masoumeh rajabi

There are various types of tourism depending on the motivation for travel, one of which is health tourism. Health tourism has grown significantly in recent years due to the spread of machine life and psychological pressures. This type of tourism includes individuals and groups who travel for medical treatment, such as using mineral and warm waters, spending time in recovery, and so on. As one of the natural resources, hot springs are a part of health tourism that are used to treat various medical conditions. The current research focuses on the hot springs of East Azerbaijan province. The study is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology and applied in terms of purpose. Due to its geographical location, climatic features, and geological and tectonic conditions, East Azerbaijan province is considered one of the important centers of hot springs, which are concentrated around Sahand mountain and Bozgoush mountain range in the northeast of Kalibar. This research uses the Comanescu method, library research, Internet-based surveys, documentary studies, and surveys of 20 experts from the Regional Water Organization and the Provincial Tourism Department, Motalleq Hot Springs, Bostan Abad, Asbforoushan, Allah. Haq, Isti Su Liqvan, Yel Sui, Top Tapan, and Dash Alti were selected and evaluated. The results revealed that the Motalleq Hot Spring, with a total score of 86, has the highest score among the eight selected springs. The Asbforoushan hot spring comes in second with 84 points, the Yel Sui hot spring comes in third with 82 points.

Any changes that are imposed on the river system will upset its existing balance and will be faced with the reaction of the river in order to create a new balance. Rivers experience different conditions along their path, starting from the mountain path and after crossing the plains, they reach the mouth of the seas or other main rivers. Today, one of the most important challenges is the destruction or reduction of resources that have been formed in the natural environment of the planet under special conditions and over a long period of time. Natural processes (hydrological, physical, chemical and biological) can affect the characteristics and concentration of chemical elements and the quality of fresh water, in addition, the effects of human activities are also effective in water quality. River water quality is affected by two sources. Natural and artificial (human) origin. Most of the studies that have been done on the lithology maps of river water quality around the world make clear the fact that the dissolution of carbonate and evaporite minerals compared to silicate minerals is due to their high solubility. They have a more decisive role in the hydrochemistry of river water. Even in the most parts of the world, there have been many studies on the effects of geological and lithological formations on the quality of surface and underground waters. Therefore, the approach and purpose of the present research is also in this direction.

After collecting the sources about the topic and location of the research based on documentary and library methods, the study area was also identified using 1:50000 topographic maps of the region and 1:200000 and 1:100000 geological maps of the Geological Organization. has been Qualitative water samples of the rivers of Khanah from the physical and chemical aspects for a period of twenty years (1379-1399) were conducted by the regional water organization of East Azerbaijan province and the results have been provided to the researchers.

The most important quality criterion in the classification of water from the point of view of agriculture is the amount of salinity and the amount of sodium in it. Salinity is measured by electrical conductivity (Ec) and sodium (Na) by one of the sodium absorption ratio (Sar) standards. The sodium absorption ratio is the amount of sodium divided by the square root of the sum of calcium and magnesium in water in terms of milliequivalents per liter, which is expressed as follows:Drinking water should be free of color, smell, and taste, and in terms of elements and chemical substances in it, it should be within the permissible range determined by health organizations. The range of 7 to 8.5 is suitable for drinking water. TDS refers to the amount of total dissolved solids in water, usually expressed in milligrams per liter. The total hardness (TH) is also one of the quality criteria of drinking water, the amount of which is measured in terms of the equivalent weight of calcium carbonate. The total hardness can be calculated from the following equation, where the Mg and Ca values are in milligrams per liter. The formula needs to be edited. And it is not placed correctly.TH=2/497 Ca + 4/115 MgInvestigations and geological evidence of the basin as well as the results of qualitative tests obtained from hydrometric stations on this river show that the presence of calcareous formations in the basin under the influence of weathering and erosion causes the dissolution of calcium carbonate and also the entry of soluble bicarbonate ions into the river water. An increase in bicarbonate concentration in water results (Figure 12). If there are layers of gypsum or calcium sulfate between geological formations, sulfate solutes are formed in water. The results of the concentration of sulfate salts in this river indicate that the amount of these salts in the river water varied from a minimum of 0.12 at the Sahand Dam station to a maximum of 16.76 at the Tekanlo station. These values in the water at the outlet of the river at the tunnel station The number varied between 1.4 and 5.7.

The main result of this research is to investigate the quality of drinking and agricultural water in the study area with emphasis on the influence and role of geological formations. As the results of water quality surveys for agricultural purposes showed, according to EC and SAR indicators and using the Wilcox diagram, the water quality for hydrometric stations in the central parts of the basin to the west and southwest, including two dam stations, respectively. Sahand and Tekanlo are at an excellent and good level and occupy more than 80 percent of the area of the basin. However, the eastern and northeastern part of the watershed near Chapini stations and tunnel station number 7, which is also the outlet of the watershed, has average and inappropriate water quality. Also, the quality of water for drinking purposes according to TDS and TH indicators and also by using Schuler's diagrams in the central parts (Chapini stations and Sahand Dam) and the north and northwest have good and acceptable water quality. and the south and southwest area (Tekanlu station) with less than 30% of the area of the basin, has poor water quality due to the high amount of anions and cations such as sodium, potassium and sulfate in this basin. Also, the northeastern parts of the basin near tunnel station No. 7 have bad and undrinkable water quality. It shows the results of the investigations.Also, the presence of evaporative formations such as chalk, salt and gypsum, marl and refractory limes has caused mineral dissolution and finally caused changes and reduction of river water quality. . So, therefore, it is suggested that planning should be done in the direction of water use in the final basin, so that there will be no problems in the direction of water use in many years due to the lack of water and the quality of the region.

Studying land use changes in the past and predicting these changes for the future is one of the important principles of planning for urban development, management of various hazards, optimal use of natural resources and curbing unprincipled changes in the future. Monitoring and optimal management of natural resources requires timely and correct information. In this regard, land use maps / land cover is one of the most important sources of information in various managements. One of the efficient methods for predicting land cover changes and land use is the Markov chain model. In this study, changes in land cover over the past years and the possibility of predicting it in the future using the Markov chain model in the Zard River basin have been investigated. To achieve this goal, the required satellite images were first prepared using ETM + (2000) ETM +, (2006); ETM + (2012) and OLI-TIRS (2018) sensors; maps were prepared after making corrections on satellite images, and evaluating the accuracy of classifications using kappa coefficient. Then the land use map for 2025 and 2050 is predicted. The results show that if the speed of land use change is the same as in previous years. In 2025, the use of built-up areas will increase to 1089.54 hectares, the use of green space and gardens will decrease to 4/4/2012, the use of wasteland to 85279.59 hectares will be reduce, arable land use will be increased to 1154/52 hectares and surface water use will be increased to 666/54. . In 2050, the use of built-up areas will increase to 1671/98 hectares, the use of green space and gardens will decrease to 192.62 hectares, the use of barren land will decrease to 8438.69 hectares, the use of arable land will increase to 1243.73 hectares. Surface water use will increase to 895.59.

