masoumeh zarei

tǝmʃʌ kǝrdǝn ‘to look’ is an experiential predicate in Garrusi Kurdish whose arguments and event structure are represented as a coverb complex predicate. The present study explores how arguments are encoded in the predicate-argument construction of tǝmʃʌ kǝrdǝn based on Croft’s typological perspective (2022). It investigates the strategies employed by this verbal event to express its participants’ roles, which grammatical and semantic functions are hosted by its components, and how its event structure is represented with respect to its argument structure. For this purpose, a fieldwork was conducted and 30 native speakers of Garrusi Kurdish were interviewed. Wallace Chafe’s The Pear Story film was used as a catalyst for data collection, and Kurdish narratives were recorded. A total of 88 tokens of tǝmʃʌ kǝrdǝn, extracted from our discursive corpus, were analyzed to study argument coding strategies. The findings revealed that this experiential complex predicate, exhibits variation in the participants’ argument coding and the type of the event it expresses. It basically used experiencer-oriented strategy, encoding the experiencer as a subject argument phrase. However, the stimulus showed variation in coding strategies, being expressed as an object argument phrase, as an oblique argument phrase, or as a complement clause. Of the 88 tokens of tǝmʃʌ kǝrdǝn, only 16 instances employed subject-object argument structure. The most tokenized coding strategy was subject-oblique argument coding with a locative/goal stimulus. Additionally, this complex predicate was observed to function as a subevent in serial verb construction. It could also express a different event structure.

Critics of traditional theology, particularly feminists, have turned their attention to reinterpreting the sacred text from a feminine perspective. By doing so, feminist theologians aim to provide a fresh outlook on the human relationship with God, drawing from women's experiences within Western religious and intellectual traditions. This approach has led to the scrutiny of the historically male-centered philosophical, and theological foundations in the history of philosophy and theological thought. Consequently, gender has emerged as an explicit or implicit element in interpretations of religious texts. This research focused on the methodology employed by Schüssler Fiorenza, in order to understand the role of gender and hermeneutics within her approach. the findings of this research revealed Fiorenza utilized a critical and rhetorical hermeneutical method to challenge the masculine interpretation of the sacred text. She established a foundation for a new feminine reading by constructing positive and conceptual frameworks derived from the Bible. Furthermore, Fiorenza traced the transformation of understanding by departing from male historical-theological approaches and incorporating female agency. It is important to note that Fiorenza's emphasis on the diversity of femininity in reconstructing a contextualized and gender-inclusive theology did not imply a relativistic approach to knowledge or exclusive adoption of feminist epistemology

Color terms are radiation of the human conceptual system that represents a reflection of his cognitive and linguistic features. The human conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Metaphor is a cognitive mechanism and one of the linguistic strategies that can play a part in color term formation and categorical extension of colors. This study has taken metaphor in Persian color terms and the metaphorical structure of color categories in the Persian language into consideration. In this study, based on cognitive lexical semantics, 910 color terms in Persian have been analyzed. After describing semantic domains in the metaphorical formation of Persian color terms and analyzing the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms, the frequency of semantic domains’ application in Persian color terms and color categories’ tendency for participation in the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms have been investigated. Metaphor is one of the cognitive mechanisms that have a significant role in forming color categories and their conceptual extension in Persian. The domains whose phenomena have been observed in the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms are plant domain, animal domain, food domain, body domain, mineral domain, natural phenomenon domain, and object domain. The frequency of application and distribution of these semantic domains in Persian color categories is not equal. Besides, the rate of color categories’ participation in the metaphorical structure of Persian color terms and their tendency to the source semantic domains vary in metaphorical mapping.

This research aims to identify and describe the first theoretical approaches in the process of the formation of the concept of gender and shows that the conceptual distinction between sex and gender based on the background of Western thought was formed in a period of 70 years.

With the theoretical perspective of Foucault's paleontology, the research follows the process of formation and the first appearances of the formation of the concept of gender to its formative foundation and shows what forces, theories and relationships Brind has organized the concept of gender. Paleontology is based on the concept of "possibility". In the sense that after the discovery of the first historical appearances of a phenomenon, the answer to the question is sought, how did this idea emerge?

