The results of structural equation modeling analysis showed that self-efficacy and housewife identity have positive effect on participation intention. In addition, gender stereotype has negative effect on social, economic and political participation. The model explained 85% of the variance in economical participation, 77% of that in social participation, 69% in political participation. Based on the results, it is recommended to give value to the activities of housewives in society and media and to create material and moral rights for these activities. Also, holding a meeting of housewives with active and Successful women can increase women's self-efficacy.

Villages have special cultural and natural attractions, potential and actual potential for attracting tourists considerably and thus gain from this industry that is known as "clear industry" and can be as a strategy to achieve sustainable development. All experts worldwide agree that the only development programs is the participation of women, especially rural women that can be successful and sustainable tourism and the exception was not being aligned to skills and abilities of women and special needs such as food industry, tourism, and hospitality industries manually according to these classes of rural community participation in planning process for development of tourism activities, which evidence against this is despite the women responsible part of the activities of this industry, but the revenues from what is not for them . Note that without the participation of local people, particularly rural women in planning for development of tourism activities and lack of knowledge and understanding attitude of the host society toward the impacts of this industry can'nt hope for success in business and industry benefits, to achieve sustainable development found. This study is a descriptive study using survey questionnaires to the gender analysis of satisfaction, expectations and attitudes of the residents of eight villages Izeh city in Khuzestan province (325 cases based on sample size table Tuchman) has been discussed and analyzed by SPSS software. Results indicate a positive attitude towards the impacts of women in rural tourism in this city and the satisfaction, attitudes and expectations toward more men and between women and men in these variables was existed a significant difference.

Today, psychologists believe that the factors that have caused the lack of Specialization and skills in the learners of higher education centers, and especially agricultural higher education, Lack of knowledge and understanding of the principles and foundations of meta-cognition and non-implementation and its use in teaching and learning topics. Regarding this, current paper was focused to identify and prioritize the promoter and deterrent factors of the institutionalization of meta-cognitive theory in the agricultural education system qualitatively.
The population of the research was the experts in the field of educational science and Meta cognition, which were collected through deep individual interviews to identify and specify the propulsion and preventive factors(18 individual interviews). Selection of skilled snowball techniques was conducted in different fields of agriculture and education. Each of the respondents answered to open questions in meetings that lasted 15 minutes, The results of data analysis which was based granded theory in the form of three stages of open, axial and selective coding led to identification of eight groups of individual and behavioral factors, planning, Extensional, cultural, environmental, family and motivational as the propulsion ( 100 items) and three categories of deterred factors Subjective, psychological, and educational (33 items).

The universities interests to achieve sustainability as a goal of sustainable development will not be possible without recognizing its dimensions and its assessment. When university manager recognizes the sustainability dimensions, planning for sustainable development at the university will be more efficiency by considering that dimensions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the sustainability dimensions and assessment sustainability level in the agricultural and natural universities. A made questionnaire was used to collect dada. Its validity was proved by using content and structural validity, and its reliability confirmed by Cranach's alpha (α ≥ 0/79). Data analyzed by SPSSWin20 and IMINDMAP software. Findings showed the universities sustainability was at the lowlevel. Factor analysis suggested nine components as the basis dimensions of sustainable development at the university. These factors included of incorporation sustainable development in the curriculum, Economic capacity building, environmental protection, the efficiency of energy, participation and cooperation, building social capacity, publications and products, and health. In total, these dimensions explained 83.459% of sustainable development variances at agricultural and natural universities.

This study was designed to investigate agriculture students’ satisfaction regarding teaching-learning process. To achieve these goals, The European Customer Satisfaction Model (ECSM) was used, as one of the most widely used model for investigating the relationship between perceived quality, value, and satisfaction. The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey. The population of interest consists of 320 MSc students from Khuzestan agriculture sciences and natural resources university based on Krejcie and Morgan sampling table 175 students selected through a simple random sampling method. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire which was developed. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts from related disciplines. To determine the reliability of the various sections of the questionnaire, the ordinal theta coefficient was used (θ= %87- %95). Descriptive analysis revealed that students' satisfaction regarding university teaching and learning process was moderate to high. Structural Equation modelling using Amos24 showed that perceived value was most important predictor of student satisfaction while student’ expectations had most indirect predictor of the student’ satisfaction, The findings yield educational policy and recommendations for stimulating high educational quality among universities.