Land subsidence is commonly referred to as vertical downward movements of the earth's surface that can be accompanied by a slight horizontal vector. Land subsidence is a global problem and a morphological phenomenon. This phenomenon is affected by human activities and natural factors that may become a threat to humans and human achievements. The phenomenon of subsidence, although imperceptible and gradual, but is associated with many risks, including the creation of potholes, failure and cracking of buildings, skewing of high facilities, damage to agricultural facilities, breakage and destruction of stairs Roads and network of urban thoroughfares. Therefore, this issue affects the urban areas more, which if not addressed can lead to many human and financial losses. Accordingly, monitoring the rate of land subsidence in order to reduce the negative effects as well as controlling its development process, will be very important and it is necessary to regularly estimate the area subsidence trend. Due to the importance of the issue, in recent years, various studies have been conducted in the field of subsidence and advances in the field of remote sensing have led to monitoring the phenomenon of subsidence, unlike in the past, with greater accuracy and speed. One of the methods that has received a lot of attention in recent years is the radar interference method, which has high accuracy and speed in processing information and monitoring land surface changes, so in this study, this method is used to monitor the situation. Subsidence of cities located in Hamedan-Bahar plain has been used.

In this study, in accordance with the intended objectives of Sentinel 1 radar images (73 radar images during the period 16/01/2015 to 14/01/20120), the information of piezometric wells in the region (related to the Water and Regional Organization of Hamadan Province ) And the 30 m SRTM digital elevation model have been used as research data. Important research tools also include GMT (for radar interference measurement and SBAS time series) and ARCGIS (for mapping). This research has been done in 2 general stages. In the first stage, the amount of subsidence in the area is assessed using radar images. In order to perform this step, radar interferometry and SBAS time series method have been used. In the second stage, the annual drop in groundwater in the region is evaluated. At this stage, in order to assess the annual drop in groundwater in the region, information about 25 piezometric wells located in the study area in the period of 1375 to 1395 has been used.

The study of subsidence results in the study cities indicates that the average annual subsidence in the urban area of Hamedan was about 23 mm, the highest amount of which was related to the western regions of the city. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Bahar was about 9 mm, the highest rate of subsidence was in the southern areas of the urban area. The average annual subsidence in the urban area of Salehabad with 6 mm was lower than other cities, but the average annual subsidence of Lalejin with 47 mm was the highest among cities. Also, in this research, information related to 25 piezometric wells (statistical periods of wells related to the years 1375 to 1695) located in the study area has been used. Examination of the level of water level drop in the studied wells indicates that these wells have faced a lot of water level drop, so the average annual drop of wells is calculated between 100 to 2070 mm. The study of the spatial status of groundwater depletion indicates that the middle areas of the study area have the highest average annual groundwater level depletion.

The results obtained from the assessment of subsidence in the studied urban areas indicate that the highest amount of subsidence occurred in the urban area of Lalejin, so that this area during a period of 5 years (01/16/2015 to 01/14 / 2020) had a subsidence between 26 and 234 mm (average annual 47 mm). In this study, the situation of groundwater resources decline has also been evaluated. The results show that the average annual drop of wells in the region is between 100 to 2070 mm, which is the highest rate of decline in the middle areas of the study area, and given that in this region, the highest rate of subsidence also occurred. Given that there is a significant relationship between land subsidence and groundwater level decline (correlation 0.7). In fact, a study of the subsidence of cities in relation to the decline of groundwater resources indicates that the city of Lalejin, due to its location in the middle of the area and the high annual rate of groundwater decline, had the highest rate of subsidence. Also, the results of evaluations have shown that in addition to the decrease of groundwater resources, constructions have also played a role in increasing the rate of subsidence, so that the city of Hamedan has faced less groundwater loss than the city of Bahar, but it had more subsidence. Considering that the highest rate of subsidence occurred in the western, southern and eastern regions of Hamedan urban area and these areas have faced a lot of physical development in recent years, so it can be said that in addition to water loss Underground, the development of construction has also played an important role in the rate of subsidence in this city.

The concept of morphometry involves the measurement and numerical analysis of land surface, shape, dimensions and form of land. In relation to flooding, watershed morphometry includes quantitative indicators describing watershed physical characteristics that control the pattern and quantitative characteristics of floods such as amount, time of occurrence, delay time, and flow hydrograph. Unusual development of cities due to population growth and consequent land use change has caused disruption of hydrological balance and increased flooding of basins. The purpose of this study was to prioritize the sub-catchments of Zab River based on a novel combination of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation and zoning of flood potential under sub-catchments.

to disregard for human and social sub-basins, which has a great impact on the hydrological processes of the catchment. Based on the validation results, the Shinabad and Sufian basins have the highest priority, and the new method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation have considered them the highest priority for managers' attention.The elongation ratio helps to understand the hydrological characteristics of the drainage basin and ranges from 1 for circular basins to 0 for extended basins and its high values ​​indicate the shape of the basin circle, high peak discharge and high flood potential. Is. The values ​​of tensile strength in all sub basins are more than 0.5 and indicate high potential for flooding. Straller (1964) considers the circle ratio a quantitative measure for visualizing the shape of the basin. High values ​​of this parameter indicate circular shape, high to medium ruggedness and low permeability in the basin, which causes peak discharge in less time. The ratio of the circular ratios under the Lavin Tea Basins is 0.17, Copar 0.19, and Zab Small 0.27, indicating relatively low flooding potential in this parameter. The amount of this parameter is 0.35 under Shinabad basin and 0.31 under Sufian basin which indicates their higher flood potential in this parameter (Table 7). The branching ratio is an important parameter affecting peak runoff hydrograph discharge with high values ​​indicating high instantaneous discharge and flood event. The mountainous and steep areas have a split ratio of 3 to 4. Branching ratio values ​​indicate low flooding potential except for Shinabad basin which shows this ratio of 6.19 and this ratio indicates high flood potential
 

Since hydrological units are based on morphometric parameters to prioritize flood mapping, firstly, using channel networks and elevation curves, topographic maps of 1: 50000 and digital elevation data are analyzed. The boundaries of the hydrological units became. Then, because the catchment morphological parameters have different effects on soil erosion processes and runoff formation, prioritization of the sub-basins was done in a new way based on the difference of morphological parameters and statistical correlation analysis between them. Morphometric parameters were calculated for all sub-basins in GIS software. Then, statistical correlation of morphometric parameters was performed based on the t-Kendall method using SPSS software. Based on the correlation matrix we can analyze the relationship between the parameters and define the relative weight for each parameter without All twelve variables including circular elongation ratio, branching ratio, flow frequency, drainage density, drainage texture, compaction index, shape factor, mean slope, roughness ratio, roughness, and roughness number for all sub-basins are calculated in Table 2. The Kendall correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between Validation results showed that the new method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation did not perform well in prioritizing all sub-basins, but this method was accurate in identifying the most priority sub-basins (most acute conditions). The reason for this may be due to the lower performance of morphometric analysis and the characterization of waterways in low-slope catchments. Also, the precise reason for not estimating the priority of some sub-basins is due.

The selected twelve parameters are directly related to runoff and flood potential. Therefore, high values ​​of parameters have a direct relationship with runoff and flood potential due to their greater impact on the selected twelve parameters. Indicator (Cv) values ​​for each sub-basin are obtained from averaging of 12 indices and accordingly sub-basins of Shinabad and Sufis with high flood potential, sub-basin with small potential and sub-basin zab basin. Copar and Lavin Tea have physiographic and morphometric characteristics of the sub-catchments have a great influence on flooding and hydrological behavior, it is possible to study the status and potential of flooding below the catchments. In this research, in order to potential of flooding, firstly, Zab sub-basins were prioritized based on the new method of morphometric analysis and statistical correlation. Based on this method, the results showed that the Shin abad and Sufi basins are the top priority for the implementation of management measures to ensure.

