mastooreh sedaghat

Social networking is virtual areas where individuals can create their virtual profiles and make friends with common interests. With the integration of social media into individuals’ everyday lives, it has the potential to affect many parts of human behavior. The purpose of the present study was to investigate mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between social competences with virtual social networks addiction in students. This was descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population was female students in Karaj in year 2023. A sample of 400 students were selected with convenience method. Data collection tools include the social networking addiction scale of Griffiths, social competence questionnaire of Gómez-Ortiz, et al. and social support scale of Zimet, et al. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equations modeling. The results showed significant direct effect of social competence and social support on virtual social networks addiction. Also, the results showed that perceived social support had a mediating role in relationship between social competences with virtual social networks addiction. Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that the relationship between these variables should be taken into consideration in interventions to social networks addiction.

The purpose of this research was to design a model of factors affecting career decision-making, career path, and attitude towards marriage among students.

Methods and Materials:

The method of this study, in terms of purpose, is applied and in terms of the type of data, is a mixed (combined) exploratory type. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the research included academic experts, with 15 individuals selected as the sample size using purposive snowball sampling and the principle of theoretical saturation.

The qualitative findings showed the multifaceted factors influencing career decision-making, career paths, and attitudes towards marriage among students, highlighting the interplay of individual, familial, social, and environmental factors.The results, verified through rigorous statistical analyses, including confirmatory factor analysis, reveal a strong model fit, affirming the reliability and validity of the proposed model. This validation is further strengthened by the expert opinions that significantly align with the model's constructs, surpassing average scores in each evaluative criterion.

These findings emphasize the necessity of integrated approaches in career counseling and education, considering the ever-evolving socio-economic landscapes and personal values of the youth.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is important because of the social and labeling problems, and the prevalence of a variety of psychological, family, and social problems can be observed in these individuals.

The aim of this study, in order to promote mental health, is to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive-emotional regulation of people living with HIV (PLWH).

The research is an interventional study that used a pretest-posttest design and control group. Thirty people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control. Garnefski et al.'s cognitive-emotional regulation (CERQ-SF) questionnaire was used. The experimental group received ten two-hour sessions of group treatment with Young's schema therapy model. To analyze the data, mean and standard deviation (SD) and analysis of covariance were used by SPSS 26 and P<0/05.

The results analysis of covariance showed that group treatment schema therapy improved the extent of adaptive strategies (acceptance, positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, and broader perspective) and maladaptive strategies (self-blame and catastrophic perception), (p<0.001), However, there was not any improve in terms of blaming others, (P<0/033) and rumination (P<0/102).

Schema therapy has increased the use of adaptive strategies and decreased maladaptive cognitive-emotional strategies (self-blame and catastrophic perception) in PLWH.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion-oriented therapy on physical self-concept and distress tolerance of women with coronary heart disease. The present study was an experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population was all women with coronary heart disease who were referred to the specialized center of Shahid Lavasani Hospital in Tehran in the summer of 1400. 45 people were selected voluntarily and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Body self-concept questionnaires of Marsh et al. (PSDQ, 1994) and Distress Tolerance of Simmons and Gaher (DTS, 2005) were used. The first experimental group underwent intervention in ten 90-minute sessions and the second experimental group underwent intervention in nine 90-minute sessions. Repeated measurement analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in the post-test and follow-up of physical self-concept and distress tolerance (p>0.05). The results showed that cognitive behavioral therapy was more effective in distress tolerance and no significant difference was observed between the two treatments in body self-concept (p>0.05). As a result due to the greater effect that cognitive behavioral therapy has on distress tolerance, it can be effective alone or with complementary treatment in distress tolerance in women with coronary artery disease.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common heart complications and is known as a chronic, progressive and debilitating disorder. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion-focused therapy on anxiety and distress tolerance in women with coronary artery disease.

