mehdi shokri

Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are among the high-risk groups regarding COVID-19. Receiving booster doses (third and fourth) in addition to the standard doses is recommended in these patients. This study investigated the antibody response before and after a booster dose of Sinopharm vaccine in IEI patients.  Thirty patients (>12 years) with antibody deficiencies, referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital and Children's Medical Center in Tehran, were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. All patients were fully vaccinated with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine (2 doses of Sinopharm). Initial measurements of anti-receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) IgG antibody responses were conducted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Subsequently, all patients received a booster dose of the vaccine. Four to six weeks after booster injection, the levels of antibodies were re-evaluated.  Twenty patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), 7 cases with agammaglobulinemia and 3 patients with hyper IgM syndrome were studied. Anti-RBD IgG and anti-N IgG antibodies increased in all patients after the booster. Our results indicated the need of receiving booster doses of the COVID-19 vaccine in patients with antibody deficiencies, even for enhancing humoral immune response specially in patients with CVID.

Shear viscosity to entropy ratio has a universal lower bound which may be violated under some effects. This paper would like to consider non-perturbative quantum corrections on the mentioned ratio in a STU black hole background. The STU model is a gravitational background that is the holographic dual of $N=4$ super Yang-Mills quark-gluon plasma with the chemical potential. Non-perturbative corrections to the black hole entropy emerge as an exponential term which may affect the shear viscosity to entropy ratio. All possibilities will study in this paper to extract the shear viscosity of a quark-gluon plasma. We find that the universal lower bound the shear viscosity to entropy ratio may be violated due to the non-perturbative corrections.

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a disease in the retina of premature infants, which is one of the preventable causes of blindness in children.

the present study is performed with the purpose of determining the prevalence and outcomes of ROP in Iran through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Study design: All original published articles on the prevalence of ROP in premature infants in Iran were included in the study. On the other hand, intervention articles, meta-analysis, case reports, congress articles, medical dissertations, and articles with low quality were excluded from the study.

53 articles were included in the meta-analysis stage. Based on the results, the overall prevalence of ROP in Iran was 22.2% (95% CI: 18.5-26.5); the overall prevalence of the disease in ZONE I was 10.5% (95% CI: 3.0-30.6), the overall prevalence of the disease was 45.5% (95% CI: 33.8-57.8) in ZONE II, and 43.8% (95% CI: 25.1-64.4) in ZONE III. Regarding the stage of the disease, rate of 39.9% (95% CI: 29.2–51.7) was reported in STAGE I, rate of 30.3% (95% CI: 21.8–40.5) in STAGE II, and 14.9% (95% CI: 11.0 -19.9) in STAGE III.

Considering the high prevalence of ROP in premature infants in Iran, it is suggested to take necessary preventive measures in this field.

Epilepsy is known as a periodic and severe disturbance in the nervous system, resulting from abnormal discharge of brain cells. Epilepsy is characterized by unexplained seizures, and threatens human life throughout their entire life span. The prevalence of epilepsy is high in early childhood, and declines with the increase in age.
In this study, a meta-analysis was done on the papers published from 2000 to 2023, investigating the prevalence of epilepsy within the age range of 1-20 years. Having a precise report of the studied city, report of prevalence as number or percentage, and report of epilepsy within the mentioned age range were the inclusion criteria for the papers. Any disagreement in fulfilling the criteria was resolved in a meeting by the presence of the three researchers. The search was done across Iranian databases plus ISI, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase with keywords of epilepsy, prevalence, children, adolescents, Iran, epidemiology, and psychiatric disorders.
In the initial search, 1276 papers were found, 28 of which were selected after screening based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were analyzed via random method. The prevalence of epilepsy was found to be 2.3 (95%CI: 1.3-3.8). Its Z-value was -13.719, Q-value 2443.036, df (Q) 31, and I-squared 98.731.
The prevalence of epilepsy in Iran is 2.3 (95% CI: 1.3-3.8), which warrants the necessary measures to be taken for its reduction.

Statement of the Problem:

 Currently, the reconstruction of bone defects with new platelet concentrates is considered a significant challenge in periodontics.

