masoud ghafari

Science is an objective method to study the world. therefore, it has to be, in principle, independent from any type of subjective judgments and preferences. Aesthetics, judgment, on the contrary, is based on subjective tastes. this is the reason why foe a long period of time philosophers believes that there can be no relation between science and aesthetics. logical positivists, for instance, held the claim that scientific propositions directly imply to the objects and events of the world. Reichnbach said even if aesthetic sense were to be proved to have a role in this or that particular scientist's creativity, yet what is finally important for scientific methodology is the objective justification of a theory. i.e. the way a theory or a set of scientific propositions imply to the objects and events of the world. However, in recent decades, there has been a shift in the point of view of philosophers of science. and the relationship between aesthetics and science has become an attractive and serious subject for the field. The main goal of this research is to survey the relationship between aesthetics and science through both scientist's and philosopher's point of view. we take this survey in five levels: practical, methodological, production, thematic, and explanatory level.

Critical musicology, which is also referred to by other terms such as "new musicology" and "radical musicology", is a new field in musicology studies that has been popular since the 1980s. In terms of methodology, the unique feature of critical musicology is its distance from positivist approaches and its interdisciplinary feature. Critical musicology uses a variety of fields such as cultural studies, social studies, critical sociology, gender studies, feminism, psychoanalysis, and post-modernism discourse for the study of musicology. In terms of subject of research, Critical musicology considers both artistic and popular music and analyzes the historical evolution of them. In this article, first critical musicology is introduced. Then the features of Lacanian musicology are analyzed and limitations of its application are discussed. After that, four reasons for the justification of using Lacan's theory in musicology are presented. These reasons include "the interdisciplinary nature of musicology", "emotional and non-conceptual nature of music", "contribution of unconscious elements to the creation and reception of music" and "structural analysis of music". Additionally, this research aims to answer the question, "What possibilities does Lacan's theory of psychoanalysis provide for critical musicology?" In this way, first Lacan's concepts that have been most used in musicology are introduced, including "gaze", "object petit a", "three orders of imaginary, symbolic, real", "jouissance" and "fantasy". By investigating works written in the context of Lacanian musicology, the application of these concepts in Lacanian musicology is tested. Then the advantages and limitations of Lacanian musicology are discussed. In summary, the most important advantages of Lacanian musicology are "the possibility of analyzing the unconscious processes involved in the creation and reception of music", "the wide analytical scope of Lacan's theory", "opening new fields of social/cultural, literary and gender research for musicology", "the ability to explain the impact of "extra-musical elements on music" and "pathology of music".  Nevertheless, the limitations of Lacan's musicology are also taken into consideration, the most important of which are "the non-argumentative feature of psychoanalysis", "the openness of Lacan's theories to different interpretations", "the impossibility of providing a unique aesthetic theory" and "the inability to provide a criterion for evaluating and measuring musical works".. At the end, the topic of ethics in music with the approach of Lacanian ethics in "psychoanalytic ethics" is suggested as a plan for future researches.

What is the relation between phenomenal concepts and physical concepts? In this paper, I try to propose an answer to this question with regard to the Knowledge Argument and Mary Thought Experiment. I neither argue for nor against the knowledge argument. I am not going to prove whether dualism or physicalism is true. All I do is to analyze the Mary Thought Experiment and see if the story of Mary goes smoothly the way the knowledge argument tells us. I argue that Mary's story has at least one crucial inconsistency. If she has learned a completed physical science of optics and neuroscience, then she has no concept of color because physical sciences are just purely mathematical formalizations. Therefore, after release, she can not relate her phenomenal Experience of redness to her physical lessons. Then I argue that for Mary's story to go smoothly the way the knowledge argument tells it, the physical and the phenomenal concepts should be somehow related to each other through an extra course for her. Then I try to define a relation between physical and phenomenal by putting the argument into the formalization of set theory. I conclude that whatever relation one could define between Physical and phenomenal, this relation must be an equivalence relation. Otherwise, the Mary thought experiment would fail, and there would be no need to talk about something as a phenomenal concept independent from the physical. Finally, I argue that this conclusion is compatible with physicalism and dualism both. So, it can set a new stage for the debate between them.

