mehr

Technology transitions are fundamental shifts in sociotechnical systems, it means that they are not simply technical changes, but also changes in social, cultural, infrastructural and institutional dimensions. Since mature technologies are integrated with all these dimensions, sociotechnical systems are usually locked in, and their ruling regimes are resistant to change. Transition means getting out of "lock in" situation, so policy makers for governing such transitions needs to pay attention to all these aspects to overcome path dependency and to lead sociotechnical systems in a way that meet desirable goals of society. Different approaches are suggested in policy making in the field of technology transition, such as multi-level perspective, technological innovation systems and strategic niche management and transition management explained in paper and an example of using strategic niche management in Iran is provided.

This study sought to investigate the importance of the elements of service marketing mix (8p) in the distributing industry of Iran and rank them by their importance and average. In line with the research objective, the present study is of descriptive type. The statistical population includes salespersons and head managers from national distributing companies. Based on the data obtained from the Association of Distributing Industries of Iran, they were 1100 people out of whom 162 individuals were chosen as the sample by Cochran formula. Following interviews with some head managers and faculty members, a 34-item questionnaire, which consists of several items for each of the 8P elements, was designed. The data were analyzed by SPSS software and each item was graded based on the important industrial indexes and the 8p elements were ranked by Friedman Test. Based on the analysis of the data, the importance of the elements of service marketing mix was identified. As a result, the product element with the average of 3.88 ranked first and the productivity and quality element with the average of 3.25 ranked last. Based on the results of the study, the activists of distributing industries can utilize the elements of marketing mix to determine the most suitable marketing strategies for their organizations and consider the weight of each element in planning their strategies.

Plant communities' organization is influenced by deterministic and stochastic processes so that, importance of them depends on various factors, such as type of ecosystem. Desert ecosystems are very fragile and delicate. Aim of this study is investigation on some ecological factors that affect on plant communities' mixture and determination of flora in saline mountain desert area in Qom. In this research 47 transects with 100 meters long were landed at a randomly systematic inventory method, in 1500 hectares ambit of area studied. Afterwards, plant species were collected and identified in order to determination of floristic situation, species ratio, number of individuals, vegetative coverage. Statistics parameters and sampling error percentage were presented using appropriate statistical formulas and tables. Results of gathering data are followings: 2.7 mean of species ratio in transect on region with less of 5% error, floristic study revealed 28 species belonging to 11 families. Family Chenopodiaceae showed the most number of species than others. According to area geomorphology and geology, low precipitation, soil factors, our results revealed low-rich plant communities in the area studied. The most prevalent vegetative life-forms were pertaining to Chamaephytes and Therophytes.

The natural environmental beauty preservation has become one of the most important human concerns in the present century, so that visual pollution is considered as a major obstacle to achievement of peace of mind and optimal perfection. In this respect, rural people have a major role in preserving the beauty of the natural environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting the aesthetic behavior of Iranian villagers towards the natural environment. This study was descriptive-correlational and causal-relational and was conducted through a survey technique. Statistical population of this study consisted of all villagers in Kermanshah Province (as an indicator example of Iran) (N= 517,786). By using Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size table and stratified random sampling method, 385 people were selected as a sample. Research instrument included a questionnaire with approved validity by a panel of experts in the field of agricultural extension and education; and reliability of its items was obtained by a pilot study and calculation of Cronbach's alpha (0.64≥ α ≥0.82). Based on the findings, the causal model of factors affecting the aesthetic behavior of villagers was drawn. Results of this causal analysis indicated that ‘place attachment’ (β= 0.275) and ‘environmental aesthetic attitudes’ (β= 0.260) had highest effects on villagers' environmental aesthetic behavior, respectively. Therefore, by focusing on these two variables, the villagers' aesthetic behavior can be enhanced.

Near-death experience (NDE) is a phenomenon with paranormal elements which follows pervasive and deep personal and social changes for patients. The familiarity of medical staff with the components of this phenomenon, and their appropriate response to patients’ experiences could facilitate understanding and integration process of NDEs for patients. Due to the impact of medical staff reaction to patients’ experiences, and the lack of research on NDEs which described the elements, this study aimed to explain the elements of Iranian patients’ NDEs.