This study aimed to evaluate advanced- platelet rich fibrin (A-PRF) and leukocyte- and platelet rich fibrin’s (L-PRF) effects on the proliferation and differentiation of MG-63 cells.

In this in vitro study, blood samples of five healthy non-smoking volunteers were collected and immediately centrifuged according to the two protocols of Choukroun and Ghanaati, without adding any anticoagulants, to prepare L-PRF and A-PRF. After freezing the clots for one hour, they were crushed and centrifuged once more. After culturing MG-63 cells, the effects of 20%, 10%, 1%, and 0.5% concentrations of A-PRF and L-PRF extracts on cell proliferation and mineralization were evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and Alizarin Red staining, respectively.

Generally, survival and proliferation in the L-PRF group at both time intervals were higher than the A-PRF group and increased with increasing the extract concentration. However, in the A-PRF group, there were no significant differences between the different concentrations, and only the number of cells increased over time. After three days, in the study on mineralization, nodule formation was observed only in the positive control group (osteogenic). In seven days, mineralized nodules were formed in all groups with different concentrations of A-PRF, but not in any of the L-PRF groups.

According to the results, L-PRF increased proliferation, and A-PRF exerted a positive effect on the differentiation of MG-63 cells.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the skin diseases, which is characterized as a chronic inflammation of the skin with itchy red rashes. This systematic review study was performed with the aim of determining the prevalence of AD in children and adolescents in Iran.

The search keywords included Atopic dermatitis, Child, Children, pediatrics, adolescent, Preschool children, School-age children, eczema, and Iran, in the domestic databases of Iran and international databases. After the initial search of the articles and studying their titles and abstracts, those that did not match the purpose of the research were removed from the study, and then the methodology and results of the papers were studied. Then the data was analyzed using CMA version 3 software.

The results of 30 articles were analyzed. Based on the results, the prevalence of AD in girls was 8.5% (confidence interval (CI) = 5.3-13.4), in boys it was 8.1% (confidence interval (CI) = 5.5-11.7), and the overall prevalence was 7.4% (confidence interval (CI) = 5.3-10.3).

AD is found to have a considerable prevalence among children, though the prevalence found in this study is, generally, lower than those suggested in other studies. Overall, more efforts are necessary to reduce its prevalence.

Asthma and allergy symptoms are usually intermittent in nature and may not manifest in the clinical examination to the extent that affect the patient; this presents a challenge to the general practitioners (GPs) or the patient in the diagnosis and follow-up treatment phases. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 175 GPS. For collecting the data, the researchers-made online version of the Knowledge and Attitude questionnaire was uploaded in virtual networks, and all GPS were individually asked to fill the questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, independent t and regression statistical tests in SPSS ver. 16. It was found that 134 (76.6%) of the GPs had a partially true attitude and 41 (23.4%) of them had an excellent attitude. Also, GPs had moderate and excellent knowledge in 157 (89.7%) and 18 (10.3%) cases, respectively. The mean ± SD of the overall score of knowledge and attitude towards asthma was equal to 55.04 ± 3.98. The overall score of the questionnaire and the score of all of its domains significantly correlated with age and years of work experience (p<0.05). Considering that most of the GPs in the present study had moderate knowledge and attitude towards asthma management, it is necessary to conduct educational interventions for this group of medical staff.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of perfectionism dimensions and fear of failure in performance in the prediction of procrastination among secondary high school students. The statistical population of this study was all secondary high school students in Meshginshahr in 2019-2020 academic year, from whom 200 students were selected as the sample by random cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the tri-shot (PANPS) Perfectionism Questionnaire, Conroy et al.’s Fear of Failure in Function Scale (PFAI), and Tuckman’s Procrastination Scale(TPS). The data of this study were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis using SPSS (version 22) software. The findings of the study showed that positive perfectionism has a negative and significant relationship with procrastination (p>0/01). However, the relationship between negative perfectionism and procrastination was positive and significant (p>0/01). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between fear of failure and procrastination (p>0/01). Also, the results of the simultaneous regression analysis showed that the predictor variables can explain 0.23% of the variance of academic procrastination. According to the results of the present study, it can be said that the higher the scores of perfectionism and fear of failure in performance in students, the higher the probability of academic procrastination.