The philosophy of music is a branch of philosophy that studies the meaning of music, the relationship between the artist and the creation of music, the relationship between the audience and music, and such issues. Since emotions and feelings constitute the meaning of music, the primary focus of theorists in this field is devoted to the fundamental question of where the emotional impact of music originates from. In the philosophy of music, there are two rival theories regarding the source of musical emotions: the expressive theory, which prioritizes the emotions of the artist in creating the work and considers the meaning of music in the expression of the artist's emotions, and the arousal theory, which gives priority to the emotions evoked in the listener and considers the meaning and purpose of music in eliciting the emotions of the audience.
The aim of this research is to facilitate the scientific examination of the relationship between music and emotions. The specific objectives of this research are as follows: _ Introducing and examining the most important theories and discussions in the philosophy of music. _ Investigating the most important criticisms that have been made on various theories in the philosophy of music and showing the efforts of theorists and philosophers to respond to these criticisms. _ Showing that old theories put forward by philosophers like Aristotle can still be relevant in current philosophical discussions. This highlights the importance of mastering the history of philosophy for researchers in this field. _ Demonstrating that music can (or even should) be subject to contemplation and philosophical inquiry. This research is classified as fundamental research in terms of the data collection method, which is qualitative research using a library research approach. Additionally, this research specifically utilizes up-to-date and primary sources in the field of philosophy of music.

Research Question(s):

Which of these two theories of Expression and Arousal provides a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between music and emotions and offers a better explanation of our emotional experiences when confronted with music?
Which theory can better respond to the criticisms raised against it?
Literature Review
Some of the most important articles published on the arousal theory of music are as follows (in chronological order):Mew, P (1984) The musical arousal of emotions.British Journal of Aesthetics 25 (4):357-361.
Robinson, J (1994) The expression and arousal of emotion in music. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 52 (1):13-22.
 Beever, A. (1998) The Arousal Theory Again? The British Journal of Aesthetics 38(1):82-90.
Kingsbury, J (1999) Why the Arousal Theory of Musical Expressiveness is Still Wrong? Australasian Journal of Philosophy 77 (1):83 – 88.
Matravers, D (2007) Musical expressiveness. Philosophy Compass 2 (3):373–379.
 Arbo, A. (2009) Some Remarks on “Hearing-as” and its Role in the Aesthetics of Music. Topoi 28 (2):97-107.
Cochrane, T. (2010) Music, Emotions and the Influence of the Cognitive Sciences. Philosophy Compass 5 (11):978-988.
Eerola, T. (2016) Being Moved by Unfamiliar Sad Music Is Associated with High Empathy. Frontiers in Psychology 7.
Levinson,  j (2016) Music-Specific Emotion: An Elusive Quarry. Estetika 53 (2):115-131.
Wu-Jing He (2017) Emotional Reactions Mediate the Effect of Music Listening on Creative Thinking: Perspective of the Arousal-and-Mood Hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology 8

This research is classified as fundamental research in terms of its objective. The general aim of this research is to establish a conceptual framework for the philosophical examination of the relationship between music and emotions