This qualitative study was performed using a descriptive phenomenological approach. The subjects of the study consisted of 10 people with NDE. They were selected through purposive sampling method. Data were collected via individual tape-recorded interviews, and simultaneously analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step analysis method.

Through data analysis, 113 codes were extracted which were classified under 11 semantic codes. Then, the 4 main themes of cognitive, spiritual, emotional, and paranormal were extracted from the experiences of the participants.

The findings suggest that some patients, during cardiac arrest and resuscitation operation, have experiences which usually follow inappropriate reactions of medical staff. So, accurate knowledge about the NDEs, and appropriate interventions can help patients in coping with their NDEs.

The use of nanotechnology in neuroscience research is considered as an essential requirement while neuroscience students have little information in this regard and their educational program less addressed the applications of new technologies in research. Considering this need and by relying on the development of new educational methods, we aimed to design and implement an elective and integrated educational course for neuroscience students in Tehran University of Medical Sciences and then, assessed the level of satisfaction of learners with the course. In order to design the curriculum, the Kern's six-step model was applied for curriculum development. In total, 15 neuroscience PhD students were entered into the research, educational needs of whom were determined. After determining the learning goals and outcomes, the educational contents were established and presented in the form of a workshop. In addition, the degree of satisfaction with the method was evaluated by a structured questionnaire designed by the team of lecturers using the Likert scale. Analysis of the results obtained from the questionnaires showed that more than 80% of the learners were satisfied with the course and recommended it to other students in the field. Furthermore, the professors emphasized the unique experience of individuals and superiority of the method to traditional teaching techniques in discussions. The results of the program indicated that the module was successful in attracting the student satisfaction, and can encourage educators to use new educational strategies in neuroscience curriculum to help the researchers of the field. The continuation of implementation of this module is suggested for the target group in various educational years

The emergence of new technologies means not only substitution or changes in existing technologies, but also emergence of new social settings and structures. Hence technological transition management is not simply supporting new technology development, but proper governance of change from a socio-technical system to a new socio-technical system. Some main frameworks and approaches such as innovation systems approach and multi-layer perspective explain these technological changes and transformations. Also some conceptual developments of theses main frameworks tend to follow a more prescriptive orientation. This paper compares these frameworks, the path of formation and theoretical foundations contributed to development of them. Growing convergence between innovation systems approach and multi-layer perspective framework based on socio-technical system thinking and their branches in recent researches is seen and shows that integration of insights of these approaches may provide new and more comprehensive rationale for policy making in the field of technological transition.

Marital relationship affects not only individuals’ physical and mental health in marriage and married life, but also contexts and relationships inside and outside the family. The present study, therefore, was an attempt to identify the components of marital relationship. In this qualitative and content analysis-based study, 22 married couples were selected using purposive-voluntary sampling method, and semi-structured interviews were done until data saturation. Data analysis led to a key subject titled “marital quality” which its framework included ten components of “marital commitment”, “religious beliefs”, “marital relationship”, “conflict resolution/problem-solving skills”, “financial resources management”, “having a purpose in life”, “lack of interferece by others”, “recreation/leisure times”, “equity”, and “forgiveness”. The results of this study help educational and therapeutic centers to establish necessary programs, based on the identified factors, concerning families. Teaching these factors to couples helps them to prevent breakdowns in life, and to promote their satisfaction and quality in marital life

