mehdi davari

Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is an aromatic plant from the Lamiaceae family, known for its bioactive compounds, such as thymol and carvacrol, which possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These compounds have applications in various industries, including food and pharmaceuticals. Biofertilizers like mycorrhizal and Trichoderma fungi offer advantages over chemical fertilizers. These include reducing toxic substances in the food cycle, improving soil physical and chemical properties, and being cost-effective and environmentally sustainable. Trichoderma species promote plant growth through various mechanisms, including the biological control of soil-borne diseases by producing enzymes and antibiotics and direct antagonism against pathogenic fungi. To evaluate the effect of Trichoderma harzianum on growth parameters, yield, and essential oil composition of savory in organic culture media, a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications in the Horticultural Science Greenhouse of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The experimental treatments consisted of two factors: 1. Organic matter at three levels: Control (soil and sand mixture), Soil and sand mixture with 30% spent mushroom compost and Soil and sand mixture with 30% vermicompost. 2. Trichoderma harzianum inoculation at two levels: Inoculated and Non-inoculated (control). A 2 cm layer of coarse sand was placed at the bottom of the pots to ensure proper drainage. Savory seeds were initially grown in small pots and later transplanted to the main pots at the two- to three-leaf stage. Standard agronomic practices, such as irrigation and weeding, were maintained throughout the experiment. At the end of the study, vegetative traits (plant height, leaf area, dry weight of stem and root, number and length of secondary branches), physiological traits (chlorophyll index), nutrient content (N, K, P, Mg, Zn), and essential oil yield and composition were assessed. The results demonstrated that organic fertilizers and Trichoderma inoculation significantly improved vegetative growth and quality traits compared to the control. The highest dry weight of aerial organs (4.82 g) was recorded in the vermicompost treatment, while Trichoderma inoculation resulted in 4.87 g. The highest chlorophyll index (26.86) was observed in plants treated with Trichoderma and vermicompost. Nutrient analysis showed that Trichoderma inoculation significantly increased phosphorus (3606.3 mg/kg), nitrogen (2.55%), and magnesium (55.64 mg/kg) content. In organic substrate treatments, vermicompost application resulted in the highest levels of zinc (47.87 mg/kg), nitrogen (3.06%), and phosphorus (4143 mg/kg). The highest carvacrol content (71.90%) was observed in Trichoderma-inoculated plants, while the highest essential oil yield (0.599 mL per pot) was found in plants treated with Trichoderma and vermicompost. The findings suggest that organic substrates combined with Trichoderma fungus can serve as an effective alternative to chemical fertilizers, enhancing both yield and essential oil quality in the organic cultivation of savory.

The way wine was prohibited from the viewpoint of the Qur'an and the central role of the verse of sukārā in this regard, led to the confrontation of two views on the gradual and instant prohibition of wine. The findings of the research, with a library study and analytical-descriptive method, indicate that sukr-i nawm (sleep intoxication) in the meaning of sukārā in the theory of the instant prohibition of wine, is provable with Qur'anic reasons and narrative and rational evidence. In contrast, the view of wine intoxication in the verse, which is also the basis of the theory of gradual prohibition, its incompatibility with the verses of the Qur'an was proved in terms of content contradiction. By criticizing the wine intoxication in the meaning of sukārā, all the revelation occasions in the theory of gradual prohibition in Sunni interpretations, with the aim of defending wine drinking of some and the unjust accusation of others, are thematically beyond the scope of this verse with the incorrect justification of non-prohibition of drinking wine until the revelation of the verse. Among the impacts derived from the theory of instant prohibition, in addition to the inexcusability of drinking wine by some companions in Medina, is the separation of the announcement of wine prohibition in Mecca and the delay in the implementation of the legal punishment of drinking wine in Medina, which besides creating a strong motivation to quit, was also a kind of Islamic method of educational tolerance.

The Quran is the primary source of Islamic faith, providing extensive guidance for its followers in personal and social realms. Acknowledging the existence of diverse social classes, the Quran addresses or admonishes various groups in certain verses. The aristocracy is one of the significant social classes in any society, as its behavior can have both positive and negative impacts. The Quran mentions the term "Mala" 28 times, highlighting it as one of the key concepts of aristocracy. This research aims to employ a descriptive approach, utilizing library research and lexical analysis of the term "Mala." It seeks to understand how the Quran narrates the interaction of this group with the prophets' call and how Quranic scholars have interpreted this narrative throughout history. Findings highlight the influential role of Raghib Isfahani in promoting the commonly understood meaning of the term "Mala" among commentators and other lexicographers. Furthermore, by examining Quranic verses, one can gain insights into the social status of this group, their behavioral characteristics, and the attributes attributed to them in the Quran.