In response to the first question, we first need to see what each of these two theories offers in response to the most important issue regarding emotions and music, namely the issue of the "relationship between expressed emotions in music and evoked emotions in the listener." The expressive theory addresses this issue with the concept of "grounding," while the motivational theory uses the concept of "emotional codes." Our analysis shows that the concept of "emotional codes" is more effective than "grounding" for two reasons:"Grounding" is a concept that claims objectivity, while by definition, the meaning of music lies in its sensory content. The conflict between the expressive theory and the motivational theory is essentially a conflict over determining the place of sensory content in music. The expressive theory places the sensory content in the expressed emotions in the musical piece and considers these emotions as a crystallization of the emotions of the creator, while the motivational theory places the sensory content of music in the emotions evoked in the listener through music. Referring to an objective concept to explain the place of sensory content, if not a theoretical impossibility, is an additional effort that only complicates the conflict between these two theories.
The concept of emotional codes conceptualizes the issue at the mental (or intermental) level and provides an effective framework for explaining the position of the sensory content of music. Different and varied reactions to music are appropriate. Furthermore, by introducing the concept of emotional codes, one can pave the way for framing research issues in an interdisciplinary context. This way, the issue of the sensory content of music can be explored in the interdisciplinary fields of musicology, philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience.
Our analysis has shown that the theory of motivation with our experiential intuition is more compatible. This is because the basis of judging a musical work is the experienced emotions, not the assumed emotions that the artist intended to express. For example, when we label a piece of music as sad, it is not because the composer intended to express sad emotions, but rather it is simply and intuitively because that piece evokes a sense of sadness in us.
As a result, the theory of motivation provides a better and more valid explanation of the relationship between music and emotions.
In response to the second question, it is important to consider the main criticism that challenges each of these two theories and how they respond to it. Our analysis has shown that the main criticism of the expressive theory is the "expression of unexperienced emotions," and proponents of the expressive theory, in response to this criticism, question the principles of this theory. They do not necessarily consider the expressed emotions as belonging to the artist, but rather see the artist as simply a narrator of the emotions of another individual (or even a completely imaginary person). In this way, they raise the larger question of whose emotions are being expressed in music. Since the answer cannot be the audience (as that would essentially turn it into a motivational theory), this question remains shrouded in ambiguity and mystery.
On the other hand, in our research, we demonstrated that the responses that have been presented to the issue of "liking sad music" are not defensible and valid. Furthermore, by using the concept of catharsis from Aristotle, we were able to propose an acceptable response to this criticism. We showed that our proposed response can address all the criticisms that were present in other responses.

Different social groups each make efforts to achieve health, and due to their social status, they also face obstacles to achieving health. Among them, blind and combination women also have unique experiences in They have this background. This phenomenological study analyzes the efforts of blind and partisan women in the context of their life experience and also the obstacles to their progress in Kashan. In this regard, using purposive sampling with the criterion of theoretical saturation, 25 blind and combo women were selected for in-depth interviews. The interviews were then analyzed using Brown and Clark thematic analysis. After extracting the appropriate codes, two main themes with the titles of health-centered agency and perceived barriers to health have been obtained. Health-oriented agency includes actions and actions that are in the field of awareness of individuals and occur to maintain, improve or promote health. And has the sub-themes of basic health presuppositions, conscious prevention in order to maintain health, reconstruction and treatment, and measures that are detrimental to health. Perceived health barriers also refer to macro-social categories that restrict the realization of health in blind and visually impaired women outside the will of individuals and contain sub-themes of economy-based health, harassing behaviors. Society is a disabling social context and a challenge to the institution of treatment and the passive family.

The divisions of the country are based on the administrative-managerial structure of the regions to accelerate the process of development and balanced and coordinated growth.According to the law of divisions, it is the largest unit of the country's divisions in the province, which in fact consists of a large, homogeneous geographical area, and the sovereignty of the central government is vested in the governor, who is the highest representative of the government in the region. Khorasan province is one of these geographical areas which was divided into three provinces of North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan according to the approval of the parliament in 2004. Khorasan province, at the time of division, was the largest province in the country with 313 thousand square kilometers and a population of nearly 6 million people.This research has been compiled to investigate the effect of the pattern of national divisions on the development of Sabzevar, Joven, Jaghtai, Khoshab and Davarzan counties and seeks to answer the question that; Has the equation of dividing and creating different levels with all its consequences and costs, been able to lead to the harmonious development and growth of regions and the provision of better services? The results showed that Sabzevar city after the abstraction of new cities from it, has grown in all indicators, but its growth rate has not been significant and among the newly established cities extracted from it, Joven city has had a relatively better growth than other cities.