Q&A forums are designed to help users in finding useful information and accessing high-quality content posted by other users in text forums. Automatically identifying high-quality replies posted in response to the initial posts not only provides users with appropriate content, but also saves their time. Existing methods for classifying user replies based on their quality, try to extract quality features from both the textual content and metadata of the replies. This feature engineering step is a time and labor-intensive task. The current study addresses this problem by proposing new model based on deep learning for detecting quality user replies using only raw textual content. Specifically, we propose a long short-term memory (LSTM) model that exploits the embeddings from language models (ELMo) for representing words as contextual numerical vectors. We compared the effectiveness of the proposed model with four traditional machine learning models on the TripAdvisor for New York City (NYC) and the Ubuntu Linux distribution online forums datasets. Experimental results indicated that the proposed model significantly outperformed the four traditional algorithms on both datasets. Moreover, the proposed model achieved about 16% higher accuracy compared to that obtained by the traditional algorithms trained on both textual and quality dimension features.

Rivers are one of the best geomorphic landscapes in which the connection between the system of forces and the forms of unevenness can be clearly understood (Chorley et al., 2000: 163). Various sites, especially sedimentology, are important. Zab River is one of the most water-rich rivers in the country, which due to the high discharge, causes a lot of damage annually due to floods on agricultural lands located in the river. This river, by changing its course in the bed and creating erosion along the bed, exposes the lands around the bed to destruction, and considering that the farmers of the region use the river water for agriculture, it is of great economic importance for them.Therefore, it is necessary to classify and determine the boundaries of the riverbed and thus understand the existing processes and morphological knowledge of it. Therefore, it is necessary to classify and determine the boundaries of the riverbed and, as a result, to understand the existing processes and its morphological knowledge.

River classification according to Rosegan method Rosegan classification is divided into four levels: In this research, for the morphological classification of Zab river, first by scrolling along the study area, an almost uniform set of geomorphic units is identified. Then, using GPS in three paths upstream, middle and downstream of the study area were segmented. After intercepting the river route and then entering the required data into the WMS9.1 and HEC-RAS software environment and executing the hydrological model, the geometric properties of 24 transverse sections of the total sections in all intervals The studied route was extracted and all the parameters required for classification and geometry of the duct in those intervals were calculated. To determine the overflow discharge of the intervals, the discharge with different return periods obtained from the relationship between Fuller and smada software with The prepared sections were given to HEC-RAS software and then based on one of the methods to determine the full cross section (level at which the ratio of width to depth to depth in an orthogonal device is minimized) the overflow flow is determined Took. Accordingly, in each cross section of the curve, the ratio of width to depth of flow versus depth for each section was plotted and the minimum point on the curve was selected as the discharge of the full section. After determining this discharge in each transverse section, using frequency analysis, the full section discharge has been determined for the whole river. Finally, by introducing flow characteristics, geometric characteristics and manning coefficient of each section in HEC-RAS software, flow simulation was performed and data related to cross-sections and water surface profiles including width to depth ratio, indentation index Bed, cross-sectional area in overflow, overflow width, maximum depth, flood plain width and water level slope, etc. were calculated. The implementation steps of the HEC-RAS model are shown in Figure 2.

According to field and laboratory studies, Zab River is in the alluvial group in terms of classification based on the type of bed sediments (rocky and alluvial). In summer, due to dehydration, fine-grained sediments are placed on coarse-grained sediments, as a result of which sand particles get stuck between the sand particles and cause the bed to solidify. These sediments are sandy but in winter Due to the flood, fine particles are displaced along with the flood and large particles remain at the bottom of the bed, so the type of sediments on the bottom of the Zab River are sandy. To obtain the average size of duct material, 15 samples were taken along the river at different distances and granulated in the laboratory. Due to the fact that the intervals 4 in the upstream and 11 in the middle part of the studied route have a mixed bed of irregular rapids or erosion basins and the bed (profile) and sides are relatively stable and have a limited sediment transport system with type B Roses are compatible. Also, moderate roughness and narrow valleys with a gradual slope are other reasons for confirming this claim. Intervals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 upstream, 10, 12, 13, 14 in the middle and 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 downstream of the studied route with respect to stability They and their sediment load and limited transport are Type C compliant. The predominant morphological feature of these areas is wide valleys with alluvial terraces associated with the flood plain, which are again the characteristics of this type. Section 18 is located in the downstream part of the studied route in type D, which is witnessed by the following reasons. The river is arterial in this area and rock fragments are rarely seen in the bed. The ducts also have erodible edges and high suction load. The morphological appearance of most areas has this type of wide valleys with alluvial and clovial cones. Interval 12 is located in the middle part of the studied route in type E. Here the ducts show significant sinusitis and the ratio of width to depth is low. The river is stable in this area and one of the reasons is the development in the floodplain with dense grass cover on the vertical shore of the duct. The predominant morphological feature of this section is the type of wide valleys with grasslands.

The characteristics of these intervals indicate their conformity with the Rosgen model. High instability of the riverbed in the range of intervals of types C and D is a threat to agricultural lands and surrounding structures. The results of evaluating the stability conditions of the intervals of the study area in the third level of Rozgan showed that in the upstream path of the study area, the intervals of 2, 5, and 8 intervals have more stable conditions at a good level than other intervals. Flow conditions in the intervals 1, 3, 6, 7 are at the intermediate level and in the interval 4 are at the weak level, which have more unstable conditions. In the intermediate path, the range 11 is better and more stable, and the 10, 12, 13, and 15 ranges are at the intermediate level, which is less stable. In the downstream direction, the studied areas are intervals 19, 21 and 22 at a good level and with more stable conditions, intervals 18, 20, 23 and 24 at a medium level and range 17 at a weak level and instability conditions. The results of Zab River evaluation based on Rozgan classification system at levels two and three showed that the canal patterns in Zab River and consequently the effective parameters in classifying and separating the canals are consistent with Rozgan system. However, there are differences in the values ​​and parameters that are due to specific conditions of local influencing factors. However, the Rozgan system is responsible for the morphological knowledge of the Zab River and similar fluvial systems. کرد. Therefore, this model has the ability to quantitatively predict the geomorphism of the Zab River and rivers with similar conditions.

Investigation morphological of rivers is essential for understanding current conditions and the potential of possible changes of the river in future. Measurement of the geomorphic indicators is one of the methods that can provide the extremely helpful for understanding these changes. In the basin of Talvar the existence of the beds changes has created the issue of research.

The area of the river basin Talvar in Kurdistan province, with a total area of ​​7,241 square kilometers, is geographically located between 48˚ 06  ́53 ̋   to 48˚ 12  ́ 48 ̋  East and 34˚ 54  ́ 20 ̋ to 36˚ 00  ́ 10 ̋ North. This basin is one of the sub-basins of Ghezel Ozan drainage basin, located at the southern end of the basin, east of Sanandaj.  The Talvar drainage basin is one of the sub- basin of drainage basin of GizilOzan that is located at southern part of this pool and north east of Sanandaj.  In this study, due to the wide extent of the basin, and also to get more accurate results, the basin of Talvar was divided into 15 sub-basins.

In this study some of important indexes are calculated which included: Sinuosity index (S), Shape basin index (Bs), Asymmetry factor of a drainage basin (AF), Drainage density index (P), Branching ratio index (BR), Time of concentration (Tc), confluence angles.
For the calculation of the time of concentration was used the Kirpich equation. For measurement of the confluence angles was used the Digimizer Software. At the end, data was implemented  model of Cluster Analysis in the SPSS software.