Methodos: 

This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up stage. The statistical population included all women suffering from coronary artery disease referring to the specialized center of Shahid Lavasani Hospital in Tehran in summer 2021. A total of 45 people were selected voluntarily and randomly and were divided into two experimental groups (n=30) and control groups (n=15). Measurement tools included Beck et al's Anxiety Inventory (1988) and Simons and Gaher’s distress tolerance scale (2005). One experimental group received cognitive behavioral intervention and the other group received emotion-focused intervention. The first experimental group underwent intervention in ten 90-minute in person sessions in ten weeks and the second experimental group in nine 90-minute in person sessions in nine weeks and the control group received the conventional intervention. SPSS 16 and repeated measures intergroup ANOVA were used at the significance level of α=0.05 to analyze the data.

Results showed that the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral and emotion-focused therapy in reducing anxiety was not significantly different and their effect was identical (p<0.05). However cognitive behavioral therapy was more effective in distress tolerance component (p<0.05).

Results of this research can become the basis for interventions to help coronary artery disease patients.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a rare disease that can bring different emotional, physical, and psychological burdens. This study aimed to investigate the quality of life in patients with ALS.  

This is a cross-sectional study. Fifty-two patients contributed in this study. The setting was an ALS clinic in Iran. A mixed method was used in this study. We applied a short form of the WHO Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL) to measure the quality of life of patients. Also, all participants were interviewed through the semi-structured interview guide. To measure physical strength and functioning the Appel ALS Rating Scale (AALS) was employed in this study. To analyze the data, a two-tailed t-test and x2 test were used.  

42.3% of the participants were female. The age of the participants ranged between 28 to 81 (mean=57.6). The disease duration ranged from 0.07 to 14 years (mean=1.8). The overall mean QOL was 58.7 (±8.1). The overall mean of the AALS score was 74.4 (±24.2). The results of the qualitative part of the study showed four psychosocial themes: (1) internal personality traits, communicating with friends and family; (2) religion and spirituality; (3) stress, mood changes, and difficult relationship; and (4) changes in lifestyle, work, leisure time and financial situation.  

Despite recent advances, ALS is still one of the diseases for which there is no effective treatment. Paying attention to psychosocial issues in patients with ALS can play a very important role in increasing the quality of life of patients.

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of perceptual movement exercises (Pariad) and neurofeedback on the parent-child relationship and executive function and visual motor coordination in students with learning disabilities. The research design is semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the overall research was 51 male students with learning disabilities who had referred to the success therapy clinic in Tehran in 2019-2019. Based on Cochran's formula, 45 people were selected in a purposeful manner. Analysis of covariance and variance with repeated measurements with Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to check the hypotheses. Based on the findings, the greatest effect of Pariyad's visual and motor exercises is on improving the relationship between parents of children and students with learning disabilities. According to the F statistic for intimacy components (14.54) at the 0.03 level, developmental deficiencies (12.88) at the 0.01 level have the highest significance. The comparison of averages showed that perceptual movement exercises (Pariad) with averages of 23.65 and 44.27 had the greatest effect on visual motor coordination and parent-child relationship in students with learning disabilities, and neurofeedback with an average of (22.80) had the greatest effect on Executive functions in students with learning disabilities. Neurofeedback training has the greatest effect on executive functions on the component of working memory (22.98) at the level of 0.02, emotional control (20.33) at the level of 0.01, and planning/organization (20/33) at the level of 0.01. had. Also, reading disorder and learning disability (16.48) at the 0.02 level, developmental disabilities (13.37) and brain damage (18.54) are significant at the 0.01 level. There is a significant difference between the groups in these components. According to the findings, Pariad's visual-motor exercises improve the visual-motor coordination of students with learning disabilities.

The issue of transition from traditional society to modern society has been one of the main topics of sociology since the end of World War I. The aim of this study was to construct and standardize the modernity tendency questionnaire by analyzing the factors and measuring its validity and reliability.

The present study was exploratory. The statistical population of this study was all students studying in the academic year of 2008-2009 in Payame Noor Universities in Tehran province. For this purpose, 895 students of Payame Noor University of Tehran completed the designed tool in the academic year of 2008-19. For this purpose, first, the theoretical foundations of previous researches were studied and then a questionnaire was designed based on the areas of the mentioned structure obtained from the study of the resources. After examining the face and content validity of the questions made in relation to each subtest and removing inappropriate questions from it, a total of 58 questions were selected for final implementation on the sample by multistage cluster random sampling. Principal component analysis and varimax rotation method and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and retesting were investigated.