Health and its conceptualization among the blind and visually impaired is an important issue due to the complexity of health and disability as well as their unique experiences. This phenomenological study examines the concept of health in the context of the lived experience of blind and sighted women in Kashan. In this regard, using purposive sampling with theoretical saturation criteria, 25 blind and combo women were selected for in-depth interviews. Then, using clause analysis and extraction of appropriate codes, two main themes with the titles of multi-dimensional perception of health and strategies for expressing health in the face of unhealthy society have been obtained; So that the theme of multidisciplinary perception of health in blind and visually impaired women includes sub-themes of mentally healthy, social welfare, spiritualism ,and physical health. The content of health expression strategies in the face of unhealthy society also includes the sub-themes of body management and beauty, trying to show independence in individual and social affairs, self-affirmation, striving for efficiency, not expressing illness and pain in society and relationship management. (Halo, constructive interaction). Multidimensional perception of health expresses the concept of health in blind and partially sighted women, which is formed after accepting blindness or partially sighted and paying attention to other aspects of health. And health. Also, health expression strategies in the face of unhealthy society show the actions and efforts of these women to show their ability and health in society.

Good governance and the ways to achieve it have long been the subject of discussion among philosophers and political scientists. Many world revolutions were achieved with the aim of achieving good governance, including the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The Islamic Revolution of Iran, with its Islamic slogans, has been a harbinger of taking a step towards the desired Islamic rule. This has caused the different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran to adopt different approaches in the political system of the country to seek to achieve the desired components of good governance. In other words, the method of achieving good governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran is the issue of Iranian political scientists and authors of the present study. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the main question of the research, what is the relationship between centralism and good governance in the ninth and tenth governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran by using descriptive-analytical method and using library data and using the theoretical framework of good governance. The aims of the research are the pathology of the centralist approach of Ahmadinejad's government, the explanation of the decentralized political system and the production of research literature to help experts and government officials. The research hypothesis is that there is an inverse relationship between centralism and good governance because the six indicators of good governance to achieve the needs of decentralized society, while Mahmoud Ahmadinejad due to the desire to directly manage many institutions and large political and managerial organizations, the political system Had created a strong centralism that prevented many of the hallmarks of good governance from being achieved.

Up to now, the few studies have been investigated on the shallow benthic Eocene successions from the eastern Lut Block. Here, the larger benthic foraminifera were practically one of the most important components for reconstructing of the paleoenvironmental conditions. In fact, they were abundant during the Paleogene, and are as a useful tool for sedimentary and paleoecology interpretations. The highest diversity and abundance of the Large Benthic Foraminifera (LBF) was during Eocene, where they were known as the Foraminiferal limestones within (neritic) carbonate succession. The LBF are generally recognized with calcareous algae (red algae) which can be used as paleoenvironment indicator.  However, the investigation of the facies data which is combined with paleontologic characteristics confirm paleoecologic condition during deposition of Eocene strata in the studied area. Eventually, vertical distribution of identified microfacies and sequence stratigraphy of the mentioned succession supports the depositional system and paleoenvironmental condition.