Due to the importance of neonatal health, this study was performed by systematic review and meta-analysis with the aim of determining the prevalence of birth trauma in neonates in Iran. This systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted according to the PRISMA’s checklist items. This study reviewed the articles published in Iran between 2000 and the beginning of July 2020. In this article, PICO indicators were used. Search in national databases in Iran(Scientific Information Database (SID), Iran Medex, Mag Iran, Iran Doc) and international databases(Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science (ISI), Cinahl, ScienceDirect) with keywords: Infant, Newborn, Birth Injuries, trauma, was done. The search was performed by two researchers. Data were analyzed using CMA software In this systematic review and meta-analysis study the total sample size of neonates in 9 studied articles was 42327 neonates. Also 9 articles had the necessary criteria to enter this systematic review and meta-analysis. Also, the overall prevalence of Neonatal birth trauma is 2.7% (95% CI [1.3, 5.3]), the prevalence of asphyxia in infants is 0.03 % (95% CI [0.02- 0.04]), the prevalence of brachial plexus paralysis is congenital. In infants equal to 0.02% (95% CI [0.01- 0.06]), the prevalence of congenital fracture in infants equal to 0.03% (95% CI [0.01- 0.08]), the prevalence of congenital injury in infants was 0.02% (95% CI [0.00-0.75]) and the prevalence of soft tissue injury at birth in infants was 0.02 % (95% CI [0.02- 0.03]). Due to the high prevalence of birth trauma in infants in Iran, therefore, interventions are recommended to reduce it. Further studies on the factors affecting it need to be done to appropriate interventions to reduce it.

Childhood and adolescence is one of the most sensitive periods of life, and attention to the health of children and adolescents is very important in this period. this study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of trauma types and its effective factors by systematic review.

This study is a systematic review of published articles in April 2000 to March 2020.The search on trauma and its related factors in people under the age of 18 years old were carried out. We tried to identify all the factors affecting the trauma and design the key words of the paper based on them. Search and data extraction were based on the PRISMA checklist. All the extracted articles were imported into the EndNote X8 software and the studies that were extracted several times were deleted. Then, the data extraction and quality analysis of the articles was done by two researchers separately and the data was reported through a descriptive report and use of systematic review tables.

In the search of 1356 articles, the search was started and after re-examination, 566 articles continued to the next stage. Then 309 articles were excluded from the study and 89 articles entered the next steps. After reviewing the complete file of articles, 43 articles were removed and finally 20 articles were entered into the systematic review stage. In some articles it has been in the form of a clinical examination and in others in the form of self-report and parental questions.

Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium associated with persistent endodontic infections. Conventional disinfection methods may not completely eradicate the bacteria within the root canal system. Therefore, novel modalities have been suggested to optimize root canal disinfection. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and their combination in addition to conventional endodontic irrigation against E. faecalis biofilms in root canals.

Root canals of 50 single-rooted extracted human teeth were prepared and incubated with E. faecalis for 21 days. They were then divided into 4 treatment groups and a control group as follows: (1) NaOCl—Syringe irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl, (2) PUI—Passive ultrasonic irrigation with NaOCl, (3) NaOCl+PDT—Photodynamic therapy following syringe irrigation with NaOCl, (4) PUI+PDT, (5) Control—Syringe irrigation with saline. Colony-forming units were counted and bacterial reduction was calculated for each treatment group.

All treatments led to significant reductions in the bacterial load compared to the control group. PUI and PUI+PDT led to the complete elimination of the bacteria from the root canals. NaOCl and NaOCl+PDT treatments reduced the bacteria by 99.9% and 99.5% respectively. NaOCl+PDT was significantly less effective in reducing the bacteria compared to other treatment groups. There were no significant differences between the NaOCl, PUI, and PUI+PDT groups.

Passive ultrasonic irrigation with or without the combination of Photodynamic therapy completely eradicated the bacteria. The use of PDT as an adjunction to NaOCl syringe irrigation and PUI did not enhance their antibacterial effect.

