masoumeh delaram

Improving the quality of midwifery education is crucial for the promotion of maternal and neonatal health. The aim of this study was to evaluate of the quality of the educational activities of midwifery departments of nursing and midwifery faculty of Shahrekord University of medical sciences. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in midwifery departments in 2017. The study population consisted of midwifery students (n = 36), graduated employers (n = 6), head of EDO (n = 1), midwifery department head (n = 1) and all midwifery faculty members (n = 11). Sampling in the faculty member was done in a census and the other subjects were convenience sampling. The data gathered through questionnaires, observation and the Check list. To determine the strengths and weaknesses of the domains under study, the faculty members in their several meetings, determine ideal points for each of the criteria selected. If Score of any domains were less than 50% considered undesirable, between 50-80% were relatively favorable and higher than 80% desirable. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics including frequency and percentage, mean, standard deviation, and sum with SPSS software. The results showed that midwifery department in all of the nine domains examined achieving more than 83.21% of total score. The status of the midwifery group in the areas of mission and educational goals, management and organizing educational programs, faculty and assessment and evaluation are in a good position. But in the areas of students, educational resources, research, and graduates domains are at a relatively good level. Although the midwifery department situation was desirable in terms of the score obtained, but the areas of students and graduates need more attention. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate the weaknesses points and to promote the group especially in two mentioned areas.

The role of clinical instructors in the quality of clinical education is important and can be effective in obtaining the professional capabilities by creating an appropriate learning environment. Knowing the opinions of students as the main element of education can be effective in improving the education. In this regard, the present study was carried out to determine the students' opinion about the performance of educators in the clinical setting at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. In this cross sectional study, 386 students of nursing, midwifery and operating room attended by census method. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire which included demographic characteristics and 19 items measuring students' views. Data description was performed using SPSS and descriptive Statistics. In all 19 items, the students described positive attitude of the performance of educators. In a bout of items "Summarizes content in the end" and "Involving the students in scientific activities", although the most of students had positive viewpoints, about 30% of them mentioned that sometimes this happens. Most of students described the positive performance for instructors in clinical environments. A few of the students believed that the clinical instructors do not summarize the content at the end and do not involve the students in scientific activities. Hence, summarizing clinical content and involving the students in scientific activities were suggested.

Use of narcotics to relieve pain in labor affects neurobehavioral and nutritional conditions of newborns after birth. However, there are inadequate data on the effects of drugs currently used in labor. This study was performed to examine the association between newborn's breastfeeding behaviors in the first two hours after birth and drugs used for their mothers in labor.
In this descriptive-analytical study, 300 women were selected according to convenience sampling and assigned to four groups. Data were collected by a demographic questionnaire and the Newborn Breastfeeding behaviors Tool completed by the researcher as she observed the newborns during breastfeeding after birth. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test in SPSS 20.
There is no significant difference between demographic characteristics of the studied groups (p>0.05). In addition, there is significant difference in breastfeeding behaviors between groups. More clearly, breastfeeding ability was higher in the infants of the women administered with no drug than those of the women in the group (p=0.000).
Regarding the findings of the present study, physicians, nurses, and midwives can be informed about the side effects of the drugs used in labor on the newborn's breastfeeding, and improve their breastfeeding outcomes by decreasing the dose of used drug and the duration of the women's treatment with these drugs.

Opioids are used to relieve pain during labor and may affect the neurobehavioral conditions of infants. However, effects of using drugs, such as oxytocin, as a routine component of pre- and post-delivery care on the breastfeeding behaviors of newborns remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the association between the maternal use of oxytocin during labor and breastfeeding behaviors of neonates within two hours after birth.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 160 women selected via convenience sampling. The participants were assigned to two groups of oxytocin administration (n=70) and physiologic delivery (n=90). Data were collected using demographic questionnaires and infant breastfeeding assessment tool (IBFAT). IBFAT was completed by the researcher through observing the behaviors of infants during breastfeeding after birth. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20, using descriptive and analytical statistics, including independent t-test, correlation-coefficients, and analysis of variance.
Mean age of the mothers in the oxytocin administration and physiologic delivery groups was 26.9±5.9 and 27.8±5.5 years, respectively. Breastfeeding was significantly stronger in the infants whose mothers had physiologic delivery compared to the group administered with oxytocin during labor.
According to the results, use of oxytocin during labor directly weakens the breastfeeding of neonates. Therefore, it seems necessary to inform and prepare women for physiologic delivery during pregnancy