In this study, the Eocene carbonate marine successions were investigated in south of Kerman from the Khan Gazan and Khadagan sections with thickness of 75 m and 48 m, respectively. The identification of the microscopic data are provide by Embry and Kelovan (1971) and Dunham (1962). Field work and laboratory studies based on LBF stratigraphic distribution of the Eocene deposits led to the identification of seven facies includes: (FT1) Terrigenous bioclast packstone, (FT2) Nummulites rudstone, (FT3) Bioclast–coralline algal packstone/grainstone, (FT4) Coralline algal rudstone/bindstone, (FT5) Coral wackstone/boundstone, (FT6) Nummulithoclastic packstone/grainstone, (FT7) Bioclast packstone/ grainstone into a carbonate ramp model, which can be divided into four depositional environments: tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and open marine. The regional discrimination most likely reflects their position on separate tectonic blocks on which different facies conditions developed due to different tectonic movements. Based on Catuneanu (2006), the results of sequence stratigraphy studies were identified two third-order depositional sequences containing of four systems tracts.  The gradual vertical changes of the facies and the process of rising of sea-level from the shallow area to seaward direction are well illustrated with lateral facies changes such as the nummulitic accumulations or banks that represents of a high-energy conditions and tests transport to the deepest parts of the basin.

According to studies, the frequency of microspheric forms increases with increasing water depth, while megalospheric forms are frequently in shallower or relatively deep areas (Beavington- Penny and Racey, 2004). Quartz grains are characterized by well sorting, sub-rounded, and maturity, which represents a large transport distance to the deepest parts of the basin. The proximity of coralline red algae facies trough FT5 can be referred to the margins of coral reefs. Also, Field observation suggests the development of small reefal build-ups (Patch Reef) with limited lateral extensions resulting from coral and coralline red algae assemblages in the Khan Gazan section. The evidence of our study on the FT5 in the Kagan section is indicating a gradual deepening trend of the basin. Likewise, developing of the Nummulites banks show a decrease in seawater levels as major sea-level fluctuation, thereby, the Khan Gazan section is deposited in an environment with high energy conditions and near to the origin of sediments.In addition, the nummulite accumulations (nummulite banks) or low-relief buildups into the middle ramp area under influence of a moderate-high energy condition (e.g. currents and waves) were represented with predominance of Nummulites perforatus monospecific tests for the first time in this region. According to field work, the mentioned nummulites Bank is assigned to B form (reaching to 10 cm in diameter).  The Nummulites banks were not referred to original biocoenosis which were formed by wave activity as parautochtonous or residual assemblage (Papazzoni, 2008). Combination of LBF and coralline algal facies was previously recorded from northeastern Italy (Bassi, 2005) which is close to FT5 of studied sections. The predominant facies associations are shown an overall transgression-regression cycle of the Eocene successions in the east Lut Block.

In order to reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and geologic history of the Eocene succession of the Lut Block, the litho and biostratigraphic studies of other exposures are required. Actually, vertical distribution of facies of several stratigraphic sections and their correlation supports paleo-tectonic behavior of various location during deposition of Lut Block Eocene sediments.

The present research tries to focus on the political modernization of the performance and policy of the ninth and tenth government in the field of political rights of citizenship during this period. Political modernization emphasizes the distinction between the public and the private sphere, the state and society, the individual and the citizen, the recognition of this distinction and divisions leads to the limitation of the power of the state, the spread of civil society and political freedoms, the rule of law, and ... Which is the basis for the development of citizenship political rights. This paper, by analytical-descriptive method, merely examines the political rights of citizenship, which is one of the components of political modernity. Because in the ninth and tenths of the state, there is a Rupture between differences and divisions with the emphasis on political modernity, we are faced with a kind of authoritarianism and expansion of government interference, which leads to the further weakening of the political rights of citizenship. The question of this research is: How can the politics of political rights of citizens of the ninth and tenth governments be explained in the field of political modernity? Our assumption is that the policies of the ninth and tenth governments are aimed at weakening the political rights of citizenship and the expansion of mass society. Key words: political modernization, political rights of citizenship, ninth and tenth governments, mass society