The results showed that the sampling quality index (KMO) was 0.828 and the significance level of Bartlett's spherical test was less than 0.001. Five factors were extracted from the set of questions, of which 48.2% of the total variance is explained. The first factor with a specific value of 10.8 equal to 22.5% of the total variance and finally the fifth factor with a special value of 2.4 about 5.1% justifies the variance of the total variables. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was the components of the tendency to modernism questionnaire between 0.69 and 90, indicating the appropriate validity of this tool.

It can be concluded that the modernity tendency questionnaire in students has good validity and reliability for future research in Iran.

The aim of this study was the effectiveness of reality therapy on lifestyle and self-care characteristics of women with type 2 diabetes.

The method of this study was semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and follow-up design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of women with type 2 diabetes referred to diabetes clinic of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in 2019, among whom 40 patients were selected by voluntary available sampling method and were assigned to reality therapy (n=20) and control group (n=20). Glasser reality therapy training was performed in 10 sessions, 90 minutes and the control group did not receive any training. The follow-up period was performed two months after the end of the sessions. Data were obtained through lifestyle questionnaire Melby, Hyner, & Zoog (1985) and self-care behaviors questionnaire Lee et.al (2010). Data were analyzed using repeated variance analysis and SPSS.22 software.

The results showed that the effectiveness of reality therapy on healthy lifestyle (P<0.001, F=54.25) and self-care indicators (P<0.001, P=32.86) in type 2 diabetic patients are effective.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that the effectiveness of reality therapy is effective on healthy lifestyle and self-care indicators in type 2 diabetic patients and this treatment can be used to improve the problems of patients with type 2 diabetes.

 It is necessary to help type 2 diabetic patients solve diabetes problems by identifying factors affecting healthy lifestyle and self-care indicators that can be improved using different psychological approaches. This research aimed at determining the effectiveness of the acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) intervention on healthy lifestyle and self-care indicators in type 2 diabetic patients.

 This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of patients with type 2 diabetes in the age range of 30-60 years at the Diabetes Clinic of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences in 2019. The sample included 40 patients with type 2 diabetes selected by a convenient sampling method and assigned to ACT (n=20) and control (n=20) groups using a simple randomization method. ACT training was performed in 9 sessions for 90 minutes. Data were collected through the lifestyle questionnaire and self-care behavior questionnaire and analyzed by the multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS 22.

 The findings indicated that ACT was effective in increasing healthy lifestyle (P=0.022) and selfcare indices (P<0.001) in type 2 diabetic patients.

 Overall, ACT could affect healthy lifestyle and self-care indicators in type 2 diabetic patients. Thus, it can be used for decreasing type 2 diabetic patients’ psychological problems.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a chronic disease in which physical and mental disorders are common among these patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Lazarus multimodal approach intervention on psychological distress, working memory, and anxiety in patients with MS.

A quasi-experimental research method with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up and a control group was used in this study. The statistical population of the study included the patients who were members of the “MS Patient Support Society” in Tehran who had been referred to this center during January and March 2017. The sample consisted of 32 people selected by the convenience sampling method from the members of the MS community. The data were obtained through the Kessler psychological distress scale (K10), the Wechsler’s Working Memory Index, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The experimental group underwent the Lazarus multimodal approach in ten 90-minute sessions of two sessions per week for one and a half months. The control group received no intervention. The follow-up was performed three months after the post-test. The repeated measurement method and SPSS 22 were used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that the Lazarus multimodal approach had a significant effect on decreasing anxiety (P<0.001), psychological distress (P<0.001), and increasing working memory (P<0.001).

It can be concluded that Lazarus’ multimodal approach was effective on anxiety, psychological distress, and working memory and can be employed to reduce psychological problems in patients with MS.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of neurofeedback exercises on executive performance, cognitive flexibility, and attention in students with learning disabilities.