The experience of teachers is transferred to students in the classroom; and for the implementation of this, the continuous presence of students is necessary. Despite the numerous studies on the causes of absence, the strategies of its reduction have not been investigated. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the strategies reducing the absenteeism in theoretical classes from the viewpoints of students in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. The population of this study consisted of all students studying in the second semester in 2016-2015 and just 401 students from Medical (n=75), Nursing and Midwifery (n=182), Health (n=32) and Paramedical (n=112) schools were randomly selected in proportion to the number of students in each school and field of study. The research involved collecting data from a researcher-made questionnaire. Then, data analysis were performed with SPSS and P

One of the common problems of education in universities is that teachers do not evaluate continuously. The effect of continuous evaluation on student learning has been less investigated and this study intends to address this issue.
In this quasi-experimental study, 30 students in the first semester of 2014 and 22 students in the first semester of 2015 were enrolled. The control group received teaching in the form of lecture with question and answer in all sessions and the intervention group in addition to that, received quizzes every week. Finally, test scores of students were compared. Data were analyzed using independent t, paired t, and Chi-square tests and P Mean scores of midterm examination in the intervention and control group were 3.77±0.47 and 3.25±0.44, respectively (P=0.003). Also mean scores of the final examination in the intervention and control groups were 16.69 ±1.63 and 15.40±1.02 (P Weekly quiz tests increased the test scores in the midterm and final examinations in the students.

Development of critical thinking and practical skills has remained a serious and considerable challenge throughout the nursing educational system in Iran. Conventional methods of teaching such as lectures as the dominant method used in higher education system is a passive style which ignores critical thinking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of instruction by Concept-Mapping and conventional Method on critical thinking skills of nursing students.
This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 70 nursing students of Tehran Nursing and Midwifery schoolwho were selected through convenient sampling method, then were divided randomly into the two equal Experimental and Control groups. Educational content was presented in the form of Concept-Mapping in the Experimental group and Lecture,Demonstration and Practicalexercises in the control group. Data collection included a demographic information and California Critical Thinking Skills (form B) questionnairewhich was completed at the beginning and at the end of the fourth week of Instructional period. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (V: 21), descriptive and analytical Statistics; at the significant level P Before the intervention, the mean of critical thinking skill score was 9.71±2.66 in concept mapping group and 9.64 ± 2.14 in conventional group and the difference was not significant (P=0.121), but after the intervention, a significant difference was found between the intervention and conventionalgroup (15.20±2.71 vs 10.25±2.06, P=0.003).
Using Concept mapping strategy in the education of nursing students may lead to developing critical thinking skills as one of the important missions of higher education. So it is recommended to usethis method in clinical nursing education.

The women in pregnancy and postpartum are susceptible to psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. Many studies conducted on postpartum depression, but few studies have examined the depression in pregnancy and have focused on ways to treat it.
The purpose of present study was to detect the fetal movement counting on depression of mother in the third trimester of pregnancy.
In a Randomized controlled trial, 66 women with a singleton pregnancy and mild and moderate depression based on Beck Inventory Scale, were randomly allocated either to perform daily fetal movement counting from 28 week to 37 (n = 32) or control group (n = 34). Analysis was performed with SPSS 16 and a P In the intervention group, the mean of depression scores was 14.56 ± 4.66 at 28 weeks and 13.65 ± 4.00 at 37 weeks and the difference was significant. The mean difference was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.52 - 1.28, P The level of depression was decreased at 37 weeks of gestation in the fetal movement counting and control group and the difference was not significant. The mother concern for reducing of fetal movements was similar in both groups.

Burnout is a leading cause of physical and psychological injuries and evaluating the relationship between the self-efficacy and burnout of nurses could provide new knowledge on the organization of the subject.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and burnout among nurses in Behbahan city, Iran, in 2014.
In this cross-sectional study, 151 nurses were randomly selected from 3 hospitals in Behbahan city proportionate to their staff number. Data were collected using the Maslach burnout and the Scherer self-efficacy questionnaires. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient by SPSS software version 16. P From a total of 151 nurses, 39 cases were male and 112 were female. The mean age was 33.5 ± 8.7 years and the mean of self-efficacy was 60.89 ± 6.58. Most nurses had low burnout in the subscales of depersonalization (63.6%) and emotional exhaustion (64.2%); however, regarding lack of personal accomplishments most of them (65.6%) reported higher levels of burnout. The results also showed a significant and inverse difference between the self-efficacy and three dimensions of burnout, depersonalization (P The findings of the present study show that increasing self-efficacy among nurses can lead to a decrease in burnout in the subscales of depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and lack of personal accomplishment. Adopting strategies for increasing the self-efficacy would help reduce the burnout and increase motivation and satisfaction among nurses.