Check the value of the S: In the active tectonic areas river is in the form of direct line. If S is low and Closer to the number 1, is represents the tectonic activity in the area.  In the study area all of the sub-basins are equal to 1 or close to 1. So all are rated tectonic activity. The amount of S of sub basin number 12 is most of the others. Check the value of the Bs: The Bs value that is larger than the number 2 is indicating longitudinal basin.  Lower amounts of it is indicating weak tectonic activities.  So in the 1, 2,5,8,9,10,14,15 sub-basins, tectonic activity are high. 4 and 5 sub-basins are medium. 3, 7,11,12,13 sub-basins are weak.   Check the value of the AF: The AF indicator is one right way for determine tectonic tilting overload on the scale of the drainage basin. In a sustainable environment, AF should be about 50 that show the perfectly symmetrical drainage basin. So none of the sub-basins are not symmetrical. Check the value of the BR: BR in normal drainage basins is 3-5. So except for the sub- basin No. 1, all other sub-basins are normal. Check the value of the P: High density factor show active tectonic and the high sensitivity of the geological. The lowest value of the density related to sub-basin number 5. Check the value of the Tc: Usually the amount of Tc in a circular basin is shorter. But the stretches basin Tc is more.  Maximum value is related to the 1 and 5 basins. Minimum value is related to the number 3.  Check the value of the confluence angles: According to the calculations, 2 and 4 sub-basins has the highest average amount of angle and 5 sub-basin has the lowest.

Dendrogram corresponding to s shows that 12 and 13 sub-basins are single groups in terms of high s. and other basin are in a cluster. According to the dendrogram corresponding to BS 1, 8, 14, 15 sub-basins are in a cluster. 3, 12, 13 are in a cluster. 2 and 9 are in a cluster. And 4, 6, 7, 10, 11 are in a cluster. Dendrogram corresponding to AF shows that 1, 6, 14 sub-basins are in a cluster. 5 and 8 are in a cluster. 7 and 10 are in a cluster. 4 and 11 are single groups. And other sub-basins are also fitted up a single cluster. According to the dendrogram, 1 sub-basin is a single group Due to the high coefficient of divergence ratio. 14 and 5 that are longitudinal   sub-basins, are in a cluster. 2, 7, 15 are in a cluster and other sub-basins are in a cluster. The density dendrogram shows that 6 and 7 sub-basins that have a high permeability and multiple faults, are in a cluster. 5 and 12 are single groups in terms of relative poverty the density.  1, 4, 10, 13, 14 are in a cluster and other sub-basins are in a cluster. According to the dendrogram 1, 5, 15 sub-basins that are longitudinal sub-basins, are in a cluster. 2,3,10 are in a cluster. Number 7 is a single group. And other sub-basins are in a cluster. The average of confluence angles dendrogram shows that sub-basin 5 is a single group. 6 and 7 are in a cluster. 11,13,14,15 are in a cluster. 1, 3,8,9,10,12 are in a cluster. 2 and 4 are in a cluster. Accordingly, faults caused an increase collision angles. All indicators shows active or relatively tectonic in most sub-basins.

Soil erosion is a process of moving soil by water or wind - when the soil particles are detached and is one of the main forms of soil destruction around the world which restricts sustainable development of the earth resources by creating negative environmental effects (Marques et al, 2018). Every year more than 75 billion tons of soil is eroded from the earth's surface which is amounted to 134 tons per square kilometer (Sobhani, 2002,18). In Iran too nearly 2 billion tons of valuable soils are lost annually and damages resulted from soil erosion is amounted to 56 billion dollar (Gholami, 2002,20). Karst areas have their special conditions due to their special hydrological and geomorphological conditions. Alvand basin is a distinguished karset basin in the west of Kermanshah province and the problem of soil erosion has existed in this basin for long time and exerted destructive effects on the environment. It is feared that by continuing current trend and its intensification due to human activities and destruction of oak forests, this basin faces with stone desertification in addition to disturbance in karst water resources and hydraulic constructions of the basin face with problems resulted from sediment. Meanwhile no study has been conducted in the Alvand basin surface to assess soil erosion by taking in to account karst condition, then conducting this research is essential and necessary. The goal of this study is to evaluate and zone soil erosion by taking karst geomorphological condition in Alvan basin in to account.

Methods and materials:

Library, descriptive-analytical, field methods as well as SMLRK model were used. Above model includes influential internal parameters (infiltration, erodibility and morphology) and external parameters (land use and rainfall erosivity). In this study above model is conducted in two modes with and without involvement of infiltration parameters. For verification of the maps error matrix of two maps were calculated. Research data includes Landsat satellite image, 10 meters DEM, geological and pedological map and rainfall data from climate stations of the region.

In the zoning map obtained from equation (5) infiltration parameter which covers karst aspects has been neglected (Fig.7). Classes with low and very low erosion constitute 44.68% of the basin area, class with moderate erosion 21.9% of the basin area and classes with high and very high erosion 33.4% of the Alvan basin area. Totally, nearly 55% of the Alvand basin area is exposed to the risk of moderate to high soil erosion. Low erosion class conforms to plains’ surface and hilly regions of the basin. These regions generally have agricultural and rangeland and semi-dense forests use.Texture of the soil in these regions is heavy with lot of mineral materials and very deep. This karst class morphologically has low sleep and the directions are back to the sun and are less in the realm of the karst regions. Zone with moderate erosion conforms to erosive plains in the west of the basin, hilly regions and low hillsides of the zone’s mountains. The usage of these regions is usually rangeland- forest and includes parts of the karst regions of the basin. From morphological point of view, it has medium slope and soil texture is moderate with mineral materials and moderate depth. Zone with grate erosion exists both in karst and non-karst areas. These regions are usually steep and have rangeland and thin forest use with light soil texture and shallow. Karset regions are located in Sirvan, Ghalaje, Sarkesh, Deh Nooshak, Navakooh and Dalahou heights. Highly erosive zones conforms to rocky and steep regions with thin rangeland use, soil texture is light and very shallow (Fig.7B).  Low and very low erosive zones occupied 38.75% , moderate erosive zone 29.86% and high and very highly erosive zones 31.37% of the Alvan basin surface (table. 8). Land use, morphology, geomorphological, rainfall and soil condition in each of these zones is the same as erosive zones of the previous map.

In SMLRK model unlike most common models, karst geomorphological conditions have been involved in its sub-parameters. In this research final map of the erosion results from this model has been provided in two ways with and without involvement of the infiltration parameters. In the final maps of the soil erosion obtained from two methods, there are five erosive zones. Providing soil final erosive map for the Alvand basin using infiltration parameters causes changes in the surface of the erosive zones and their special distribution. With involvement of the infiltration parameters in modeling soil erosion of the Alvand basin, surface of low and high erosive zones in the map with five factors compared to the soil erosion maps with four factor has decreased and  surface of the very low, moderate and very high erosive zone has increased 2.04%, 7.96% and 5.98% respectively. In order to evaluate exactitude of the obtained maps their error matrix and similarity degree were calculated (Table 9). Accordingly, two maps and their classes were compared based on pixel and total sum of table diagonal is divided to total sum of the tables which expresses similarity degree of two maps. Similarity degree between two maps is 54.85% which reflects the main effect of infiltration parameter in amending result. Indeed, karst developed areas in east and north heights of the basin with involvement of infiltration parameter are located in highly erosive zone. Therefore, karst zoning results obtained from involvement of the infiltration parameter and consequently karst geomorphology have better performance and the results of this mode of model reflects more soil erosion in the area having karst geomorphology.