In this study, a total of 30 male students with learning disabilities were referred to the Movafaghiat Clinic in Tehran, Iran, and were randomly assigned to two groups (each including 15 students). The first group (experimental group) received 16 sessions of neurofeedback training (two sessions per week) and the second group (control) did not receive any intervention. The study instruments included the Wisconsin cognitive flexibility test and the Stroop attention test. The data were analyzed using the univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software (version 24).

The results showed that the experimental group had superiority in terms of the indicators of the Stroop Attention test and Wisconsin Cognitive Flexibility test.

Based on the obtained results, neurofeedback training is effective in improving the executive functions of students with learning disabilities. Accordingly, this method can be used to improve the executive functions of these groups of students.
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One of the main topics raised in sports psychology that affects athletes' performance, especially at championship levels, is pre-match anxiety and its effect on the psychological states and motor skills of athletes. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of guided mental imagery training on improving reaction time and reducing competitive state anxiety in karate athletes. This study's method was applied, and its method was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all karate athletes in Tehran in 2019. The convenience voluntary sampling method was selected and assigned to the guided mental imagery group (n=15) and control group (n=15) using a simple randomization method. In this study, data were obtained using a competitive anxiety questionnaire (1990) and a reaction time meter. Data were analyzed using repeated variance analysis and SPSS.22 software. The results showed that the effectiveness of guided mental imagery training affects improving reaction time (P<0.001) and reducing competitive state anxiety (P<0.001) in karate athletes. It can be concluded that guided mental imagery training effectively improves reaction time and reduces competitive state anxiety in karate athletes. This training can be used to improve karate athletes' psychological problems.

Teaching models are conceptual frameworks rooted in philosophical and psychological foundations and are designed to facilitate  the learning-teaching process. These are experimental strategies that help teachers to their tasks in planning, implementation, and evaluation stages of  teaching, and are therefore the most important tool for advancing educational goals of educational systems. The purpose of this study is to design a teaching model based on the meaning of life.

The present study is a qualitative research using grounded theory strategy. In the first stage, document analysis method was used to collect and extract the meaning of life. Based on this, all written sources, including books, dissertations, and authoritative scientific articles, which have been published in print and electronically until 1398 regarding the concepts of the meaning of life in in logo therapywere identified as research area. The theoretical sampling method was used. In the second stage, based on the components obtained through open, central and selective coding, the teaching model was designed based on the meaning of life and its validity by 30 experts in the field of educational sciences and psychology. It was investigated through an electronic interview using a structured questionnaire.

The findings showed that the concepts of meaning of life can be used to design a teaching model. The design of the teaching model based on the meaning of life was also approved by experts.

The teaching model was designed based on the meaning of life in terms of expressing concepts, techniques, strategies and teaching methods.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy approach on reducing emotional divorce in women with military spouses. For this purpose، group therapy with quasi-experimental research method in pre-test-post-test with experimental and control groups was used. The statistical population of the present study includes all women with military spouses living in District 1 of Tehran who in 2019 referred to counseling and psychological centers of military families. In this study، Atieh Medical Center was selected as a sampling group from the counseling and psychology centers for military families in Tehran based on its geographical location and its sample was selected from those who referred to these centers. According to the inclusion criteria، 32 people were finally selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (16 for the experimental group and 16 for the control group). Schematic therapy sessions were based on Hemmat Sabet، Navabi Nejad and Khalatbari (2016) schema therapy protocol، which was about 8 therapy sessions. To determine the degree of distress and emotional divorce of the participants in the marital relationship in the pre- and post-test stage ،and the Guttman Emotional Divorce Questionnaire were used. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. The results of analysis of covariance showed that the treatment scheme was effective on emotional divorce. The overall result of the progressive research shows that planning therapy affects the reduction of emotional divorce in women with military spouses. The results of this study showed that planning therapy can be effective in reducing emotional divorce in married women and having a selective way to improve conflicts in these people.