In order to transfer teachers’ knowledge, the presence of students is necessary in the classroom. Despite numerous studies on the causes of absence, the strategies of its reduction have not been yet investigated and this study intends to address this issue.
Inthis cross-sectional study 401 students were participated who were selected with systematic random sampling. The students were from different departments of Medicine, Nursing and Midwifery, Health and Paramedicine. A researcher-developed questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis was performed by SPSS 16 and PMean scores given by the students to the strategies of absenteeism reduction in order of importance were: mastery of teacher over the course content (4.21±1.06), teacher’s attention to students’ learning (4.19±0.97), teacher’s well-behaving and respectfulness attitude towards students(4.12±0.95), making the class atmosphere cheerful (4.10±1.03), teaching main contents of course (4.05±1.03), applicational teaching and trying to attractive the content (4.04±0.99), giving importance to the student's attendance (4.04±0.99), using a variety of teaching methods and new contents (4.03±1.02), responding to the students’ questions properly (4.03±1.02), and continuous evaluation (4.00±1.13).
The main proposed strategies to reduce absenteeism, were teacher-related. To implement this strategy, mastery over the course content, teacher’s attention to students’ learning, teacher’s well-behaving and respectfulness attitude towards students, making the class atmosphere cheerful, applicational teaching, focusing on main course content, giving importance to the student's attendance, using a variety of teaching methods, and continuous evaluation were suggested.

Many ill children have symptoms and signs, some of which are dangerous. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of education on self-efficacy of mothers about alerting signs in children less than five years.
This interventional, semi-experimental study was conducted on 116 mothers with children under five years old, referring for treatment to six health centers in Arak, Iran. Data was collected using multistage sampling, with the completion of a researcher-made valid and reliable questionnaire together with interviews. Then, based on this questionnaire, results that was training needs assessment selected educational ways and designed educational program. Educational intervention in the case group was established during the four learning sessions and was conducted posttest by questionnaire completion, three months after the educational intervention. Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS software in significance level of P Findings showed that the average scores of mothers’ self-efficacy in intervention and control groups did not have a meaningful relationship before the intervention, using independent t-test (P > 0.05), but there was a meaningful relationship between them after the intervention by paired t-test (P Based on the results of this study, educational intervention on initial assessment was effective in improving mothers’ self-efficacy about alerting signs in children, and helpful training programscan be designed based on that.

Most women suffer pain following an episiotomy and oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used for pain relief. Due to the gastrointestinal side effects of oral drugs, it seems that women are more accepting of topical medications for pain relief..
Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of lidocaine and mefenamic acid on post-episiotomy pain..
Patients and This clinical trial was carried out in 2011. It involved sixty women with singleton pregnancy who were given an episiotomy at 38 to 42 weeks of gestation. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. One group received 2% lidocaine cream (n = 30), while the other group received 250 mg of mefenamic acid (n = 30). The data were collected via a questionnaire and a visual analog scale. Pain intensity was compared from the first complaint by the mother and at 6, 12, and 24 hours after the delivery in both groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16), the t-test, and the paired t-test, and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant..
The mean intensity of pain at the first compliant was 4.92 ± 1.9 in the lidocaine group and 4.90 ± 1.5 in the mefenamic acid group, and the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.20). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the mean intensity of post-episiotomy pain between the two groups at 6 (P = 0.05), 12 (P = 0.36), and 24 (P = 0.98) hours after childbirth..
The effects of the lidocaine cream and mefenamic acid were similar in terms of the relief of post-episiotomy pain. Lidocaine cream therefore represents a good alternative to mefenamic acid, which is commonly used to reduce pain following an episiotomy, especially in women who are breastfeeding and who wish to avoid oral analgesic drugs being secreted in their milk..

Nowadays, students of medical universities need to be familiar with computer and information technology (IT) to become successful. The aim of this study was to investigate the information literacy and the use of IT by students in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences.
This survey is a descriptive-correlational study. The study population consisted of all students of the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences and the sample size included 235 students. The instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire with a validity confirmed by faculty members and a 0.83 reliability according to Cronbach's alpha. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Chi-square in SPSS 16 were used.
The results revealed the frequency use of IT domains Internet obtained the most frequently used domain (67.2%) followed by Windows (54.1%), word processing software (43.8%), search engines (41.1%), and e-mail (30.5%). The highest mastery was obtained over Internet use (58.6%) followed by Windows and word processing software (48.3%), search engines (34.4%), and software installation (31.4%). The use of IT was significantly associated with previous research activities such as having PC, the skill to use computers and Internet, the mean duration of computer use per week, and English language competency (p The student's mastery over the use of IT is weak in the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, and certain plans are needed to educate these students by holding workshops, empowering them to do research, and revisiting the curricula to increase the credits of IT course.