One of the types of wide-ranging processes that cause many casualties and financial losses in many parts of the world and Iran every year is landslides. Landslide is a mass movement of soil or rock due to gravity on slopes, which is one of the important geological hazards. Landslides are morphodynamic processes that have a complex structure and various factors and variables play a role in its creation, so it is very difficult to assess the risks of this phenomenon. This natural phenomenon causes the destruction or damage to residential areas, all kinds of vital structures and arteries such as roads, power lines, water, gas, pastures, forests, and agricultural lands and will have many destructive environmental and social effects. Landslide mechanisms and their main mechanisms, in addition to internal and external factors (climate), are also affected by human (entropic) activities. In today's world, many methods have been introduced for zoning the risk of landslides, which are generally divided into three categories: statistical methods (two-dimensional, multivariate, logistic regression, information value), experimental (Anbalagan, Mora-Warson, Stevenson) and a combination. (Artificial neural network and fuzzy logic) are divided. Most of these methods are experimental and are presented regionally for specific conditions. In Iran, there are many landslides every year that cause a lot of damage (Afjeh Nasrabadi et al., 2008). Alamut River catchment area with an area of 74.82 square kilometers, with coordinates of 15 23 23 ° 50 to 54 52 52 ° 50 eastern longitude and 12 17 ° 36 to 17 33 ° 36 north latitude in northeastern Qazvin province in one The mountainous region is located. Due to the mountainous nature of the area and the great difference in altitude, various geological formations and a wide variety of lithology, have a great talent for creating wide-ranging movements, especially landslides. In this study, the potential for landslide risk in the Alamut River catchment area has been investigated using the perceptron artificial neural network method. Neural networks are computer algorithms that can extract our important relationships between a large number of linear and nonlinear parameters from a given bank. Pradhan Vali, 2010). Artificial neural network is one of the effective models in zoning the landslide. In this model, complex statistical analyzes have been avoided and based on nonlinear functions, each of the effective factors in landslides has been assigned weight. This model is based on the training of effective factors in landslides and by dividing the data in educational and experimental classes and using sigmoid functions, it proceeds to zoning the susceptible areas. Perceptron networks consist of an input layer, a number of hidden layers, and an output layer. In multilayer perceptron networks, the number of hidden layers can be any number, although in most applications a hidden layer is sufficient. To conduct this research, slides were first identified through the interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite images and field visits and a map of their distribution was prepared. In the next step, according to the location of landslides, seven effective factors of slope, slope direction, height, precipitation, land use, lithology and distance from fault were investigated and information layers were prepared by GIS and in MATLAB environment suitable structure for Landslide zoning was written using the artificial neural network method with a multilayer perceptron structure. In order to use the neural network method in MATLAB software, the following steps have been performed in order. 1. Provide data. 2. Normalize the data (0 to 1). 3. Squaring the area to 100 * 100 sides. 4. Teaching the neural network (using the previous slips and that the areas with a slope below 5 degrees and the areas inside the waterway do not have slips). 5. Convert data to Excel. 6. Enter the data into the network and get the output. 860 pixels of data were used to train and test the network throughout the region. Of these, 674 pixels were used for training and 184 pixels for network testing.The results of the artificial neural network outcomes in the experimental phase show that the network created was able to report 36 out of the 38 sliding pixels correctly, indicating of 91% sensitivity. Also, out of 150 non-slip pixels, the network was able to detect 143 experimental samples, which again achieved an accuracy of about 91%. Therefore, the total accuracy was calculated to be 91%. The number of repetitions was changed from 1000 to 15000, which was calculated with the number of repetitions of 10,000 as the minimum error value. According to the results of the neural network method, only 25.76% of the basin area is in the middle and upper class and 72.17% of the basin is in the low and very low class. Out of a total area of 435 square kilometers, landslides are 121 square kilometers, about 21.81 percent are in very low, low and medium classes and 314 kilometers, about 72.81 percent are in high and very high classes. Areas with high and very high risk classes are often located in the eastern and northern parts of the basin, and areas with very low and low risk classes are mostly located in the western and central areas.

Tourism is one of the activities that demand for it is increasing. Tourism as a non-smoking industry, has less destructive environmental impacts but for some, tourism is an important threat to cultural and biological diversity. This idea caused the concept of sustainable tourism development and the forms of alternative tourism to be raised. For this reason, the development of ecotourism as a form of alternative tourism is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable tourism development.Identifying and planning the suitable ecotourism areas as an effective tool and solution can play an essential role in sustainable tourism development. Although Iran has a variety of natural attractions, but it hasn't been able to make good use of this advantage. One of the most suitable ecotourism areas in Iran and East Azerbaijan Province is the Northern Slopes of Bozghoush Mountains. This area has a lot of natural attractions such as high peaks, numerous hot springs and green spaces which can be a destination for hiking, adventure tourism, ski, water therapy and leisure activities. In spite of such attractions, none of these activities is known in the real sense; on the other hand, comprehensive planning has not been done in this area. Although several tourists go to the northern slopes of Bozghoush Mountain in spring and summer but there isn't any suitable infrastructures in this area.  This indicates the necessity of investigating in this region and the main thing for encouraging investors is identifying, prioritizing and informing them. Such actions lie in the context of scientific research. So far, several studies has been done on geomorphology and geology of this region but there hasn't been any study to identify suitable ecotourism areas. The present study has aimed to reach this goal. The goal of this study is identifying the ecotourism capabilities of the northern slopes of Bozghoush Mountain using Vikor technique in order to identify the most suitable areas for ecotourism activities.

The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose, it is practical. In order to achieve the research goals, the most important criteria of site selection for mountaineering, hiking and ski was identified by library research and expert survey, and then the weight of each criteria was determined by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In the following, in order to integrate layers in ArcGIS, VIKOR method has been used. To determine the final weight of the criteria, a questionnaire was designed and it has been filled by 30 experts. The experts were familiar with both the AHP method and the features of study area. Five questionnaire were corrupted and 25 of them were valid. The hierarchy structure was formed in the Expert Choice. Then the data obtained from questionnaire which was a pairwise comparison, was added to the software. In the following, in order to integrate layers in ArcGIS, VIKOR method has been used. Finally, by overlaying the maps of mountaineering, hiking and ski, the most suitable areas of ecotourism was determined.

The northern slopes of Bouzghoush Mountain located in East Azerbaijan Province have high ecotourism potential, which allows tourists to do activities such as mountaineering, hiking and ski. In the present study, in order to site selection and prioritize the ecotourism areas, the activities were divided into three types and evaluated by Vikor technique. Various criteria were selected by literature review and weighted in Expert choice using AHP method. Finally maps of mountaineering, hiking and ski were obtained and by overlaying the maps, the final map of suitable ecotourism areas was achieved. The results show that in terms of suitable site selection of ecotourism, 15.43 percent of area is in very suitable condition, 35.52 percent in suitable condition, 39.91 percent in average condition and 9.14 percent in unsuitable condition. The most suitable area covers the hot springs of Asbforoushan and Allah Hagh, as well as Jelda Bakhan and Ardeha villages. These sites tops the list of priorities for development.

Although studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the clinical evidence of the preventive role of high-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy is in doubt.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the GDM occurrence.

In a randomized clinical trial conducted in Semnan, Iran, in 2014, we recruited 175 eligible pregnant women at 8 - 12 weeks with vitamin D deficiency and normal fasting blood sugar (FBS) and randomly divided them into intervention (n = 87) and control groups (n = 88). From the 14 to 16 weeks, both groups received the 400 IU/daily doses of vitamin D. The intervention group received an additional 50,000 IU every two weeks for six weeks. In the 24 - 26 weeks, we measured FBS, serum vitamin D level, and oral glucose tolerance (75 g).