Algae are composed of a diverse group of various aquatic organisms. Secondary or primary metabolites from these organisms may be potential bioactive compounds of interest for use in the development of new pharmaceutical agents. In this research, four species of marine algae, Ulva lactuca, Padina pavonica, Colpomenia sinuosa and Cystoseira myrica, isolated from Persian Gulf coasts were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities, using disk diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assays. Extracts of the algae selected for this study were prepared using methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate as solvents. Best results were shown by the ethyl acetate extracts of Ulva lactuca against bacterial strains. Results also indicated that the bacteria were more sensitive against algal extracts than fungi studied. The lowest value for MIC test was belonged to the green alga, Ulva lactuca, in accordance with growth inhibition zone values obtained from disk diffusion assay. Based on present results, gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the algal extracts than gram-negative ones.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a human plasma product enriched by platelets, growth factors, and fibrinogen with high hemostatic and healing properties.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of autologous PRP on wound healing in high-risk women undergoing cesarean sections.
Patients and In this balanced, randomized, and controlled trial, 140 patients were admitted to Arash women’s hospital, Tehran, Iran from May of 2013 to November of 2014 for elective cesarean surgery. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups. The intervention group received PRP after surgery, whereas the control group received the usual care. All patients were evaluated at baseline, five days, and eight weeks after the cesarean section. The primary endpoint used the REEDA scale for assessing the changes in wound healing. The secondary outcome measures used were the Vancouver scar scale (VSS) and the visual analog scale (VAS). All scale scores were analyzed using a repeated measures test for variance.
At the end of study, the PRP group showed a greater reduction in the edema ecchymosed discharge approximation (REEDA) score compared to the control group (85.5% reduction in the PRP group; 72% in the control group) (P It seems that applying PRP is an effective therapeutic approach for wound healing, and faster wound healing is expected due to the presence of more platelets and growth factors.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of Ultimate acid (UA) and chicory extract (CE) on performance, immune system and lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen and bursa of fabricius) of broiler chickens. Three hundred thirty one-day old broiler chicks (Ross 308, male and female) were allocated to the experimental units based on a completely randomized design using a factorial arrangement of 2×3 with two levels of chicory extract (CE, 0 and 2 ml/1 liter of water) and three levels of Ultimate acid (UA, 0, 0.5 and 1 ml/1 liter of water). Each treatment replicated 5 times with 11 chicks each. Antibody titer against NDV was determined by HI assay. On day 42 from each replication 2 chickens slaughtered and lymphoid organs separated and weighted. In spite of non-significant effect of UA supplementation on feed conversion ratio (FCR), its effect on both daily feed intake (DFI) and daily weight gain (DWG) (P

"Beauty" is one of the world's facts concealed in human's nature from his/her birth. West philosophers have had some reflections on 'beauty' from ancient times till today but Islamic philosophers mostly have not discussed beauty independently. Yet 'beauty' can be explained and analyzed according to the teachings of Islamic theosophy. Research on the subject of 'beauty' is certainly an important step toward production and establishment of Islamic art science. This article tries to analyze 'beauty' according to Islamic theosophy especially the teachings of 'the transcendental wisdom'.

Although divorce is related to marriage and is usually due to unsuccessful marriage, the marriage of divorced couples is less studied. This research was performed using a qualitative exploratory research design. Unstructured indepth interviews were conducted with 12 divorced subjects. The collected data were analyzed using constant comparative method. The main theme of “problematic marriage” with two subcategories of “motivations” and “conditions” were achieved in this research. The subcategories consisted of 2 subclasses of “marriage criteria” and “decision-making conditions for marriage”. It seems that the traditional function of marriage is changing even in small and traditional societies and couples’ willingness to end unsatisfying marriages has increased. The majority of divorces in this study were related to problematic marriages especially marriages begun in haste, with inadequate knowledge of each other, and without consent of either party. Therefore, it is necessary that the marriage ceremony is performed in a way that increases the stability and continuity of the marriage.