The counselors are responsible for academic counseling to students and help them to solve their educational problems. The aim of the present study was to determine the viewpoints of students about the status of academic counseling provided by the faculty advisers in four schools at University of Medical Sciences.
In this cross-sectional study, the opinions of 244 students about the counseling status in four schools of Medicine, Nursing and Midwifery, Public Health, and Paramedical were assessed by a self- designed Check List including individual and educational information and 12 items with Likert scale to assess the students’ viewpoints about the status of counselingin the first semester of 2012. Data were analyzed by SPSS (v.16), using mean (SD), one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation test.
“Checking and signing form of credit selection” was the only item from the 12 items of counseling status to which the students in four schools had given a higher score [School of Medicine (2.47±0.60)], [School of Para-medicine (2.45±0.66)], [School of Health (2.10±0.90)], [School of Nursing and Midwifery (2.50±0.86)] and there was no significant difference among the schools (P=0.50).
From the viewpoints of students, the status of counseling was not good. Informing the advisors about their duties and adequate supervision of university officials on proper implementation of counseling by the faculty members can help to improve the process of advising.

Development of practical skills in the field of nursing education has remained a serious and considerable challenge in nursing education. Moreover, newly graduated nurses may have weak practical skills, which can be a threat to patients’ safety.. The present study was conducted to compare the effect of concept mapping and conventional methods on nursing students’ practical skills..Patients and This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 70 nursing students randomly assigned into two groups of 35 people. The intervention group was taught through concept mapping method, while the control group was taught using conventional method. A two-part instrument was used including a demographic information form and a checklist for direct observation of procedural skills. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, independent samples t-tests and paired t-test were used to analyze data.. Before education, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in the three skills of cleaning (P = 0.251), injection (P = 0.185) and sterilizing (P = 0.568). The students mean scores were significantly increased after the education and the difference between pre and post intervention of students mean scores were significant in the both groups (P < 0.001). However, after education, in all three skills the mean scores of the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.001).. Concept mapping was superior to conventional skill teaching methods. It is suggested to use concept mapping in teaching practical courses such as fundamentals of nursing..

One of the most important problems after episiotomy is perineal pain which is more severe on the first day of postpartum period. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effects of indomethacin suppository and lidocaine cream in the management of post‑episiotomy pain. In a randomized, controlled trial, 60 primiparous women who had mediolateral episiotomy received 50 mg indomethacin suppository (n = 30) or 2% lidocaine cream (n = 30) in the postpartum period in Hajar Hospital in Shahrekord (Iran). The mean severity of post-episiotomy pain was assessed with the first complaint and at 6, 12, and 24 h after the delivery, and compared in the two groups. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used for pain recording and data were analyzed with independent‑samples t‑test, χ2, and Fisher’s exact tests, and significance was defined as P < 0.05. With the first complaint of pain, the mean intensity of pain was 4.9 (1.9) in the indomethacin group and 4.9 (1.8) in the lidocaine group, and the difference was not significant (P = 0.25). Six hours after birth, it was 3.3 (1.3) in the indomethacin group and 3.2 (1.9) in the lidocaine group, and there was not a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.90). No significant difference was found between the two groups at 12 h after birth [2.3 (1.7) vs 2.5 (1.7); P = 0.59]. Also, the difference was not significant at 24 h after birth [1.5 (1.3) vs 1.8 (1.3); P = 0.31]. It was concluded from the study that indomethacin suppository and lidocaine cream have similar efficacy on episiotomy pain relief on the first day of postpartum period.