The present research tries to analyze the policy of the ninth and tenth government in the field of political rights of citizenship, with an emphasis on political modernity, by analytical-descriptive method and with emphasis on citizenship political rights. Accordingly, the main question of this research is that the policy making of the political rights of citizens of the ninth and tenth governments in the field of political modernity can be explained? Our assumption, in response to this question, is that the policies of the ninth and tenth governments are aimed at weakening the political rights of citizenship and the expansion of mass society. The results of the survey showed that in the ninth and tenths of the government, the weakening and limitation of the political rights of citizenship led to the collapse and disintegration of the distinctions and divisions of contemporary political modernity, which resulted from the expansion of government interference, the weakening of civil society and the emergence of a kind of authoritarianism, lack of accountability and transparency of the state and finally, the deepening of the features of the mass society has become more and more.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between inefficient bureaucracy and specialists’ exit from Iran in the ninth and tenth government time period as the main question of the research in the framework of this hypothesis that bureaucratic inefficiency in Iran is one of the factors influencing specialists’ exit. Studying the key elements of the bureaucracy based on legal-rational authority in combination with the characteristics of efficient and inefficient governments and the theory of attraction and repulsion can be an appropriate criterion in this study to show how the government can exclude itself from the faction of inefficient government and make itself closer to efficient government by reducing their roles and attracting skilled and capable persons. In this way, the government helps to reduce the specialists’ exit from the country and finally provide development.Design/Methodology/Approach: Generally, the government role in developing mentioned viewpoints is placed in two groups. First, individuals who believe in minor role of the government and emphasize on the society and its role; and individuals who believe in major role of the government and emphasize on the government as the main body of the development. Peter Owens is placed in the second group and defines two categories of ineffective and effective governments. On the other hand, since the formation of the modern government and bureaucracy in Iran, it was inefficient. The methodology used in this study is "institutionalist". The results show that Ahmadinejad government is categorized in the group of inefficient countries, with inefficient administrative structures. It didn’t have the power of long-term goals in order to have operational development programs. It had failed to act going beyond short-term interests of in-power political groups, and hasn’t been able to create the necessary stability in the social and economic space for attracting attention of new professionals and entrepreneurs or putting them in the direction of determined targets. Since achieving profitability is the most important motivation of the professionals and entrepreneurs in the private sector, and of the all economic actors outside the government to participate in development projects, it can be seen that the ninth and tenth government, because of increasing of their roles in the form of bureaucracy, becomes the largest competitor in the private sector. To the extent that the government capacity to make maximum use power and expertise of entrepreneurs and competent human resources to advance the development agenda has been reduced. And this caused to the loss of legitimacy and government efficiency near professionals and entrepreneurs groups and finally, caused to the indiscriminate leaving of experts and efficient staff from the country.Originality/Value: This study can provide a theoretical framework to examine the impact of the failure of the consolidated government forces in other. On this basis we can determine the relationship between the solutions necessary to reduce the exit of specialists from Iran at any returns when presented. This could be effective step towards development.

In recent decade Turkey has made tremendous efforts to become a part of European countries. The official application of Turkey for joining European community was presented on 24 April 1978. The process of negotiation for joining the community started on 13 October2005 by signing a thirty five chapter document, a process which conditioned to ten years period time and in that the European Union laid the conditions, criteria and standards for joining of Turkey. The Turkish government in the direction of European demands put on the agenda vast reforms in the field of politics, economy, culture, judiciary and conferring concessions to ethnic and religious minorities. The present article by relying on documents data and by a descriptive-analytical method, believes that taking into consideration ideological approach of Europe about Turkey’s joining European Union, the present reforms do not have much impact on Turkey’s position in joining European Union and it seems that basically West, due to cultural and civilizational reasons does not have a tendency to accept Turkey into European Union.

This article intends to express the origin of the Iranian Youth Movement during 1981-2001. During these three decades, the Youth Movement has been one of the most significant social movements in the political realm of Iran. For elaborating the source of this movement, “generation gap” and “democracy” have been surveyed as the two factors; while the results show that the origin of the Youth Movement in Iran has been the opposition of democracy and authoritarianism; and not generation gap. This article has used the results of some formal research inquiries in addition to the official statistics as well.