The baseline levels of serum vitamin D (mean ± SD) were 15.38 ± 7.69 and 14.00 ± 8.81 (P = 0.728) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. There was no difference between the two groups in severe vitamin D deficiency (27.6% vs. 30.7%, P = 0.652). After the intervention, the serum vitamin D level was significantly different between the two groups (16.63 ± 6.77 vs. 66.96 ± 21.13, P < 0.001). However, it did not reach the toxic serum level in any of the participants. The level of vitamin D in 85 (97.7%) and 0 (0.0%) participants reached the normal range; there were 0 (0.0%) and 16 (18.8%) cases of severe deficiency in the groups. Twelve women (13.6%) in control and eight (9.2%) in intervention groups developed GDM (P = 0.356).

A high dose of vitamin D supplementation at 14th - 16th weeks of pregnancy could improve vitamin D deficiency effectively and safely. Despite the decreased incidence of GDM, there was no significant evidence of its preventive role.

Soil erosion is one the main threats to water and soil resources in the world, as well as arid and semi-arid country of Iran. Soil erosion have a strong relationship with vegetation type and land use. Soil erosion especially in the karst areas led to phenomenon of Rock desertification and to block the channels of karst. The present paper aims at studying the karstic basin of Alvand River in the west of Kermanshah province for three years 1990، 2005 and 2018 by applying Erosion risk index model and satellite images Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager. The findings reveal that the vegetation of Arvand basin has had a decreasing rate in which 30% of the area has decreased from 1990 to 2018. The number of land use classes and their area during this time period have had significant changes. In the selected years, there was no very low erosion zone in any final maps of erosion in the basin. The medium erosion zone has the largest area in all three final maps of the soil erosion. The high and the low erosion zones have been the second and the third wide erosion zones in all the three final maps of the soil erosion, respectively. The very high erosion zone has been consistent with the karst area of the basin. Slope, heavy rainfall, and low-thickness soil have been the most important reasons for high soil erosion in the karst areas of the basin

River morphology is the science of knowing the river system regarding general shape and form, dimensions and hydraulic geometry, direction and longitudinal profile of the bed, and the process and quality of its changes. The river plan is divided into three classes of direct, braided (multi-branch) and meandering river in terms of the morphological structure of the river, among which the meandering pattern has attracted the most attention due to its abundance in nature. In order to describe the pattern of the meandering streams, a number of geometric parameters related to the river plan have been defined. By analyzing the frequency and magnitude of these characteristics along the river and at different times, the river changes in the temporal and spatial dimension can be examined. These parameters Such as the length of the pontoon, the width of the pontoon, the width of the river and the length of the river. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and patterns of the Aji Chai River. These parameters are such as the length of meander, the width of meander, river width, and the length of the river. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and pattern of the Aji Chai Rivers’ meanders.

The study area was part of Aji-Chay River (Bakhshayesh​​ to Khajeh) with an approximate length of 50 km, located in the northeast of Tabriz. The following materials are used in this study:1) Topographic map of 1:50000 and 1:250000 scales were used to examine the morphology of the study area,2)Geological maps of 1:250000 and 1:100000 scales for the analysis of geological and tectonic characteristics of the study area and 3)Using Landsat-8 and Google Earth satellite images and the ArcGIS, Excel, Autocad softwares.The study area was divided into three reaches. Some circles fitted to the meanders in the AutoCAD environment and the geometric characteristics such as wavelength, arc length, and radius of curvature of the circle, which is tangent to the river path, were measured to calculate the curvature coefficient (S = c / v) and the central angle (c/Rπ = ϴ 180). Then specification of each of the circles of the same samples was obtained and then in the EXCEL software, a plot of the samples was drawn.

Due to the long-range of the study area, the intended path was divided into three reaches. In terms of the central angle index in the first reach, the most frequent central angle was 62.5%, which is related to developed meander pattern. In the second reach, the highest frequency of central angle with 56% was related to the developed meandered pattern. In the third reach also the most frequent central angle was related to the developed meander pattern with a frequency of 57.5%. By comparing the three studied reaches in terms of the central angle index in general, it is concluded that all three reaches have a meandering pattern, in particular, a developed one, so that the average of all three reaches (the first reach 110.2, the second 118.2, and the third 123.1, respectively) are in the developed meandering pattern  category (85-158). In each of three reaches, the most frequent central angle belongs to the developed meandering pattern. The average curvature coefficient of the reaches, calculated by dividing the sum of frequencies in each reach by the total number of samples of each reach, is as follows: in the first reach, the average curvature coefficient was 1.18 which is in the range of 1-06 – 1.25 showing a sinusoidal pattern. In the second reach, the average curvature coefficient is 1.30, which is in 1.25-2 range, also has a meandering pattern. In the third reach, the average is 1.26, which is the same as the second average in the range 1.25-2 and the pattern is meandering. In general, the pattern of flow in the first reach was sinusoidal and with the increase of arches in the second reach, it changed to the meandering pattern. In the third reach, although, there was a minor reduction trend was, it retained the meandering pattern.

Based on the results from the morphometric indices, including the central angle and curvature coefficient in the studied area, the total mean of the central angle in the three reaches is 126.1 degrees, which is in the range of 85-158, showing the developed meandering pattern in the river morphology.The mean curvature coefficient in the three studied reaches is 1.25, which is in range 1.25-2, takes the meandering pattern in terms of curvature coefficient, so the studied river has a meandering to developed meandering patterns.The findings of the study indicate that the study area has a nearly uniform and smooth slope, and considering the fact that the existence of a gradient is a significant factor affecting the development of the developed arcs and meander formation, as a result, in determining the river pattern and morphology of the study area, the topography factor had the first priority.
Due to the fact that erodible formations cover most of the area, the factor of lateral erosion in low-slope areas has been effective in the warping of the river path due to the presence of loose and erodible sediments.

The medicinal plants in cancer treatment are very important. Nopal fruit (Opuntia ficus-indica) because of its phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties are important in cytotoxicity studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of nopal aqueous extract on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and compare the effect of this extract on normal mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) as a control. After extraction by maceration and treatment of cells with various concentrations of the extract for 24 and 48 hours, the toxic effect of the extract on cell morphology and viability was investigated by inverted microscope and MTT (3-4, 5 dimethylthiazole 2-yl 5,2-diphenyl tetrazolium), respectively. Data analysis was done by PrismDemo and one-way ANOVA test at a significant level (P<0.05). The results showed that the extract had no significant effect on morphology and growth (P>0.05) of normal cells and the death rate was 15% at the highest dose after 48 hours, However, it caused morphological changes and a significant growth-inhibiting (P<0.05) in cancer cells after 48 hours and IC50 was 0.44 mg /ml after 48 hours for cancer cells. Therefore, the aqueous extract of Nopal fruit has the inhibitory effect on the growth of liver cancer cells and no cytotoxicity of normal cells. So, it can be used to prevent cancer or as a supplement in chemotherapy. Moreover, due to the fact that the extract was total, it is recommended to investigate the effect of the active substances of the fruit.