Analyzing the description and analysis of feminist, psychoanalytical, philosophical ideas and the views of Parsons' work shows that anthropological findings and Freudian concepts are the focal point in gender discussions and connect other ideas about gender issues like a connecting link. The model of kinship structure in Strauss' perspective and the term women's exchange play an important role in feminist literature before and after Oakley. Although the philosophical approaches of Debois are understood in Heidegger's theoretical tradition, the influence of anthropology plays an important role in the formation of Debois's point of view. For these theories, it becomes the basis for conceptual distinctions in Oakley's opinion and the separation of the concept of gender from gender. Although the concepts of role and base of Parsonzi and his successors are also loaded on this theoretical platform and highlight the gender roles and their dependence on the social situations of the two sexes. Lacan also creates newer perspectives on gender by using the literature of Freud and Strauss, and Irigaray has newer answers to gender differences by criticizing the traditional ideas of psychoanalysis and philosophy. Finally, the psychoanalytic views of Freud, Lacan and Lévi-Strauss with an anthropological approach had a major contribution in the process of constructing gender and led to discredit the idea that gender inequalities are a natural and unchangeable reality

The purpose of this study was to compare antisocial and borderline personality disorder, empathy, and mirror neuron function in chronic addicts and non-addicts with secure and insecure attachment styles. The research method is causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study consisted of all opioid addicts (opium and heroin addicts) who were referred to addiction treatment centers in Tehran in 2019. Sampling method was purposive sampling. The research instruments included the Hazen & Shaver Attachment Style Questionnaire (1987), Davies Empathy Questionnaire (1983), the Millon 3 Clinical Multidisciplinary Questionnaire, and electroencephalography apparatus. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results of data analysis showed that main effect of attachment styles was significant (p <0.05). Accordingly, the differences between the two groups of secure and insecure attachment styles in antisocial personality, borderline personality, empathy, and mirror neuron function in the cz channel were confirmed. Accordingly, in both groups of addicts and non-addicts, insecure attachment style had a greater effect on antisocial personality, borderline personality, empathy, and mirror neuronal function in the cz channel. . Also, people with a secure attachment style from a psychoanalytic perspective have a better ability to control their transient needs and behavioral impulses. Benefiting from a strong super ego allows the individual to manage and control the emotions and impulses of the id more powerfully. Postponement of immediate and transient needs draws human attention and concentration to the satisfaction of more important and long-term needs that play an effective role in a person's mental health, as well as the amount of neurotic anxiety caused by interpersonal conflicts. It focuses on the behavior and reduction of impulsive behaviors in these people.

Iran's construction industry has faced some problems in recent years, including rework, high costs and design errors. Engineers in this field have always emphasized the use of modern methods of building modern technologies and technologies to improve quality, reduce time, cost and increase productivity. One of these technologies is building information modeling technology, which has been very difficult to adopt and implement in this country. The purpose of this research is to present a systemic and holistic model to analyze the dynamics of adoption and implementation of this technology in Iran. For this purpose, a hybrid research method is designed, so that in the first phase using the grounded theory, a conceptual model of technology adoption is presented, and then using a system dynamics approach, a quantitative mathematical model with simulated decision consequences is presented. Four policies under the scenarios were implemented on the model. The results show that government support consisting of a set of measures is the most efficient solution to develop adoption and implementation of this technology.

Liver fibrosis is the main prognostic factor for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Change of inactive hepatitis B to active one is usually done silently. In this setting accurate estimation of fibrosis is an important step in the management of affected patients.
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of fibroscan to evaluate liver fibrosis in inactive chronic hepatitis B.

In a prospective study between February 2016 and June 2018, we evaluated liver fibrosis among patients with inactive CHB by fibroscan assessment. The inclusion criteria were the presence of serum HBsAg more than 6 months, persistence normal liver enzymes during the last 6 months, and HBV–DNA viral load<20000 IU/mL. All other liver diseases were excluded. All patients underwent liver fibroscan. The factors affecting fibroscan results such as severe obesity, cardiac and renal failure, decompensate cirrhosis, and ascites were excluded. The patients were visited every 6 months. The eligible patients were followed up for one year.