The aim of the present study was to structurally model coping strategies and self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes; It was based on the mediating role of self-efficacy and rigidity. The present study was a correlational descriptive method and a fundamental goal. The statistical population of this study included all patients with type 2 diabetes in Khomeini Khomeini Health Network in Isfahan. 200 people (five times the total number of questionnaire questions) were randomly selected as the sample and entered the study. For data collection, Niknam et al.'s (2013) self-care questionnaire, Kubasa (1976) hardiness, Scherer self-efficacy, Lazarus and Volkman and coping strategies were used. Data analysis was performed using structural equations and LISREL software. The results of data analysis showed that the ratio of chi-square to degree of freedom (X2 / df), good fit index (GFI), normalized fit index (NFI), adaptive fit index (CFI), excess fit index (IFI), relative fit index (RFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and square root of residues (RMR) are significant and desirable and have a good fit model. The findings show that rigidity and self-efficacy play a mediating role in the relationship between coping strategies and self-care of type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, to increase the self-care of diabetic patients, it is possible to strengthen their assertiveness and self-efficacy. Also, by teaching positive coping strategies, self-efficacy and perseverance can be strengthened, and this leads to increased self-care.

 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDs) is one of the life-threatening diseases around the world. Today, different human societies are struggling with this disease. In addition to physiological effects, HIV disease can have devastating psychological and social effects. A positive HIV in person brings shock, crisis, stress and anxiety to the infected person and his family. These psychological consequences have a profound effect on the progression of the disease and adherence to treatment. Like many other chronic medical conditions, HIV can have psychosocial consequences in addition to physical consequences, including depression, anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, low life expectancy, poor problem solving, feeling lonely and stigma. Anger, emotional imbalance, poor self-concept and suicidal ideations are expected psychological consequences associated with AIDs, which usually result in. The worsening of physical symptoms, functional impairment, decreased treatment compliance, decreased social health and decreased quality of life in patients. The present study examined the effect of schema therapy on self-concept and social health among people living with HIV (PLWH) in order to promote mental health.

 The research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population were all PLWH who were referred to the voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) centre of Imam Khomeini Hospital in 2019-2020. 30 PLWH  were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (n=15). Both groups were matched in terms of gender, level of education, marital status, age and history of substance abuse. The experimental group received group schema therapy training in ten sessions of 120 minutes (two sessions per week) with the Yang schema therapy model. The control group did not receive any intervention. Rogers self-concept and Keyes's social health questionnaires were used before and after the training. The Rogers self-concept questionnaire is provided in two forms, A and B. Each form contains 25 bipolar traits (positive and negative); which form A measures a person's attitude towards the authentic self, and Form B measures the ideal self. The other questionnaire is the social health questionnaire which has five sub-scales, including social adaptation, social participation, social cohesion, social prosperity and social acceptance. The obtained data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance with α=0.05.

 The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of self-concept and social health. There was a significant difference in self-concept between the two groups (p<0.001). Significant differences in all subscales of social health, including social adaptation, social cohesion, social prosperity, social acceptance (p<0.001) and social participation (p=0.018), were also observed.

 Based on the results, the implementation of schema therapy among PLWH brings the authentic self of PLWH closer to their ideal self, and as a result, it leads to a positive self-concept; Schema therapy also decreases isolation and makes more communication through membership in social groups and improving interpersonal relationships as a basis for healthy social interactions which ultimately leads to increased social health. Therefore, training in schema therapy techniques for PLWH can be a practical step in improving self-concept and social health.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relatively rare disease that can be associated with various mental, physical and psychological burdens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions based on positive psychology on post-traumatic growth, self-compassion and quality of life in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed in hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2020. The statistical population of the study included patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that 30 people were selected as the sample size and participated in the study. Data were collected through standard questionnaires and analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression in SPSS23 statistical software.

The results showed that at a significant level of 5%, the intervention based on positive psychology was effective on post-traumatic growth, self-care and quality of life variables in patients with ALS (P <0.05).Thus, positivist interventions have led to an increase in the mean scores of participants in the experimental group in post-traumatic growth, self-efficacy and quality of life compared to the Goa group.

According to the results; Intervention based on positive psychology is also recommended to improve the mental health of patients with ALS along with common therapies for these patients.