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common complaints among women in reproductive age in that about half of young women suffer from dysmenorrhea. Nowadays، many people have a tendency to use a traditional medicine for dysmenorrhea. Hence، we aimed to compare the analgesic effect of Agnogol and Mefenamic acid in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. This clinical trial was conducted on 44 women with primary dysmenorrhea referred to Hajar hospital in Shahrekord. The participants were randomly allocated to two groups of Agnogol (n=23) to use one 3. 2 mg Agnogol pill for three times a day and Mefenamic Acid (n=21) to use 250 mg Mefenamic acid every 8 hours a day for three days. The pain severity was detected by Visual Analogue Scale. We used Independent and Paired t test for comparing the means of quantitative variables and Chi Square for qualitative variables (P<0. 05). considering age، menstrual duration، menstrual interval، and pain severity score، there was no significant difference in two groups at the beginning of the study (P>0. 05). After intervention، a significant reduction was found in the mean of pain score over time in both Agnogol (P<0. 001) and Mefenamic acid (P<0. 001) groups، but the difference between two groups was not significant (P>0. 05). given the same effect of Agnogol in mitigating dysmenorrhea، we recommend it as an appropriate alternative for Mefenamic acid.

Anxiety is one of the psychological problems in pregnant women that sometimes takes the pathological form and affects the mental health of mother. This study was performed with aim to determine the effects of fetal movement counting on general health of mother. This Quasi-Experimental study was performed on 208 nulliparous women who were randomly divided into two groups. At 28 weeks of gestation، they completed the GHQ-28، then the intervention group started to count fetal movements from 28 to 37 weeks of gestation and the control group received routine care. Again، both groups completed the questionnaire at 37 weeks of gestation and the results were compared. Means scores of GHQ in intervention group at 28th and 37th of pregnancy were 23. 52±10. 23 and 21. 09±10. 12، respectively that the difference was significant (P=0. 025). The means in control group were 23. 69±9. 43 and 23. 88±8. 60، respectively that the difference was not significant (P=0. 52). In comparing the mean scores in two groups، it was found that the difference was not significant at 28 weeks of gestation (P=0. 37)، but it was significant in 37 weeks of gestation (P=0. 002)، and counting of fetal movements could improve the mental health of mothers compared to control group. There was no significant difference between two groups in the mean frequency of maternal concern about decreased fetal movement (P=0. 36)، hospitalization due to it (P=0. 25) and the mean of gestational age at the time of decreased fetal movement (P=0. 19). Counting of fetal movements by mother at 28 to 37 weeks of gestation improves the general health of mother.

Creativity is an essential part of nursing care. Thus developing creativity skills in nursing education is a priority. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of instruction by concept-mapping and update the fundamental of nursing by teaching creativity skills to nursing students. This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 70 nursing students, who were divided randomly into two equal experimental and control groups, in the Clinical Skills Lab of Tehran Nursing and Midwifery School. Educational content was presented in the form of concept-mapping in the experimental group and common method in the control group. Data collection included a demographic information and Abedi Creativity questionnaire; that filled at the beginning and at the end of four weeks course period. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (V. 21), using descriptive and analytical statistics at the significant level P<0.05. Before the intervention, mean total creativity’s score was 126.1±7.4 in the concept mapping group and 128.2±5.2 in the common group and the difference was not significant (P=0.07). However, after the intervention, a significant difference was found between the intervention and control group (157.8±7.3 vs. 138.1±5.1, P=0.01). After the intervention, the creativity skills in nursing students was improved in both group, but the Influence of education in concept-mapping group was greater than the common method. Further research with more time and for other lessons can be useful for evidence-based decision-making.

The method of evaluation in learning of students, affects the mode of studying. The aim of this study was to compare the nursing student performances in essay and multiple-choice questions in mother and child Health examination in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the scores of forthy multiple-choice questions in final examination in 121 of nursing students during the four years were compared with the scores of forthy essay questions and a scientific content was questioned in two types: essay and multiple-choice. Data was analyzed by paired t-test and Pearson correlation test and P<0. 05 was considered significant. Mean and standard deviation of scores in students was 14. 72±3. 7 in essay questions and 16. 53±2. 4 in multiple-choice questions and difference was significant (P<0. 001). There was a positive correlation between the essay and multiple-choice questions (r=0. 93). studentsُ performance was stronger in multiple-choice questions than the essay questions. Use of multiple-choice questions only, may be caused the success of students who have not the ability of perception, resolution and application. Therefore, we suggest using of different questions including essay questions in addition to multiple-choice questions in examinations. Key Words: essay examination, multiple-choice examination, student performance, mother and child health course

The method of evaluation in students’ learning affects their studying mode. The aim of this study was to compare nursing students’ scores in essay and multiple-choice questions in Mother and Child Health examination in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the final scores of 121 of nursing students in a multiple-choice questionnaire consisting of 40 questions, during four semesters were compared with the scores obtained from an essay questionnaire composed of 40 questions. Difficulty and Discrimination Index of questions were similar in both kinds of questions. Data was analyzed employing paired t-test and Pearson correlation test and P<0.05 was considered significant. Mean and standard deviation of students’ scores were reported 14.72±3.7 in essay questions and 16.53±2.4 in multiple-choice questions and showed a significant difference (P<0.001). A positive correlation was reported between the essay and multiple-choice questions (r=0.93). Students’ scores were higher in multiple-choice questionnaire compared to the essay one. Using multiple-choice questionnaire on its own may lead to the success of those students who do not have the ability of perceive, resolve and apply.