 210 patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 37.49±12.8 years and of them132 patients were male. Regarding the HBV DNA load, 48(22.9%), 84(40%), and 78(37.1%) patient had viral load undetectable, under, and more than 2000IU/mL, respectively. The mean transit elastography (TE) value among these patients was 5.8±1.26 kPa. TE value more than 7.2 kp was seen in 25 (11.9%) patients with mean of 8.1±1.4 kPa. There was no significant association between TE results and viral load levels in general. Moreover, we did not observe a significant association between age and viral load and TE.

We showed that inactive hepatitis B is not a benign condition, which needed regular follow-up by evaluating liver enzymes, vial load, and TE.  Hepatic fibrosis has prognostic significance because afflicted patients are at higher risk of developing cirrhosis; although liver biopsy is considered as the best available gold standard for assessing hepatic fibrosis.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using a panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) laser in one or three sessions on the improvement of symptoms of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In a clinical trial study, 80 eyes from 40 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The first group was cured by 2400 spots in one session of PRP and the second group was cured by 2400 spots divided in three sessions (3 × 800) of PRP. Finally, early complication of laser therapy was compared between the two groups. The changes of visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and central macula thickness were not significantly different between the two groups of one and three sessions of PRP. Performing PRP in a single session or three divided sessions does not have an effect on visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and macular thickness; but it seems that the laser is preferred in one session due to reduced frequency of visits and therapeutic costs.

The distinction between ‘gender’ and ‘sex’ is regarded as the most basic feministic assumption. Accordingly, feminists argue that many of women’s characteristics which have been deemed as natural traits are socially constructed, so their critical and normative theories are intended to eliminate women inferiority. Some planners and scholars in the field of Iranian women studies argue that one cannot conceive the ideas of thinkers likes Allameh Tabatabaei as a rival for feminist theories or as a coherent framework for understanding, explaining, or reforming the status of women, because gender has not been a matter of interest for them. We examine the claim in details in this research. The results of this research carried out by qualitative analysis method on Allameh's works (particularly Al-Mizan), show that Allameh has sought to present coherent discussions in defending the place of women in Islamic thought and in criticizing their conditions in Islamic and modern societies, and he addresses these topics regarding most important feministic ideas. Therefore, attention to the distinction between sex and gender is one of the features of the formulation of women's problems in Allameh's thought. However, due to the rhetoricity of his speculations in Islamic and feminist teachings, one cannot regard his viewpoint as a scientific theory with the characteristics of an empirical theory.

This article is going to discover and explain policies of 4th, 5th and 6th development plans on the empowering of women headed family. Divorced women, widows, single and married women who their husbands are not able to work, are meant by women headed family. To empower this group of women necessitate to consider two factors: advancement and women’s agency. The main question is examining of two factors within development plans for empowering women headed family. Findings of the research based on qualitative content analysis method are presenting that development plans have not been effective in enhancing women's empowerment in the area of access to resources and presence in social networks and markets. It only limited to financial support and in some context social support. This kind of policy would not lead to reduce women’s poverty in the long run.

Use of matrix-derived biologic scaffolds has become a treatment of choice in several clinical issues. This study assessed biochemical methods in production of three-dimensional scaffolds from human skin.
Human skin was prepared from circumcisions, washed in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and kept at -20ºC until use. The skin samples underwent various methods. In group A, NaCl, Triton X100 and EDTA solution were used for removal of epidermis and was subdivided to three subgroups. The solution for removal of epidermis was similar for all subgroups, but decellularization was different. Group B was subdivided into 6 subgroups, NaCl in different concentrations was used for removal of epidermis and decellularization happened using SDS in various concentrations and different time intervals. Group C was subdivided to 3 subgroups, trypsin was used for removal of epidermis and decellularization was conducted applying NaOH or SDS. Washing was performed using only PBS. In group D, decellularization was done applying SDS. Histomorphometric study was conducted to compare the groups.
No fibroblast was present in A2, B2, B4, and C3 subgroups after decellularization. Histological photographs from subgroups A1 to A3 revealed several cells and collagen fibers. Dense collagen fibers in pink color were noted in all subgroups; but, epidermis was absent.
It was shown that 1M NaCl was the best solution for removal of epidermis, 0.5% SDS for 2 h was the most effective solution for decellularization and PBS was the best solution for washing, while the solutions are easily available and cost-effective.