Adolescence is a critical period in terms of development and education, in which there are numbers of high-risk behaviors that can negative effects on personal and educational life. One of these high-risk behaviors is mobile phone addiction that is a sociopsychological phenomenon, and the lack of control in the use of this technology by students can cause damage to various aspects of their personal and educational lives. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of procrastination in the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and addiction to mobile phone in gifted students.

This was a descriptive and correlational study in which 200 gifted students from gifted students’ high school of Meshghinshahr were selected using cluster sampling in 2020. Tri-Shot Perfectionism questionnaires, Tuckman Procrastination Scale, and Savari Mobile Phone Addiction questionnaire were applied to collect data. Descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and path analysis (Structural Model) were used to analyze data.

The findings revealed positive and negative perfectionism was not directly related to cell phone addiction. However, positive perfectionism through procrastination meditation had a negative and indirect relationship with mobile phone addiction (β = -0.18), and negative perfectionism through procrastination meditation had a positive and indirect relationship with mobile phone addiction (β = 0.17). In other words, procrastination is a complete mediation in the relationship between negative and positive perfectionism and cell phone addiction in students (β = 0.29).

The results emphasized the effect of procrastination on the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and mobile phone addiction in gifted students. Therefore, these findings can help school and rehabilitation counselors to prepare programs for reducing students' addictive and avoidant behaviors.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as a supplement to the conventional root canal preparation has shown promising results. Previous studies have adopted various combinations of light sources and photosensitizers, which makes it difficult to compare the disinfection efficacy of different PDT protocols. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of three photosensitizers (toluidine blue, methylene blue, and curcumin) in PDT using LED against Enterococcus faecalis in root canal disinfection.

Root canals of 54 single-rooted extracted teeth were prepared using the ProTaper Gold rotary system and were incubated with E. faecalis for three weeks. They were then randomly divided into five experimental groups and a control group: (1) Irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl for 30 seconds, (2) NaOCl irrigation followed by TB-PDT, (3) NaOCl irrigation followed by MB-PDT, (4) NaOCL irrigation followed by curcumin-PDT, (5) Curcumin solvent (1% ethanol+1% BSA), (6) Control (irrigation with normal saline). Sampling was done by collecting dentin shavings from the root canals, and colony-forming units were determined for each treatment group. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The significance level was set at P˂0.05.

In all treatment groups, the mean values of colony forming unit (CFU) decreased by 99% compared to the control group. The lowest mean values of CFU were observed in groups 2 and 4, followed groups 3, 1, and 5 respectively. The mean CFU count in group 2 was significantly lower than that of group 1 (P value=0.011), while there were no significant differences among groups 1, 3, and 4 (P value >0.05).

The adjunction of toluidine blue-mediated PDT by means of a light-emitting diode to NaOCl irrigation increased its antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis and could be an effective complementary method in root canal disinfection

Background  :

 Various accidents threaten children and adolescents. One of these accidents is Traumatic dental injury (TDI). This study aimed to review systematically TDI in children and adolescents in Iran.  

This study is a systematic review of the literature that has searched TDI articles from the April 2000 to 31 April 2020. Search was conducted by the keywords Persian and English including Epidemiology, Prevalence, Traumatic Injuries, Dental Trauma, Traumatic dental injury, Etiology, Pediatric, Children, Adolescent, Iran, in English or their Persian equivalent using the "AND" & "OR" search strategy. Search was conducted at the domestic sites of Iran (SID), Magiran, Iran Doc, as well as at international sites such as Scopus, PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cinahl, and Science Direct. The articles were analyzed after entering the End Note x8 software and reviewing them according to the instructions of the systematic review articles.  

In this review, all the studies conducted in Persian and English language in the context of DT among Iranian children and adolescents were evaluated. Finally, eight articles entered this systematic review. The sample size in 8 extracted articles was equal to 4,567 children and adolescents. According to the findings, the prevalence ranged from 8.9 to 36.9%. The prevalence of dental trauma was also higher in boys and adolescents of the male sex. One of the most common causes of fall trauma as well as trauma occurred in environments such as home, school, playground and passages.  

Conclusion:

   Given that most dental trauma occurs in boys; it is necessary to give this group the necessary training to reduce trauma.