Zarrineh Roud River based on different variables, such as channel planform, geological controls, bed material and anthropogenic effects, was divided into five different reaches: Reach (1) from start point to Shahindejh industrial town; reach (2) from industrial town to Norouzlu Dam; reach (3) from this dam to Miandoab city; reach (4) from Miandoab to Chelik village; reach (5) from Chelik village to Urmia Lake. Reach (1) is type C3, which according to the slope and bed material divided into two sub-reach: sub-reach C3b and sub-reach C3. Type C3 streams have a good recovery potential, moderate sediment supply, moderate streambank erosion potential and very high vegetation controlling. In this reach, the lateral dynamic of channel is low due to the geological variable control and low erodibility of bank material. Also, the bed incision is largely limited due to the presence of coarse material and bed armoring. Therefore, this reach is relatively stable. From start point of reach (2) appears significant changes in the geomorphological characteristics of the Zarrineh Roud River. Floodplain width significantly developed and geological controls reduced. In this reach, Zarrineh Roud River become specific example of gravel bed rivers that extends to the downstream of Norouzlu Dam. At the upstream of reach (2), the river transformed into a type D4 stream. According to the field studies, high erodibility of bank materials along with poor control of vegetation are the main reasons to create the type D in the some parts of this reach. Other parts of reach (2) are very specific example of type C stream that according to the slope and bed material, belong to the type C4. This reach, shows a complete characteristics of type C4 streams, so that, has a high sediment supply, very high streambank erosion potential and very high vegetation controlling. In fact, vegetation cover combined with the erodibility of the streambanks determines the degree of lateral adjustment and stability of this reach. In this reach, most meanders are active. Lateral migration of meanders accompanied by the mass failure in elevated clay banks. Reach (3), from downstream of Norouzlu dam to Miandoab city, in most sections, are converted to type G and type F streams. In fact, in this reach, a conversion has taken place from type C (C4 in upstream and C5 in downstream) to type G and type F due to very extensive anthropogenic interference. In this reach, sand and gravel mining is widely and uncontrolled. River bed entrenched up to several meters (confined) and often with steep and vertical banks isolated from floodplain. Type G5, type F4 and type F5 streams have Very poor recovery potential, very high sediment supply, very high streambank erosion potential and high vegetation controlling. This reach in terms of natural lateral dynamic is inactive. Based on the delineative criteria of Rosgen model, reach (4) have characteristics of the type C5b streams. In this reach, flood prone areas are reduced due to the human interference. Flood prone areas mainly accordance with scroll bars which developed in the convex sides of meanders. This reach due to the anthropogenic disturbances does not have typical characteristic of type C streams and is better be considered as reach that converting from type C to type F. Reach (5) be converted to a type E that according to substrate material and slope, divided into two sub-reaches: sub-reach type E5b in the upstream and sub-reach type E6b in the downstream. In this reach, floodplain is very broad and developed. Creating a developed meandering pattern is related to the low stream power and cohesive bank material. This reach is relatively stable.
Efficiency of Rosgen model in the upstream reaches of Norouzlu Dam and final reach is relatively good and almost all sections are compatible with a type of Rosgen streams. In these reaches, river form and pattern is largely indicates the processes governing river channel and river morphology controlled by variations of stream power and variability of bank and riparian conditions. In the both reaches (3) and (4), due to high control of anthropogenic factors, explanation ability of the Rosgen model limited and incompatibilities observed in determining the type of Rosgen streams. These two reaches are critical reaches along the Zarrineh Roud River. Rosgen (1997) proposed four priority in its geomorphological approach to restoration of incised rivers that prioritized as follows: Convert G and/or F stream types to C or E at previous elevation w/floodplain; Convert F and/or G stream types to C or E; reestablishment of floodplain at existing level or higher but not at original level; Convert to a new stream type without an active floodplain but containing a flood prone area. Convert G to B stream type or F to Bc; Stabilize channel in place. Considering that rehabilitation and restoration of type G and type F are difficult, it is better to with apply restrictions in relation to sand mining avoided of the conversion the reach (4) (downstream Miandoab) to type G or type F. For type F and type G reaches, due to the high population density in the region and increase the probability of flood event, the second priority, Convert F and/or G stream types to C or E and reestablishment of floodplain at existing level or higher but not at original level is recommended

Offering a postgraduate degree not based on the present and future needs of the society, not only does not relieve any of existing innumerable problems, but may lead to loss of money and national wealth, dependency, craving for obtaining academic degrees, jobbery propagation, professional errors, unemployment of the university graduates, waste of energy and disappointment of those who undertake educational endeavor hoping for academic excellence. It seems not the objective criteria but rather regional rivalries have often been the main drive for offering postgraduate degrees. The main objective of this study has been to define the extent of developing postgraduate degrees of medical sciences throughout the country.
Methods and Procedure: Several of more than 60 input, procedural, output and outcome indicators with prospective data gathering the main of which being the course expenditure scale, local expenses scale, rate of the applicants to the capacity of each course, outcome (considering professional, managerial, knowledge-transferring and productive aspects) scale, the whole number of possible future full- or part-time positions or whether it is conceivable at all have been selected. Experts have mainly been consulted where data was not achievable.
No limitation has been shown for 28 postgraduate degrees. Twenty postgraduate degrees are not required presently and their development may be limited (i.e. refusal of issuing new permit, reducing quota, every-other-year admissions or gradually getting on with other tasks). Twenty three postgraduate degrees may only be offered by one or two universities while 62 ones can be offered by up to 5 universities. Two of them should only be developed by the military authorities. Twenty three postgraduate degrees have been offered only recently (during 2013-2014) or no detailed data could be retrieved about them.
MScs in the Medical Education, Human Ecology, Medical Parasitology, Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Ageing health, Health and media, Toxicology, øFood Sciences in Crisis and Disaster Midwifery, Physiology, Exercise Physiology, Medical Library and Information Science and Health Services Management as well as MScs and PhDs in Medical Ethics, Medical Histology, History of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Anatomical Sciences should not be developed up to 2020.