Drug use has many psychological and behavioral consequences. The elimination of psychological dependence on drugs is much more difficult than that of physical dependence and it requires the passage of time and different stages, and internal care. The purpose of this study was the identification of factors affecting drug withdrawal stability among Narcotics Anonymous (NA) members. This research was conducted using qualitative methods and focus groups interviews. The statistical population included all members of NA who lived in Isfahan, Iran, in 2011 and at least two years had passed since their drug withdrawal stability. For this purpose, data were collected from 18 NA members using purposive sampling. Data were collected and analyzed using content analysis method in 3 stages of conceptualization, interview, and data analysis. The 2 major themes of "social relations and support received from them" and “individual character and identity" were extracted. The former theme consisted of 2 subcategories of “the quantity and type of relationship” and “social support network”. The later theme included the subcategories of “cognition”, “emotion”, and “dignity”. Instance and themes of each subcategory was explained in detail. The findings indicate that the most effective factor in drug withdrawal stability is receiving cognitive support from sympathizers (other members of the association). This support results in the changing of attitudes and self-awareness. Other factors that have impact on drug withdrawal stability included reforming family relationships, receiving emotional support and support regarding dignity from family members, increasing of confidence, and recovery of social status.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of0 (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ml/L of Shirazi thyme aqueous extract in drinking water on performance and immune response in broilers. Two hundred one- day- old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to five treatments with four replicates and 10 birds per cage in a completely randomized design. Daily feed intake, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured. The birds were chalenged by sheep red blood cell (SRBC) on days 8 and 22 of age and serum antibody levels produced in response to SRBC were measured on days 21, 28, 35 and 42. Skin response to Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) injection was assessed intradermally on day 16. The Shirazi thyme aqueous extract had no effect on feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass traits. The consumption of 2 ml/L Shirazi thyme aqueous extract in drinking water increased total Anti-SRBC and IgM titers on day 21; 1 and 1.5 ml/L increased IgM titer on day 28; 0.5, 1.5 and 2 ml/L increased total Anti-SRBC and IgG titers on day 35 and 1.5 and 2 ml/L increased IgG titer on day 42 (P<0.05). Cell immunity in response to PHA-P injection was not affected by treatment groups. It can be concluded that Zataria multifora Boiss have no effects on performance and cell immunity but improve humoral immunity in broilers.

Lithium (Li), a glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor, has used to attenuate the cannabinoid-induced dependence/withdrawal signs, but molecular mechanisms related to this are unclear. Recent studies indicate the involvement of upstream extracellular signal kinase1/ (ERK1/2) and downstream GSK-3β pathways in the development of cannabinoid-induced dependence. This is mediated through cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) enriched in cerebellar granular neurons (CGNs). Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of modulatory/neuroprotective effects of Li on a cannabinoid agonist (WIN 55,212-2 (WIN))-induced dependence, through quantitative analysis of some involved proteins such as ERK1/2, GSK-3β and related signaling pathways including their phosphorylated forms; and cAMP level as the other molecular mechanisms leading to dependence, in CGNs model. The CGNs were prepared from 7-day-old Wistar rat pup in a 12-well plate, pretreated with Li (1mM) and an ERK1/2 inhibitor SL327 (SL, 10 μM). The WIN (1 μM) was added 30 minutes prior to treatment and AM251 (AM, 1 μM), as a cannabinoid antagonist was co-treated with WIN. The cAMP level, as an indicator of cannabinoid-induced dependence, was measured by ELISA following forskolin (FSK) stimulation. Western blot analyses determined the phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) as well as their total expressions in various treatment times and doses in CGNs. WIN alone could down regulate the cAMP/p-ERK1/2 cascade compared to AM treatment. However, P-GSK-3β was up-regulated with Li and WIN or with SL and Li pretreatment to AM-induced cellular response, which was the highest 60 minutes after CGNs exposure. Results further suggested the potential role of Li pretreatment to diminish the development of cannabinoid-induced dependence/neuronal injury through possible mechanisms of modulating the cAMP/p-ERK1/2 cascade independent of p-GSK-3β signaling pathway in vitro.

Within collection of the family Pteromalidae from Northwest of Iran, some female specimens of the genus Habritys Thomson were found. The specimens were collected by a Malaise trap and identified as Habritys brevicornis (Ratzeburg, 1844). This is first record of the genus Habritys and species H. brevicornis from Iran and Middle-East. Diagnostic morphological characters, host associations and geographical distribution of the newly recorded species are briefly discussed.