Context: 

One of the emerging diseases that has spread in 2019 is COVID-19.

 The present systematic review (SR) was performed to evaluate the status of laboratory and radiological findings in the age group of children and adolescents with COVID-19.

 In this SR study, three of the research team members conducted searches in SCOPUS, PUBMED, Science Direct, and ISI international sites. The keywords that were searched included children- pediatric- adolescents- coronavirus- COVID-19- Novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2-epidemiology- diagnostic findings- laboratory findings- CT SCAN- computed tomography- percentage of lymphocyte- alanine aminotransferase- white blood cell count (WBC). The combination of search keywords with AND as well as OR was performed. For analysis, descriptive data reporting was performed using EndNote software.

 The analysis of the laboratory and radiology findings of 197 patients of 12 studies included in the SR study showed notable changes in the lung CT scan and laboratory ranges that confirm the COVID-19 infection in these patients.

 This systematic review provides information on the laboratory and radiology findings of children and adolescents with COVID-19 for the health care team.
 

Physiologic jaundice in neonates usually occurs during the first week of life. The main cause of this condition is increased serum bilirubin due to heme catabolism.

This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of zinc sulfate in Iranian newborns with hyperbilirubinemia.

This review was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The databases of ISI, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were independently searched by two researchers using MeSH keywords. We included the studies published in different regions of Iran from 2015-2018. The obtained data were analyzed using the meta-analysis technique and STATA. To determine the heterogeneity across the studies, the Q and I square (I2) indices were used.

A total of 40 articles were collected from which 5 studies with adequate quality entered the systematic review process. The collected results were assessed in the intervention (zinc sulfate recipients) and control (without zinc sulfate treatment) groups. After the first day of consumption, total serum bilirubin level decreased 4.46 mg/dL (I2=61.9%, P=0.049) and 4.08 mg/dL (I2=72.9%, P=0.011) in the intervention and comparison groups, respectively. In the second and third days, the mean values of decreases in serum bilirubin reached 7.64 mg/dL and 6.66 mg/dL in the intervention and comparison groups, respectively. From the third day onward, serum bilirubin dropped by 8.46 and 7.08 mg/dL in intervention and control groups, respectively. Meta-regression analysis data based on the sample size and year of the study indicated a significant growing trend in using zinc sulfate by increasing years and sample size.

Zinc sulfate is a safe and effective medication in reducing bilirubin level and its usage has increased in recent years. Therefore, this supplement could be used for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Background:

 In 2019, an unknown disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) began to spread in China. The disease is now widespread in almost all countries and has endangered the lives of many people. For this reason, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted with the aim of assessing the clinical characteristics of the disease in children and adolescents with COVID-19.

This systematic review and meta-analysis have been conducted by reviewing most of the epidemiologic studies on the worldwide prevalence of COVID-19 in children and adolescents. The following international databases were used: EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, and the Google Scholar Search Engine. The keywords used for searching included "child", "pediatric", "adolescents", "COVID-19", "Coronavirus", and "diagnosis”. The data were analyzed using STATA statistic software version 11.0.

The total number of patients was 2579, of which 1467 (56.9%) were male and 1110 (43.1) were female.All patients were in their childhood and adolescence years. At the beginning of the research, 1356 studies were reviewed, of which 987 entered the next reviewing stage. Finally, 14 studies were selected for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The prevalence of fever in children and adolescents was 55.0% (95% CI 0.55 [0.40, 0.70]), of cough 41.0% (95% CI 0.41 [0.27, 0.56]), of nasal discharge 9.0% (95% CI 0.09 [0.05, 0.12]), and of diarrhea 5.0% (95% CI 0.05 [0.02, 0.08]). 

Conclusion :

The results of this study can be a guide for pediatricians and specialists in the field of infectious diseases to identify the clinical signs of COVID-19 in children and adolescents.