The manner in which healthcare professionals deliver bad news affects the way it is received, interpreted, understood, and dealt with. Despite the fact that clinicians are responsible for breaking bad news, it has been shown that they lack skills necessary to perform this task. The purpose of this study was to explore Iranian mothers’ experiences to receive bad news about their children cancer and to summarize suggestions for improving delivering bad news by healthcare providers. A qualitative approach using content analysis was adopted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 mothers from two pediatric hospitals in Iran. Five major categories emerged from the data analysis, including dumping information, shock and upset, emotional work, burden of delivering bad news to the family members, and a room for multidisciplinary approach. Effective communication of healthcare team with mothers is required during breaking bad news. Using multidisciplinary approaches to prevent harmful reactions and providing appropriate support are recommended.

A large number of womensuffered from the post episiotomy pain and the common method for pain relief is oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. With considering the adverse effects of these drugs، the aim of present study was to compare the effects of lidocaine cream and mefenamic acid capsule on post episiotomy pain. This clinical trial was carried out in 2011 on 60 women with singleton pregnancy at 38-42 weeks of gestation who underwent episiotomy. Cases were randomly divided into both groups and received lidocaine cream and mefenamic acid capsule. Data were collected by questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale. Pain intensity was compared with the first complaint of mother and 6، 12 and 24 hours after the delivery in both groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16)، t-test and paired t-test. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. With the first complaint of women، the mean of pain intensity was 4. 92±1. 9 in lidocaine group and 4. 90±1. 5 in mefenamic acid group that was not significant (p=0. 20). Mean intensity of post episiotomy pain in two groups receiving lidocaine cream and mefenamic acid capsule were not significant at hours 6 (3. 26±1. 3 vs. 3. 10±1. 6، p=0. 05)، 12 (2. 26±1. 7 vs. 2. 86±1. 4، p=0. 36) and 24 (1. 46±1. 2 vs. 1. 49±1. 2، p=1) after delivery. The effects of lidocaine cream and mefenamic acid capsule in relief of post episiotomy pain were similar. With considering the side effects of mefenamic acid، lidocaine cream is an appropriate alternative drug in relief of post episiotomy pain.

Introduction & The security is one of the basic needs of human and with the deterioration will be lost human comfort. The study was performed with purpose of determine the associated factors with sense of security in students of Shahrekord university of medical sciences. In this descriptive study, 200 students from Shahrekord University of medical sciences were studied simple random sampling. Data collection tool was a questionnaire that researcher made(a=0.81), including demographic characteristic and evaluation questions of security sense(in the 4 aspects). Data were analyzed by using the spss 16 software and significant level of test were considered (P<0.05). 127 girl students (63.5%) were and 73 boy (36.5%). Average age in girls was 22.47 ±2.47 and in boys was 21.82± 2.64. Sense of security in physical health and job security in girls lower than boys significantly. Between age and job security was significant relationship and negative. Except sense of security in interaction with others, other security aspects with semester were significant relationship and negative(P<0.001). Education level of father with a sense of emotional security and sense of security in interaction with others was significant relationship and direct(P<0.05).

Aim and The family functioning is a suitable anticipant scale for mental health therefore، the goal of the current study was to compare family functioning of psychiatric disorders. Methods and materials: This study was an analytical descriptive and cross-sectional study that performed on 150 inpatients with anxiety disorders، depressive disorders and bipolar disorders schizophrenia. The data was collected through interview by researcher، using the FDA (Family Function Questionnaire) The data assessed using by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and ANOVA analysis and Kruskal-Wallis. There was significant difference between the mean score of family functioning of patients with anxiety disorders، depressive disorders and bipolar disorders، Also the most difficult area of family functioning was on roles، involvement emotional and overall function (p≤ /05). The results of this study show that anxiety disorders، patients with depression and bipolar disorder are encountered with problem in many aspects of family functioning that will reinforce the role of the family system in mental diseases. So that is necessary to caregivers and family members of patients encourage participating in educational programs.