Amending biochar alone or with microbial inoculation, as a soil amendment, helps to reduce the toxicity of heavy metals in contaminated agricultural soils. On the other hand, the interaction of inoculation with microorganisms and the application of biochar on the absorption of lead and zinc and the growth and yield of plants are somewhat unclear. The objective of this greenhouse experiment was to explore the influences of the application of biochars (obtained from peanut shells and carrot pulps) and conidial suspension of Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai-T22) on seedling growth and some physiological characteristics of sainfoin grown in the soil polluted with heavy metals Pb and Zn. The application of biochars and inoculation with Trichoderma fungus improved the growth parameters of sainfoin seedlings such as root length, plant height, fresh and dry leaf weight. Also, the synergy of these treatments caused an increase in the total protein content, the soluble sugars, the total flavonoids in roots and leaves, catalase and peroxidase activity and also the rate of seedling germination compared to the control treatment (no use of biochar and conidial suspension). Overall, the application of biochar and Trichoderma in soils contaminated with heavy metals caused enhanced growth of sainfoin seedlings by improving some physiological parameters in the leaves, increasing root growth, alleviating the oxidative stress-induced damage and thus possible improvement in water and nutrient uptake.

providing a model for better identifying the pattern of exchange rate effects on the capital market and forecast the next one and two years of the Iranian capital market is The purpose of this study. In this regard, using 4 specification criteria (Maximum likelihood, Akaik, Schwartz and Hannan Quinn) we compare the fitness of two-regime Markov switching Model(2R-MSM) with three-regime Markov switching model(3R-MSM) relating to exchange rate fluctuations and the relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and capital market. Afterward we forecast the regime for relationship of exchange rate and capital market. results show in recognizing the pattern of exchange rate effects on the capital market, 3R-MSM outperforms 2R-MSM. According to the research findings, if the foreign exchange market fluctuates severely, an increase in the exchange rate will certainly increase capital market return, but when foreign exchange market is almost stable, the effect of this variable on the capital market can be positive or negative. According to the estimated probabilities, in the coming years we are expected to see a positive effect of the exchange rate on the capital market in a low volatility environment.

Identifying the pattern of exchange rate fluctuations makes it easier to predict currency crises and can help prevent or reduce their harmful consequences. The present study seeks to provide a model to better identify the pattern of exchange rate fluctuations and also predict the likelihood of a currency crisis in Iran in the future. The degree of government intervention in the foreign exchange market affects how this variable fluctuates; therefore, exchange rate fluctuations in Iran (managed floating exchange rate system) can’t be similar to exchange rate fluctuations in developed countries (floating exchange rate system). In developed countries, the Markov switching 2-regime model is mainly used to explain exchange rate fluctuations and predict currency crises, and this is in line with their currency system. Despite the large differences in the exchange rate fluctuations of Iran and developed countries, domestic researchers have also used Markov's 2-regime model to identify the pattern of Rial changes. using 3 criteria: maximum likelihood, Akaik, and Hanan Quinn, we show that for detecting the pattern of rial changes, the Markov switching 3-regime model is better than Markov switching 2-regime model. The results also show that 2-regime model fits better with euro and pound fluctuations. Forecasts show that the probability of Iran’s presence in the Currency Crisis Regime in the next one or two years is decreasing and the probability of Relative Stable Regime is increasing. Therefore, we predict that in the coming years, Iran will enter a new period of Relative Stable Regime. The present study has been conducted in the period of 1387 to 1400.