Microbial plaque-induced oral diseases are among the most common diseases worldwide. The present study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effect of electrolyzed water (EW), (acidic, mildly basic, and basic) on the growth of bacterial species producing dental plaque and to assess their cytotoxicity on fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The study was performed at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Several bacterial species (Streptococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus casei, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) were treated with different EW types at three pH values (3, 9, and 11) for 30 seconds and subsequently, the colonies were counted. The cytotoxic effect of these EW types was evaluated on HeLa and L929 cell lines at 30 seconds, 1 minute, and 5 minutes. GraphPad Prism 6.0 was used for statistical analysis. The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U and one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test were used to analyze bacterial activity and cell cytotoxicity, respectively. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. EW types significantly inhibited bacterial growth at all pH values. The strongest antibacterial activity of EW was against A. actinomycetemcomitans (P<0.001) and the least significant antibacterial activity was against S. aureus (P<0.001). The EW types showed increased cytotoxic activity against L929 cells as the treatment time increased. The most cytotoxic effect was seen at 5 minutes of treatment in all EW types compared with the negative control group (P<0.0001). This negative cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells was shown just after 30 seconds and viable cell counts increased over time, reaching its highest value at 5 minutes of treatment with basic EW (P<0.0001). The contradictory effects of the EW types on both HeLa and fibroblasts, in addition to variable results at different exposure times, indicated that the effect of EW could vary depending on cell types and treatment periods.

A pivotal issue to achieve success in the treatment of the root canal is root canal disinfection. One of the most important bacteria that infect root canal is enterococcus faecalis. This study seeks to examine the effectiveness of three methods for disinfecting the root canal: photodynamic therapy, modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP) and calcium hydroxide.Method and material: 62 single-rooted extracted anterior teeth were collectected.After cleaning and disinfection, crowns were cut at the CEJ point. The root canals were shaped to the working length up to file F3 protaper (F1, F2, F3). EDTA 17% and sodium hypochlorite 2.5% were used for 5 minutes to wash and remove the smear layer, and then the apical foramen was sealed using composite. After that, the teeth were sterilized in an autoclave at 121° C for 15 minutes. Then 10 samples were taken randomly as the negative control. The remaining samples were immersed and cultivated in a suspension containing enterococcus faecalis for 21 days. Then samples were divided into 5 groups: two positive control groups, one group treated with the antibiotic paste with the concentration of 1mg/ml, one group treated with calcium hydroxide, and one group treated with photodynamic therapy. Then, to collect the biofilm, the protaper file F4 was used. After that, the microbial suspension was provided and counting the colonies to compare the groups was carried out.

The findings indicated that the amount of CFU/mg of MTAP samples, including clindamycin, metronidazole and ciprofloxacin in the concentration of 1mg/ml and photodynamic therapy and calcium hydroxide was lower than that in the control group. Antibiotic paste, cleansed the root canal up to 99.9%. Photodynamic therapy reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 98.8%, and calcium hydroxide reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 94.13%.

Using photodynamic therapy causes a reduction in biofilm and inhibits the growth of enterococcus faecalis bacterium. In addition, in this study MTAP with the concentration of 1mg/ml was used, which expunged the bacteria completely. Meanwhile, calcium hydroxide had the weakest effect of all on the enterococcus faecalis bacterium

The present study was conducted to compare the academic engagement, emotional creativity and academic self-efficacy in gifted male and female students.

This study is a comparative cross-sectional study. The population of this research is the foundation of all gifted students of first, second and third high school in Ardabil in 94-93 school year. That among these 60 gifted students were girls and 60 gifted student boys, finaly 120 cace were selected randomly. For information collected was used from questionnaires Schafeli (2002), list of creativity Emotional Averill (1999) and academic self-efficacy questionnaire Mac Elroy & Banting (2002). Data were analyzed by the SPSS 20 software using descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation), and inferential statistical methods (Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The results show that the gifted female students excel in academic engagement and components of absorbing and devotion themselves, whereas the gifted male student excel in emotional creativity and components of innovation, readiness and effectiveness - originality, Between the two groups there was no significant difference in the academic self-efficacy.

According to the results, it is essential stakeholders of education in the use of educational policies and teaching practices, gender and individual differences of student in mind.