Multiple sclerosis is considered a chronic disease in which physical and mental disorders are common among these patients. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Lazarus multimodal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on psychological distress, working memory, and anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis. The research method was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up and a control group. The statistical population of the study was the patients who were members of the "MS Patient Support Society" in Tehran who had been referred to this center during January and March 2017. The sample consisted of 48 people selected by convenience sampling method from members of the MS community. The data were obtained through the Kessler psychological distress scale (K10), the Wechsler's Working Memory Index, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The repeated measurement method and SPSS.22 software were used to analyze data. Findings showed that Lazarus Multimodal Approach and cognitive behavioral therapy had a significant effect on decreasing anxiety (p <0.001), psychological distress (p <0.001), and increasing working memory (p <0.001). The Lazarus Multimodal Approach was more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy in decreasing anxiety, psychological distress, and increasing working memory (p <0.001). It can be concluded that Lazarus' Multimodal Approach and cognitive behavioral therapy was effective on anxiety, psychological distress, and working memory and can be used to reduce psychological problems in patients with multiple sclerosis.

 The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and compassion-based therapy on increasing self-efficacy in patients with MS.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all patients with MS referred to medical centers in Isfahan at 2020, who 45 of them were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (n=15). Scherrer et al.'s (1982) self-efficacy questionnaire was used to collect data and for data analysis, a mixed design with repeated measures was performed by version 26 of SPSS software.

The results showed that the interactive effect of group × time on the self-efficacy (F=91.845) was significant (P-Value<0.01) and compassion therapy and reality therapy significantly affected self-efficacy in the experimental groups. The difference between experimental and control groups in terms of mean of self-efficacy in post-test and follow-up stages compared to pre-test (F = 6.768) was significant (P-value <0.01). These changes in the mean of self-efficacy in the control group in the three stages of the test were not significant. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of compassion therapy and reality therapy in increasing the self-efficacy of patients with multiple sclerosis (MD = 3.400, P-Value = 0.429).

Compassion-based therapy and reality therapy can significantly increase self-efficacy in patients with MS; But their effectiveness on increasing self-efficacy is the same.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) as a chronic disease with sudden and unpredictable onset reduces the mental well-being in different emotional, psychological and social dimensions. The present study aims at investigating of diet on mental well-being by health hardiness mediation among women suffering from MS.

The present study used descriptive research method from correlation and Structural Equation Model (SE) type. The statistical population of the study are all women suffering from MS referred to Tehran specialized clinics in 2018. The number of 60 women selected through convenience sampling method. Concern Over Weight and Dieting Scale (COWD) by Kagan and Squires, Health Hardiness Inventory (HHI) by Gebhardt and colleagues and Subjective Well-being Scale (SWS) by Kiz and Magiarmo were data collecting instruments. The hypotheses of this study tested by means of Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method.

Results out of investigating the direct effects of variables showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between diet and mental well-being, between mental well-being and health hardiness and between health hardiness and mental well-being (p<0/05). Considering indirect effect, there is a significant relationship between diet and mental well-being by health hardiness mediation to 0/25 (p<0/05).

According to the results of the study, in order to increase the mental well-being of patients with multiple sclerosis, it is recommended to pay attention to the role of diet and psychological factors such as health hardiness mediation.

Currently, despite all the scientific advances that today's human society is undergoing, i.e., rapid and comprehensive changes, especially respecting culture and lifestyle, numerous individuals lack the necessary skills to cope with problems and even manage the routine issues of their lives. Being vulnerable to stressors, they are also prone to various bio psychological disorders. Additionally, components, such as Psychological Wellbeing (PWB), life satisfaction, hope, happiness, optimism, and other positive traits, including essential constructs and indicators of mental health in positive psychology are less experienced. The present study aimed to develop a structural model of PWB based on optimism, and positivity, with Emotion Regulation (ER) mediation.