Among the enterococci strains, Enterococcus faecalis is considered as one of the important nosocomial pathogens affecting immunocompromised patients. In this study, the immunogenicity of PpiC, GelE, and VS87_01105 proteins against enterococcal infection was investigated in a mice model. The genes encoding these proteins were cloned into pET21a expression vector, and the recombinant proteins were produced. Mice and rabbits were immunized with the purified recombinant proteins, and subsequently, mice were challenged with E. faecalis for the evaluation of their survival and bacterial clearances. The antibody responses to recombinant proteins were determined by ELISA assay, and opsonophagocytic activities of the antibodies were also measured. Passive immunization was performed using purified antibodies. Mice were challenged, and their survival and bacterial clearance were determined. Immunized mice with PpiC, GelE, and VS87_01105 recombinant proteins showed 80%, 70%, and 40% survival rate, respectively. The survival rates among passively immunized mice that received 500 µg of IgG fraction in 100 µl PBS buffer of each of anti-PpiC, anti-GelE, and anti-VS87_01105 were 60%, 50%, and 20%, respectively. The rates of opsonization with anti-PpiC, anti-GelE, and anti-VS87_01105 antibodies at 1/10 dilution were 77%, 64%, and 23%, respectively. Based on our findings, PpiC, and GelE proteins can protect the mice against E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and effectively induce a protective antibody response. Thus, these proteins could be used as an additional therapeutic tool against enterococcal infections. Further studies to determine the role of PpiC in ligand binding and demonstration of epitope mapping may establish a credible target for vaccination.

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a source of strong, natural and free of calorie sweetener that is mainly used in industries and pharmacy. With respect to the importance of this plant, extracting sweetening compounds from this demands production of considerable biomass. Therefore, the effects of mychorrhizal fungus on some characteristics of Stevia’s root organ were studied in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized blocks with 4 replications conducted in a greenhouse at Mohghegh Ardebili University in 2014. The first factor included Imma & Angel and Novell nutrient solutions; the second factor included the Planting bed that consisted of Leaf composts vermicompost, and Peat and perlite, and finally, third factor included the inoculation with mychorrhizal fungus and control treatment. The results showed that the highest percentage of root colonization with mycorrhizal was associated with the Novella nutrient solution and vermicompost planting bed, the maximum length of myrrhizae roots and dry weight of the mycorrhizal roots of the Imma & Angel solution and the vermicompost planting bed. In addition, Novell in vermicompost planting bed yielded the largest Leaf dry weight, root volume, root surface and root length after inoculation with mychorrhizal fungus. The largest, root dry weight was observed in case of Imma & Angel solution in vermicompost medium (inoculated with mychorrhizal fungus).

We assessed effect of Akkermansia muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles on toll-like receptors and tight junction expression in human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2). The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the intestinal homeostasis through its metabolites and derivatives. Interacting with immune cells and intestinal epithelial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), intestinal microbiota regulates the function of the digestive barrier and inflammation caused by the metabolic diseases. A. muciniphila was cultured on a mucin-containing medium and its EVs was extracted by ultracentrifugation. This bacterium was treated in the MOI=10 and its EVs at the concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 5 µg on Caco-2 cells. After 24 hours, the expression of tight junction and toll-like receptor genes were investigated by quantitative real time PCR method. A. muciniphila increased the expression of tlr2 and tlr4. However, EVs at all of the concentrations showed a decrease in tlr4 expression. EVs at the concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 µg/ml decreased the expression of tlr2. A. muciniphila significantly increased the expression of ocldn and cldn4. Both this bacterium and EVs increased the expression of zo2 in the cell line. Furthermore, this data show that A. muciniphila derived EVs have a dose-independent effect on Caco-2 cells. This preliminary research shows A. muciniphila and its EVs both may increase the integrity of the intestinal barrier. A. muciniphila derived EVs also reduces the inflammation so that EVs of this bacterium can be used as an appropriate target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases.Keywords: Gut microbiota, Akkermansia muciniphila, Toll-like receptor, Tight junction protein, Extracellular vesicle.(Please cite as: Ashrafian F, Behrouzi A, shahriary A, Ahmadi Badi S, Davari M, khatami SH, et al . Comparative study of effect of Akkermansia muciniphila and its extracellular vesicles on toll-like receptors and tight junction. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2019;12(2):163-168).