The fear of falling is common in people with Parkinson's disease. One of the most common tools to measure the fear of falling in these patients is the Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly (SAFFE). No Persian version of the SAFFE is available and no study on the reliability and validity of this scale has been conducted in Iran. The main objective of the present study was to develop a Persian version of the SAFFE scale to assess fear of falling and activities in people with Parkinson's disease.
After obtaining permission from the developer of the original scale, the Persian version was prepared according to the International Quality Of Life Assessment Protocol (IQOLA). To review the clarity and necessity of the translated items, CVI and CVR methods were applied. The internal consistency of the items was also measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
The clarity and necessity of the translated items based on the scores of CVI and CVR were acceptable. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was very high for fear of falling and activity restriction level, and moderate for activity level. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was very good for the entire scale (α = 0.93)
The Persian version of SAFFE had very good content validity and internal consistency of items and can serve as a useful tool in the clinical assessment of fear of falling and activities in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Fear of falling (FOF) is highly common in people with Parkinson disease (PD). Fear of frequent falling arises from risk factors in PD.

One of the most common tools used to measure FOF in patients with PD is the survey of activities and fear of falling in the elderly (SAFFE), but no studies have been conducted on its reliability and validity in Iran. The current study attempted to examine the construct validity and test-retest reliability of SAFFE among Iranian patients with PD.
Patients and

The study included a total of 71 patients with PD, among whom 61 (55.4%) were male and 10 were female. The construct validity was evaluated through the Persian version of SAFFE self-report scale using activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale where the correlation between the two scales was assessed using the Pearson test. The test-retest reliability was evaluated through intra-class correlation (ICC), standard errors of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC).

The correlation between ABC scale and Persian version of SAFFE scale was desirable (r = -0.87 and P < 0.0001). According to the statistical results, it can be argued that the correlation between SAFFE scale test-retest scores with those of relative and absolute correlation coefficients were ICC = 0.96 and SEM = 0.16 respectively, which represent great reliability of the scale.

The Persian version of SAFFE has adequate construct validity and test-retest reliability and is an ideal tool to measure FOF in the patients.

Studies have shown that individuals with fertility problems experience psychosocial problems. The use of various coping strategies seems to have different impacts on women with infertility stress. The aim of this study was to examine the role of coping strategies (active-avoidance, passive-avoidance, active-confronting and meaning based) in predicting infertility stress among a group of women seeking infertility treatment in Shiraz. One hundred twenty infertile women were recruited from several infertility clinics in Shiraz using convenience sampling method. The participants completed research measures including the Infertility Problem Stress Inventory and the Ways of Coping Scale (passive-avoidance, active-avoidance, active-confronting, meaning-based). Multiple regression analysis was used for data analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The findings showed that participants had the highest scores on passive-avoidance coping strategies followed by meaning-based coping, active-confronting coping and active-avoidance coping. The findings also indicated that women who utilized more active-avoidance coping strategies reported less infertility stress. Furthermore, the results of regression analysis demonstrated that two coping strategies including active-avoidance (β=0.35, p<0.001) and meaning-based coping (β=-0.50, p<0.001) predicted infertility stress significantly. Moreover, meaning-based coping strategy was the strongest predictor of low infertility stress. The present study showed that the majority of infertile women used passive-avoidance coping strategy. Furthermore, those who perceived their infertility problem as meaningful had a low infertility stress, while those who used active-avoidance coping strategies had high infertility stress.