The present descriptive–correlational study employed structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all postgraduate students (MS & PhD) in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran City, Iran. The total population of the study was 5353 subjects (3732 seniors & 1621 doctoral students). To determine the sample size, 10–15 individuals were required for modeling; based on the available variables, 358 individuals were selected by stratified random sampling technique. Therefore, 358 postgraduate students were selected as the study sample. The sampling was proportional to the number of postgraduate and doctoral students. Initially, the list of undergraduate and postgraduate students was obtained. Then, according to the number of undergraduate students per faculty, 358 subjects were randomly selected. The required data were obtained using the Psychological Wellbeing Scale (Ryff, 1989), the Revised Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1994), the Positive Thinking Questionnaire (Ingram & Wisnicki, 1988), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003). This study used descriptive statistics to categorize the demographic characteristics of the study subjects to calculate frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation values. Furthermore, inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected results. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to identify the data normality and Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were also implemented in this research. Data analysis was conducted by SPSS and AMOS at the significance level of 0.05.

The present research results indicated that the total path coefficient (the sum of direct and indirect path coefficients) between optimism and PWB was positive and significant (β=0.37, p<0.001); the total path coefficients between positive thinking and PWB were positive and significant (β=0.44, p<0.001). Additionally, the direct path coefficient between ER and PWB was positive and significant (β=0.30, p<0.001); the path coefficients between optimism and PWB (β=0.13, p<0.001), positive thinking and PWB (β=0.29, p<0.001), optimism and ER (β=0.24, p<0.001), as well as positive thinking and ER (β=0.50, p<0.001) were positive and significant. Finally, the indirect pathway coefficient between optimism and PWB with the mediating role of ER was positive and significant (β=0.07, p<0.001). Moreover, the indirect pathway coefficient between positive thinking and PWB with the mediating role of ER was positive and significant (β=0. 15, p<0.001). Goodness of fit indices also supported the optimal fit of the model with the collected data (c2/df =2.67, CFI=0.98, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.068).

Optimism through ER provided a positive and significant indirect effect on PWB in the study subjects. Positive thinking through ER indicated a positive and significant indirect effect on PWB in the study participants.

 The objective of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of self-compassion training on self-discrepancy, sense of loneliness, and adaptation after divorce among women.

 The present quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all divorced women referring to counseling centers in district 2 of Tehran, Iran, between April and June 2019. From among them, 30 individuals were selected through convenience sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Data were collected using the Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale (Fisher, 1976), self-discrepancy questionnaire (Higgins, 1987), and Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980) and analyzed using univariate analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software.

 The self-compassion-based therapy reduced self-discrepancy and feeling of loneliness, and improved post-divorce adaptation in the experimental group.

 It can be concluded that self-compassion-based therapy is effective on self-discrepancy, feeling of loneliness, and adaptation after divorce in women.

The present study aimed to develop a structural model of psychological well-being based on optimism and resilience.

The research method was correlated with the structural equation modeling approach. The study population consisted of postgraduate students (Masters and PhD) in Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, 358 of whom participated in the study. They answered the questionnaires of optimism, resilience, and psychological well-being. The reliability and validity of the instruments were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling with AMOS software were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the presented structural model has a good fit; the effect of optimism (t = 2.54) and resilience (t = 2.54) on the psychological well-being was positive and significant. The results also show that the correlation coefficient of optimism with resilience (r = 0.50) and psychological well-being (r = 0.48) is positive and significant at the 0.01 level.

Students' psychological well-being is predictable based on optimism and resilience.

 The purpose of this study was to develop a structural model of psychological well-being based on optimism, resilience and positive thinking through mediation of emotional regulation.  The research method was descriptive-correlational. The population under study was a graduate students of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran. 358 of them were selected by stratified random sampling, proportional to the number of undergraduate and postgraduate students. Participated in the research. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Structural Equation Modeling with Emo software. The results showed that the effect of optimism on emotional regulation and psychological well-being was positive and significant. All questions has factor loadings above 0.3 and are significant, while the p-value was less than 0.05. The effect of resilience on emotional regulation and psychological well-being is positive and significant. The positive effect of thinking on emotional regulation and psychological well-being is positive and significant. The effect of emotional regulation on psychological well-being is positive and significant. Optimism through emotional regulation has a positive and significant indirect effect on psychological well-being. Exposure through emotional regulation has a positive and significant indirect effect on psychological well-being. Positive thinking through emotional regulation has a positive and significant indirect effect on psychological well-being.  It can be concluded that variables of optimism, resilience, positive thinking and emotional regulation can predict psychological well-being and the tested model has a suitable fit.