Leishmania major LmSTI1 is a conserved protein among different species of leishmania, and expressed in both amastigote and promastigote forms of L. major life cycle. It has previously been expressed in bacterial systems.
To express LmSTI1 in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris), the shuttle vector pPICZA containing gene lmsti1 was constructed under the control of the AOX1 promoter. The recombinant vector was electro-transformed into P. pastoris, and induced by 0.5% methanol in the buffered medium. The expression of the LmSTI1 protein was visualized in the total soluble protein of P. pastoris by 12% SDS-PAGE, and further confirmed by Western blotting with L.major-infected mouse sera and HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG as the first and secondary antibodies, respectively.
The expression level was 0.2% of total soluble proteins.
It might be possible to use this formulation as a whole yeast candidate vaccine against cutaneous leishmanization.

It seems that the success of vaccination for cancer immunotherapy such as Dendritic Cell (DC) based cancer vaccine is hindered through a powerful network of immune system suppressive elements in which regulatory T cell is the common factor. Foxp3 transcription factor is the most specific marker of regulatory T cells. In different studies, targeting an immune response against regulatory cells expressing Foxp3 and their removal have been assessed. As these previous studies could not efficiently conquer the suppressive effect of regulatory cells by their partial elimination, an attempt was made to search for constructing more effective vaccines against regulatory T cells by which to improve the effect of combined means of immunotherapy in cancer. In this study, a DNA vaccine and its respective protein were constructed in which Foxp3 fused to Fc(IgG) can be efficiently captured and processed by DC via receptor mediated endocytosis and presented to MHCII and I (cross priming).
DNA construct containing fragment C (Fc) portion of IgG fused to Foxp3 was designed. DNA construct was transfected into HEK cells to investigate its expression through fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. Its specific expression was also assessed by western blot. For producing recombinant protein, FOXP3-Fc fusion construct was inserted into pET21a vector and consequently, Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain BL21 was selected as host cells. The expression of recombinant fusion protein was assayed by western blot analysis. Afterward, fusion protein was purified by SDS PAGE reverse staining.
The expression analysis of DNA construct by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy showed that this construct was successfully expressed in eukaryotic cells. Moreover, the Foxp3-Fc expression was confirmed by SDS-PAGE followed by western blot analysis. Additionally, the presence of fusion protein was shown by specific antibody after purification.
Due to successful expression of Foxp3-Fc (IgG), it would be expected to develop vaccines in tumor therapies for removal of regulatory cells as a strategy for increasing the efficiency of other immunotherapy means.

Hepatitis C virus infection initiates through binding of E2 glycoprotein to its specific human liver cell receptor. Therefore¡ this glycoprotein is considered as one of the important targets in drug and vaccine researches against this infection. This project was accomplished for the first time to transfer the full length of E2 gene by using recombinant pPICZAa-E2 (HCV-2a¡ JFH1) vector into Pichia pastoris yeast KM71H strain¡ and to evaluate the possibility of its expression in this expression system.
The E2 gene was amplified by using primers containing the EcoRI and XbaI restriction sites and was inserted into the (T-PTG 19) and (pPICZAa) vectors to be transferred into the E. coli. The recombinant pPICZAa-E2 vector was transferred into the yeast through electroporation¡ and it was evaluated by digestion and sequencing. The yeast was grown in YNB medium contained methanol for five days. Gene expression was studied by western blot.
Construction of a recombinant vector pPICZAa-(JFH1)E2¡ transforming the yeast and its expression in KM71H strain were successfully done.
In this study¡ the whole length of E2 Ag of HCV JFH1¡ as the protype strain of this virus¡ was successfully expressed. The result of this study can be used for further analysis of the structure and function of this protein.

The present paper is going to examine the effect of sin on knowledge, whether direct or indirect knowledge, with an emphasis on Allamah Tabatabai’s viewpoint. In the domain of direct knowledge, the paper discusses such an effect in both the direct knowledge of the self and the direct knowledge of God. In the domain of indirect knowledge, it goes on to discuss it in terms of theoretical and practical reason. In fact, as the Koranic verses and the Islamic traditions have specified, God fearing results in increasing knowledge; moreover, it expresses itself in the form of self-controlling and in the acquisition of moral virtues. So, Allamah Tabataba`i holds that there is a concomitance between God fearing and the power of intellect in discursive discernment. This means that there is a mutual interaction between the power of reason and the observance of divine commands.