exchange rate as a source of uncertainty exposes investors to some kind of risk. When investors are exposure to exchange risk, it’s expected that investors expect higher return but some empirical evidences show that exchange risk is not priced. Since the exchange rate risk and stock returns are not correlated, we face some kind of anomaly that it is called “exposure risk” in the exchange-rate literature. Some evidences indicate, we can’t price exchange-rate risk because of using contemporaneous exchange-rate movements. This evidences state that persistent exchange-rate movements is a state variable and a financial distress risk and if we use persistent exchange-rate movements instead of contemporaneous exchange-rate movements then we can see that exchange-rate risk is priced. The purpose of this research is to test exchange-rate risk, as a state and financial distress risk variable, pricing in the Tehran security exchange to find a solution for exposure puzzle. In this research we calculate exchange-rate risk premium by “tracking portfolio” approach and then we test its pricing. For this purpose, we chose a sample with about 160 firms in Tehran security exchange in the period of 1384 to 1394. To survey our hypothesis, we use time series regression. The results show that persistent exchange-rate risk is priced in Tehran security exchange. So if we use persistent exchange-rate movements instead of contemporaneous exchange-rate movements, we can solve exposure puzzle.

Due to the importance of white button mushroom as a source of food and protein, the identification and control of its diseases are taken into consideration in the world. In Ardabil province, there are several mushroom production units. In this research, infected samples were collected from Ardabil, Namin, Sarein, Meshginshahr and Pars-Abad mushroom farms. After isolation and purification of fungicolous fungi from infected mushrooms and casing soil, macroscopic and microscopic features including colony characteristics on MEA/PDA and conidium/conidiophore size and shape were used for tentative-identification of isolates using valid keys. The results were confirmed by sequencing of ITS-rDNA region. In this study, among 72 fungal isolates, Lecanicillium fungicola, causal agent of dry buble, Trichoderma harizianum and T. virense causal agents of green mold, Mycogone perniciosa causal agent of wet bubble, and Cladobotrium mycophilum causal agent of cobweb were identified with 49, 18, 14, 14 and 5% frequency, respectively. This is the first study on mycopathogens of button mushroom in Ardabil province. The results may help to prevent and control the mycopathogenic fungi in button mushroom production units after additional research.

In recent years, studies have been conducted about the performance of some analytical methods to detect the abnormal return on the earnings announcement date. Two of the most important approaches that always are bold in the intellectual literature of capital market are technical and fundamental analysis. The purpose of this research is investigating the prediction power of the information content of the earnings announcement by technical analysis signals in Tehran Stock Exchange. Type of Technical strategy used is simple moving average with volume confirmation. The results indicate that during the period 1390-1394, Technical analysis strategy able to predict information content of earnings announcement, because this strategy could produce abnormal return and positive adjusted return before earnings announcements date.

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is responsible for diseases such as otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Unlike H. influenzae Serotype b (Hib), there is no vaccine against diseases induced by NTHi. High molecular weight1 (HMW1), high molecular weight 2 (HMW2), and H. influenzae type a (Hia) proteins are critical protein adhesions of NTHi with the potentiality to provide the protection.
The current study aimed at investigating the potential of recombinant HMW1555-914, HMW2553-916, and Hia585-705 proteins as subunit vaccines to induce immune responses after active immunization in Bagg albino (inbred research mouse strain) or Balb/c mice.
HMW1555-914, HMW2553-916, and Hia585-705 amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were cloned into pET28a. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the Western blotting analysis were carried out to investigate the characteristics of proteins. Proteins were purified by Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) as a gel matrix. Mice (Balb/c) were immunized subcutaneously with HMW1555-914, HMW2553-916, and Hia585-705 proteins, alone or in binary and ternary combinations. Eventually, specific antibody responses were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum bactericidal assay (SBA).
Antibody responses significantly increased in Balb/c immunized by ternary combination compared with the control group. IgG1/IgG2a ratio indicated that proteins directed immune responses toward T-helper 2. Antisera produced against purified proteins in ternary combination showed the highest bactericidal activity against NTHi strains with the titer of 1:32.
The obtained results suggested that HMW1555-914, HMW2553-916, and Hia585-705 adhesins were the potential subunit vaccine candidates of NTHi and after further investigation could be considered for protection against NTHi infections.