FOXP3 gene is an X-linked gene that encodes FOXP3 protein, an essential transcription factor in CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. We aimed, in the present study, to investigate the association of two FOXP3 polymorphisms, -2383 C/T (rs3761549) and IVS9+459 T/C (rs2280883), with lung cancer. In a case-control study we analyzed genotypes and alleles frequencies at -2383 C/T and IVS9+459 T/C positions in 156 patients with lung cancer and 156 age and sex matched healthy controls in Southern Iranian population, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. The data were verified by direct automated DNA sequencing. The frequency of -2383 T allele was significantly higher in the patients than in the control group (11.8% versus 5.9%, P-value=0.04, OR=2.13, 95%CI=1.04-4.54). T allele frequency at IVS9+459 T/C position was higher, compared to the controls, in the patients who presented the disease over 55 years old (69.9% versus 59.1%, P-value=0.04, OR=1.61, 95%CI=1.01-2.55) and also in SCLC patients (77.8% versus 59.1%, P-value=0.03, OR=2.42, 95%CI=1.05-5.59). No significant differences were found in the genotypes and haplotypes distributions between the cases and controls. A high degree of linkage disequilibrium was observed between two polymorphisms. As the first study dealing with -2383 C/T and IVS9+459 T/C in lung cancer, our data conclusively suggest the association of -2383 T allele with susceptibility to lung cancer in Iranian population. The association of IVS9+459 T allele with susceptibility to lung cancer in old patients suggests the age-dependent effects of FOXP3 gene on cancer occurrence.

Appearing information era and promoting valuable human communication and also outbreaking organizational strategic situations, emotional intelligence theory has been grown and changed into one of the most popular fields. Emotional intelligence is comprehensive term which consists a set of individual skills and characteristics and is higher than the recent knowledge like technical and professional one. In the current paper the influence of emotional intelligence on managers and employees’ commitment was surveyed. Emotional intelligence dimensions include self-awareness, self-regulating, motivating oneself, empathy and social skills. Managers are able to find and understand employees’ needs and desires and are more success utilizing their and others’ emotions and feelings. Also by their self-controlling, are able to manage emotional reactions and empathy with groups and understanding feelings which finally leads to developing middle managers with high levels of organizational commitment. About the relationship between emotional and cultural intelligence and their role in managers’ success can be claimed that by passing physical boundaries, managers’ success elixir in global level is cultural intelligence and having related skills to the jobs. In fact, emotional intelligence in one of middle managers’ needs and cultural intelligence is top managers’ one to success.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an organic acid (Ultimate acid, UA) and chicory extract (CE) on performances, carcass characteristics and immune system of broiler chickens.Three hundred thirty oneday old broiler chicks (Ross 308, male and female) were allocated to the experimental units based on a completely randomized design using a factorial arrangement of 2 × 3 with two levels of CE (0 and 2 ml/Lit. of dinking water) and three levels of UA (0, 0.25 and 0.5 ml/Lit. of drinking water). Each treatment replicated 5 times with 11 chicks per replicate. Feed intake, daily body weight and feed conversion ratio were determined during the entire (0-42 d) experimental period. At the end of experiment (day 42), two chicks close to average body weight of each replicate were selected and slaughtered for carcass quality triats. Administration of UA alone significantly (P<0.05) reduced both feed intake and body weight gain compared to the control group but did not show any adverse effect on feed conversion ratio. Adding CE to drinking water increased gain in body weight and improved the relative weights of carcass and parts yield of the chicks compared to the control group (P<0.05). Main effects for CE and UA, and their interactions showed positive effect on immune reponse of broiler chicks measured by antibody titres against SRBC using agglutination test. In conclusion, the evidence of this study suggests the addition of chicory extract in the drinking water of broiler chicks as a growth promoter.

In this research, the synthesis of TiO2 nanostructures was done by sol-gel method. Also, the effect of various parameters of this method on the manner of synthesis of this compound was studied. The phase study and powder morphology, was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. According to patterns of X-ray diffraction of the produced samples in 400 and 500 °C, all of them have a pure rutile phase. Also, in this survey, effect of nanoparticles of TiO2 on equilibrium absorption diagram, oxygen and water vapor permittivity, was studied on the starch films. This survey aimed at studying the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the oxygen and water vapor permittivity on starch films. In this survey, production of the starch films with TiO2 nanoparticles in concentrations of 0, 1, 3 and 5 was observed. FTIR diagrams showed that the interactions done were completely physical and no chemical reaction occured. Generally, according to the surveys conducted, edible films containing nano TiO2 can be used as active packaging in the food industry.