Psychologists and researchers believe that improving the quality of learning is not possible unless the higher education system of agriculture addresses the concepts of metacognition, given the importance and necessity of meta-cognition in order to improve the learning process and improve the quality of agricultural education system. The general purpose of this descriptive-survey study was to study the status of metacognitive components including knowledge, mastery of metacognitive behavioral strategies and behaviors among agricultural students in Khuzestan province(N=3700), 300 of them were selected randomly by stratified random sampling and were selected based on krejcy and morgan tables, The standard questionnaire for metacognitive knowledge of Shrow and Denison (1994), the standard questionnaire for mastering meta-cognitive strategies of De Groot and Pintrich (1990), and the metacognitive behavioral skills questionnaire. The designed as researcher-made. To measure the reliability of the research instrument, pre-test was performed calculated sequential theta test through R software (θ=0/93).The results manova test showed that the students were moderately high in terms of the three componentsofmeta-cognition.
There wasasignificant difference between the three components of metacognition between different educational levels ofmetacognitive awareness and behavioral skills related to metacognition.And in terms of comparision of the averagesPhDstudents had higher metacognitive knowledge and knowledge than other levels. Kruskal Wallis test showed that students with different meanings in terms of meta cognitive awareness have a significant difference. It can be concluded that by increasing thelevel of the individuals experience in learning, the learningprocess improves in the person. Also,mastering the meta-cognitive on the academic achievement of learners.

Climate change and long acute droughts, water crises, rural migration and rural population decline, environmental pressures due to the inefficient use of external inputs, low efficiency of conventional agriculture and a corresponding withdrawal of government support are rendering Iran’s agricultural sector increasingly unsustainable. Hence, in order to protect the natural resources and also create positive change in the situation of farmers and rural people in general, it’s important to consider sustainable agricultural development. For this purpose, investigating the agriculture experts’ viewpoints is crucial, because their perceptions are important for the success or failure of any policy and they act as gatekeepers and are able to impact others’ decisions to adopt/not adopt a policy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the views of agriculture experts regarding sustainable development of rural and agricultural sector of Shushtar County and their priorities. For this purpose, the method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to set priorities. The results revealed that the agriculture experts believed the economy and production-orientation were the most important diminution for sustainable rural development.

Sustainability challenges in our time such as climate change, food security, water consumption, pollution,environmental degradation and other socio-economic concerns are the main challenges for present and futuregenerations. Therefore, society is increasingly sensitive to sustainability issues and seeks information to achieve sustainability. Nevertheless, in universities, still environmental issues are attending and its non-material aspects such as society, cultural, and ethical issues have been neglecting. Therefore, the present study undertakes to assessment level of sustainability in Iran agricultural and natural resources universities according to all dimensions of sustainable development. Statistical population consisted of 2248 students in agricultural and natural resources universities, from that 204 students selected as sample using simple random sampling. A made questionnaire used to collect data. Its validity proved by using content and structural validity, and its reliability confirmed by Cranach's alpha (α ≥ 0/79). Data analyzed by SPSSWin20 software. Findings showed that at environmental dimension, use of energy-saving bulb, use of office automation systems, and separate potable water from other uses have paid more attention to themselves. In social dimension, universities more focusing to sport competitions aimed to ensuring students health, checking cleanness of dining rooms, and hold conferences on sustainability issues. In education dimension, university’s managers have focused on developing students' abilities to informed decision-making, establishing flexible curricula to educate sustainability issues, and create relationship between educational content and sustainability dimensions. Findings from ranking of attention to sustainability dimensions at universities showed that universities most emphasis on social, educational, and environmental dimensions and research and economical dimensions have been underestimated.