Floods are among Earth's most common and most destructive natural hazards. Floods create geomorphic hazards via changes in sediment transport and channel configuration (e.g. channel width, lateral migration, planform changes, etc). In this context, floodplain zoning and its application in spatial planning is important in non- structural measures in order to reducing flood damages. One-dimensional models are the simplest option existing for modeling the flow conditions within a river channel. HEC-RAS, a commonly used one-dimensional hydrodynamic model, has the capability to perform both steady and unsteady state simulations. HEC-RAS is a hydraulic model developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The model results are typically applied in floodplain management and flood insurance.
The objectives of the current paper are flood hazard zoning and evaluating the geomorphological effects of flooding on Zarrineh-Roud River. This river is located in the northwestern Iran. It drains a watershed of 11788 km2. Zarrineh-Roud River, the most important river in the Urmia lake basin, supplies about 48 percent of the lake’s water.
Material and The West Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority topographic maps (1:2000 scale) are base data in the present study. Also, data from Sari-Qamish hydrometric station located in the main stream and Qureh-Chay and Janaqa stations on tributaries were used for calculation of return periods and discharge – stage relation. To determine the friction coefficient distribution of channel and floodplain, land cover maps was generated using Google Earth satellite imagery.
HEC-RAS uses a number of input parameters for hydraulic analysis of the stream channel geometry and water flow. For steady, gradually varied flow, the primary procedure for computing water surface profiles between cross-sections is called the direct step method. The basic computational procedure is based on the iterative solution of the energy equation. Given the flow and water surface elevation at one cross-section, the goal of the standard step method is to compute the water surface elevation at the adjacent cross-section. The flow data for HEC-RAS consists of flow regime, discharge information, initial conditions and boundary conditions (HEC, 2010). Hydraulic modeling of floodplains requires accurate geographic and geometric data for both river channel and floodplain. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allow collection and manipulation of geographic or geometric data. Model geometry input and model output were done using the HEC-GeoRAS extension for ArcGIS. HEC-GeoRAS is a set of procedures, tools, and utilities for processing geospatial data in ArcGIS. Therefore, the GeoRAS software assists in the preparation of geometric data for import into HEC-RAS and processing simulation results exported from HEC-RAS (Cameron and Ackerman, 2012). Finally, we used the stream power index to evaluate the geomorphological effects of floods, which is a measure of the main driving forces acting in a channel and determines a river’s capacity to transport sediment and perform geomorphic work.
The studied reach of Zarrineh-Rud River was divided into two sub-reaches according to geomorphological characteristics: reach (1) from the beginning to Mahmudabad city and reach (2) from Mahmudabad city to Noruzlu dam. In the reach (1), due to the narrow floodplain, flood prone areas is limited. In this reach, a recurrence interval of 25 year flood, approximately covers the entire floodplain. In the reach (2), coincides with increasing of floodplain width, flood prone areas becomes wider. Floods with significant increases in stream power, play an important role in the morphological changes of river channel. In general, a decreasing trend could be seen in the studied river from upstream to downstream, due mostly to gradient reduce and therefore the decrease of flow velocity and shear stress of river channel.Although, potential perform geomorphic work of stream power in the reach (1), particularly in meander bends, is too much, but for the most part, river bed consisting of pebbles and cobbles; as a result, capability to perform geomorphic work is limited. Also, because of the armoring bed, ability for bed incision is very low. The same is true in the case of bank erosion, the channel banks in this reach, either formed from coarse sediment, which is often well-cemented, or as a result of the migration of the river channel bends, are directly connected to the mountains and hills. Mountain unit in the studied reach consists mainly of various types of conglomerate and limestone which are considered as a major obstacle in the channel changes. In this reach, sedimentary point bars are very limited. Therefore, it can be said that the limited sedimentary point bars are evidence of dominant the sediment transport process and limited deposition in many parts of studied reach. In the reach (2), although the stream power is lower than the upper reach, but, what is of utmost importance, is high erodibility of bed and banks of channel in the many parts of the reach. Thus, in this reach the flooding plays a major role in bank erosion and lateral changes of channel. So that, the erosional effects related to bankfull and overbank floods can be seen in abundance in the river margins. In this reach, the erosional and depositional features frequently can be seen adjacent to each other, which can be attributed to local changes in the stream power. Significant increase of stream power in meander bends associated with high erodibility of banks, leads to severe erosion during floods and large amounts of sediment entered in river channel. Conversely, in parts where the stream power is reduced, the deposition process occurs. Abundance of point bars, either in and side of convex banks of the meander bends evidence that during floods, large volumes of sediment entered into the river channel, which are not able to move all of them. So that, in some parts, river channels show threshold behavior (transition from meandering pattern to braiding pattern).
The results show that the river floods in the studied reach no threat to settlements, because, cities and villages are located at the piedmont and high terraces. However, the floods are a serious threat to agricultural activities existing on the floodplain. For example, nearly 1713 hectares of agricultural land in the floodplain was inundated with a recurrence interval of 25 years flood. In upper reach, although the power stream is high during floods, because of low erodibility of the bank materials and bed armoring, ability for forming is low and the dominant process in the reach is sediment transport. But in the reach (2), in addition to increasing inundated areas due to erodibility of banks materials, lateral dynamic of channel is high.

Vitamin D has significant and multilateral effects on pregnancy. Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy leads to different maternal and fetal complications. This study was performed with aim to determine the prevalence of serum vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women with 8-12 gestational weeks and its relation with Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Semnan city. This cross sectional study was performed on 180 pregnant women referred to Semnan Amiralmomenin hospital in 2014. After recording the demographic information (age, parity, gravidity, BMI), serum level of FBS and 25-OH vitamin D was measured. FBS> 92mg/dl was considered abnormal. Serum vitamin D < 32 ng/ml was considered as vitamin D deficiency and < 10ng/ml as severe deficiency of vitamin D. Analysis of data was performed by SPSS software (version 16), and T-test, Pearson correlation coefficients and Kolmogorov-Smirnov. In this study, mean serum levels of vitamin D was 25.88± 18.0 ng/ml. Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 128 women (71.1%), so that, 30 cases (16.7%) had severe deficiency. FBS was abnormal in 21 (11.7%) that among them, 10 (47.6%) had severe deficiency of vitamin D. BMI was 25kg/m² in 99 (55%). Although no significant relation was found between serum vitamin D level and BMI, but a significant direct correlation was seen between serum vitamin D level and FBS (P=0.02, r=0.17). Regarding to high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Semnan pregnant women, and considering the effects of vitamin D on maternal and fetal health, adequate management for this deficiency in this period should be conceded as a necessity.

Among the most important natural phenomena of the earth are wetlands that form in certain circumstances. Formation of wetlands is related to topographical, geological and geomorphological factors as well as hydrological and climatic characteristics of the regions. In Eastern Azerbaijan, there are numerous wetlands, a significant number of which are located in Hashtrood region. The most important wetlands in this region include Zulbyn, Yanyq, Bzvjyq, Khorshid,Sadtlv and QrkhBolakh. Topography and lithology (evaporation formation) are among the effective factors in shaping the wetlands. At present all wetlands except Zvalbyn and Sadtlv are filled with water throughout the year. Morphologic studies shows that the largest wetland is Bzvjyq with 100,000 square meters area and the smallest wetland is Sadtlv (10,000 square meters). Results indicated that there is an inverse relationship between pond area and the drainage basin area. Compactness coefficient indicated that maximum coefficient is related to Yanyq and Khorshid wetlands which is indicative of the extent of their basins. This is important in terms of maintaining water in wetlands.

Lake Urmia basin is one of Iran’s basins. In the last few years, due to natural and human factors, the lake's water level has declined and its surface area has reduced. As a result, the coastline and the surrounding area have undergone considerable changes. In eastern Azarbayjan province as in other areas of Iran, there are several wetlands few of which are located in south and eastern south. The main objective of this paper was to study morphological changes of wetlands. So, the lake level changes were investigated using Landsat satellite images (including TM and ETM sensors) for the years 2000 and 2010, and the lake's water level fluctuations were determined. Next, geomorphologic effects of the area, especially wetlands and their changes, were investigated based on satellite imagery. The results showed that the studied lake area has shrunk for more than 10 square kilometers, which have subsequently been added to the playas. The wetland areas in the region have significantly shrank and two lagoons (GareGeshlag and Yadegarloo) have dried up. The results also showed that this reduction had a great effect on the morphology of the region, especially on the reduction of the wetlands.

Infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 rarely leads to bloody diarrhea and causes hemolytic uremic syndrome with renal failure that can be deadly dangerous. Intimin, translocated Intimin receptor (Tir), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) secreted protein A (EspA) proteins are the virulence factors expressed by locus of enterocyte effacement locus of EHEC. This bacterium needs EspA as a conduit for Tir delivery into the host cell and the surface arrayed Intimin, which docks the bacterium to the translocated Tir. Here we used triplet synthetic gene (eit) which was designed from three genes: espA coding EspA 120 lacking 36 amino acids from the N-terminal of the protein, eae coding Intimin constructed of 282 amino acids from the C-terminal and tir coding Tir 103, residues 258-361 which interacts with Intimin. The multimeric gene was cloned in two eukaryotic vectors pAAV-multiple cloning site-green fluorescent protein and pCI-neo. The pAAV was used for gene expression assay in cell line 293T and pCI-neo-EIT (EspA, Intimin, Tir) was used as DNA vaccine in mice. Test groups were injected intramuscularly with pCI-neo-EIT four times and mice control group was injected under the same conditions with PBS or pCI-neo vector. The titration of serums showed that BALB/c mice were successfully immunized with DNA vaccine compared to control groups and also they were protected against challenges of live oral using E. coli O157:H7. The results suggest that the DNA vaccine could induce protective immunity either alone or in combination with purified antigens to reduce EHEC infection.