This article by content analysis of Iranian prize-winner movies in international festivals, examines the depiction of Iranian-Islamic cultural components in these movies. The research method is content analysis and its sample includes 20 feature films. The findings show that in two movies i.e. "The White Balloon" and "The Wind Will Take US ", theIranian-Islamic cultural components are represented more boldly and they are much paler in other movies. On the basis of other findings, such characteristics as being untamed and being different have been the most prominent characteristics that probably have paved the way for their international success.

The subject of discussion is germane to an Islamic system based on the theory of jurisprudent’s authority, and from a jurisprudential and religious perspective, a fully qualified jurist must lead it on the one hand, and on the other hand, a president is introduced as the executive in‐charge of affairs. Thus, in the case of any trouble between them, what are the correct and logical solutions from the perspective of political jurisprudence?
This paper investigates and elaborates on the relation between the two pillars of government in the Islamic system by analyzing the jurisprudential and religious principles and constitutional articles as to the supreme leader and president.
Of the advantages of this discussion is that it evinces that if, from the perspective of religio‐jurisprudential principles, the supreme leader is in charge of all governmental affairs and has the right to deal with executive issues and affairs, the role of the president is either a ceremonial one or to the extent of an executive deputy, and the votes that people cast are either for the expediency of the Islamic society or out of kindness and favor to people on the part of the ruler.
Assuming that, the supreme leader will, therefore, be accountable for the present issues and events; however, if a president is in charge of all executive affairs and holds a supervisory and controlling position, it is the president that will be responsible for events and the actions by members of the executive, given his executive power.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of seminal plasma to coated spermatozoa after 72 h. Semen was collected from four Taleshi rams by artificial vagina. To prepare coated spermatozoa, semen was collected in tube containing Tris-fructose-15% egg yolk. After initial evaluation, the samples were mixed and centrifuged. After removal of supernatant and dilution, samples were divided into three sections, cooled to 4°C and stored for 68 hours. The first part was centrifuged and the supernatant was removed (Method I). The second section was centrifuged and the supernatant was mixed again (Method II). The third section was kept without change at 4°C (Method III). Samples were obtained from each method were divided into three equal parts, added 0, 10 and 20% of seminal plasma and incubated at 4°C. Sperm motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome membrane integrity were evaluated after 4 hours. Sperm viability was higher in the presence of 0% seminal plasma (69/416%) than 20% seminal plasma (60/667%; P<0/05). The lowest sperm motility (11/667%), viability (59/167%) and plasma membrane integrity (48/168%) was observed in Method I (P<0/05). Methods did not affect the integrity of the acrosome membrane (P>0.05). Therefore, removing egg yolk and adding seminal plasma reduces coated sperm quality after 72 h storage.

In order to study the effect of the presence of egg yolk and adding seminal plasma to coated sperm، the semen were collected from 4 Taleshi rams by using artificial vagina. To coat the sperm، semen was collected within the tube containing Tris-fructose-15% egg yolk. After the initial evaluation، the samples are mixed and centrifuged. After removing supernatant and diluting، samples were divided into 3 equal parts; they were cooled to 4°C and incubated for 44 hours. Three methods (R، M and N) were performed to add seminal plasma. In R method، sample was centrifuged and supernatant were removed. In M method، sample was centrifuged and mixed with the supernatant. In N method، nothing was done and sample was kept at 4°C. Sample، which obtained from each method، was split into three equal parts after that the amount of zero، 10 and 20% seminal plasma were added and aliquots incubated at 4°C. Sperm motility، functional membrane integrity، viability and acrosome integrity were estimated after 4 hours. The lowest of sperm motility (10. 83%) and viability (57. 58%) were observed by R method (P<0. 05). The functional membrane integrity was higher in N method (61. 33%) than R method (52%; P<0. 05) and there was no difference between R method or N method and M method. The methods did not effect on the acrosome integrity. Therefore، removing egg yolk was not useful for coated ram spermatozoa after storage at 4°C.