Considering the importance of the herb borage and its growing use in traditional medicine and the pharmaceutical industry, the waste resulting from the indiscriminate exploitation of wild plants, the need to cultivate this plant is widely seen as commercially necessary. To overcome the negative effects of salinity, the use of calcium supplements to improve the growth environment is an essential requirement. In order to investigate this issue we preformed a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Factors included salinity levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 12ds / m-1) and calcium at two levels 0 and 5 mM, respectively. The seeds were grown in Gldanbh for hydroponics. One week after planting treatments were applied. One month after treatment the leaves were sampled. The results showed that with increasing salinity levels, the element sodium and the amount of biomass and the guidance and catalase activity decreased. The high salinity levels and the presence of high levels of calcium chloride total chlorophyll and Falyt peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were increased but there was decreased proline. Results of Khasl 2D electrophoresis showed that the expression of some proteins in high levels of salinity and chloride increased calcium levels and also different proteins expressed this protein was likely to create resistance and important loss of salt.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis is an important cause of root and stem rot of lentil that attacks its host at all stages of plant growth including germination, seedling and adult plant. In this research, reaction of 38 genotypes of lentil to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis based on the percentage of dead plants and some agronomic traits in both of seedling (fourth week) and physiological maturity (eighth week) stages, under greenhouse conditions was investigated. Analysis of variance in percentage of dead plants showed that between the genotypes, the growth stages and their interactions significant differences were obsorved (p

The pathogenesis of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) begins with adhesion to the rhinopharyngeal mucosa. Almost 38-80% of NTHi clinical isolates produce proteins that belong to the High Molecular Weight (HMW) family of adhesins, which are believed to facilitate colonization.
In the present study, the prevalence of hmwA, which encodes the HMW adhesin, was determined for a collection of 32 NTHi isolates. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was performed to advance our understanding of hmwA binding sequence diversity.
The results demonstrated that hmwA was detected in 61% of NTHi isolates. According to RFLP, isolates were divided into three groups.
Based on these observations, it is hypothesized that some strains of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae infect some specific areas more than other parts.

Abstract
Brand value as one of the most important intangible assets, has a key role in the overall value of company. In general, brand value has a significant impact on sale and finally on profitability of the firm. This study aim is to investigate the amount of influence the brand value on reaction the abnormal stock returns. The effect of moderating variables net cash flow and net profit margin on the relationship between brand value and abnormal stock returns are also investigated. Q-Tobin criteria used to calculate brand value. Sample is chosen from Tile and Ceramic industry corporations which are members of the securities and exchange organization of IR.Iran between years of 1381 to 1393. According to the solar calendar. In order to test the hypothesis, panel data method (by Eviews software) was used. The results show that brand value has meaningful and positive impact on abnormal returns. Changes in brand value has a stronger impact on abnormal stock returns for corporates with more net cash flow and less net margin. Simultaneously effect of the moderator variables has a weak effect in the impact of changing abnormal returns on stock returns.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is divided into two distinct genotypes, type I and type II, based on the structure of capsular polysaccharides. The capsulation locus of Haemophilus influenzae type b consists of three functionally distinct regions, designated regions 1 to 3. Region III contains hcsA and hcsB genes; however, notable sequence variation in this region can be used to recognize different Hib genotypes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotype of the Hib strains isolated from patients with invasive disease in Iran. In the present study, 8 pairs of primers were used for identification and serotyping of encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae strains, as well as confirmation of species identification. Additionally, in order to identify the cap- sular genotypes of Haemophilus influenzae type b (type I and II), two additional primer pairs were used to amplify the hcsA gene. Out of 50 isolates of H. influenzae, four were found to be type b. Interestingly, among these 4 Hib isolates, 2 strains belonged to the type-II category. Our study shows that the prevalence of both Hib types I and II seems to be high in Iran.

Application of adjuvants with microbial origins is a recently highlighted approach in the vaccinology trials. Archaeosomes are among these microbial compounds with both adjuvant and liposomal activities and features. In the present study, recombinant HBsAg encapsulated into Methanobrevibacter smithii (M. smithii) archaeosomes. Balb/c mice immunized with this compound and humoral and cytokine secretion pattern of immunized models analyzed. Frequency of IFN-γ secreting cells in the HBsAg-containing archaeosomes group was significantly higher than HBsAg and HBsAg+C/IFA groups (p≤0.05). IgG2a titer in the sera of HBsAg-containing archaeosomes group was also significantly higher than this subclass titer in the other groups (p≤0.05). Analysis of induced responses revealed the Immunopotentiating characteristics of M. smithii archaeosomes in the induction of T-helper 1 responses according to the dominance of IgG2a subtype and IFN-γ secreting splenocytes of immunized mice.