mohammad kamali

Drooling, commonly observed in cerebral palsy children, negatively impacts different aspects of their lives. There are several treatment options for drooling, with no consensus on a single method as the most effective one. The current systematic review provides an overview of the evidence of the different non-medical intervention methods used by speech and language pathologists to reduce drooling in cerebral palsy children.

A comprehensive and systematic search was conducted in the following electronic databases for publications from 2010-22: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro-P) scale were respectively used to determine the level of evidence and the methodological quality of articles.

Out of 2740 articles identified, 15 records met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The studies considered in this systematic review differed in the following criteria: design, participant characteristics, types of assessments and treatments, and follow-up periods. Non-medical interventions for drooling were found to be effective in alleviating the severity and decreasing the frequency of drooling.

The results showed the effectiveness of nonmedical interventions for drooling in cerebral palsy children. The treatments provided by SLPs can be classified into three categories: oromotor and sensory interventions, behavioral interventions, and the use of Kinesio-tape. Among these, the use of oromotor interventions and oral sensory interventions, alone or combined with other approaches, was the most widely used method.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused many challenges to various clinicians, including speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Remote rehabilitation or telepractice was widely used during this period as a convenient solution by many therapists who had no experience in this field. This study aimed to survey the lived experience of telepractice by Iranian SLPs during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify the benefits and disadvantages of this method.

This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis. Twenty SLPs participated in this study. They were selected using a purposive sampling method until data saturation was reached. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were used to collect information. Data were coded using MAXQDA software. After coding, the data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method, and the main themes were extracted. Finally, the trustworthiness of the data was measured based on Lincoln and Guba’s criteria.

Five main themes were extracted, including “remote rehabilitation platforms”, “increasing efficiency”, “advantages”, “difficulties”, and “special opinions about telepractice”. Although telepractice had many difficulties, its advantages led to its widespread use during the pandemic.

SLPs in Iran used telepractice as a remote rehabilitation method during the pandemic. This method can be used in future pandemics, although it requires removing existing problems and creating the necessary infrastructure.

Nystagmus has a negative effect on the patient's quality of life (QoL), leading to an increase in their dependence on others and a decrease in self-confidence and social relationships. Therefore, effective treatment and management are crucial in restoring those affected's visual function and social life. To determine whether contact lens (CL) use impairs the vision of infantile nystagmus (IN) patients, this study conducts a systematic review of the relevant literature.

This systematic review adhered to the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). We searched databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for relevant studies published up to May 9, 2022. The search was not limited by study type (except for review articles), publication time, or language. We used medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords such as “nystagmus,” “CL,” “congenital nystagmus,” “IN,” “rigid gas permeable lenses,” and “soft CLs”.

Initially, 102 articles were identified. After removing duplicates, 76 articles remained. Of these, 39 were excluded during screening for irrelevance, and 8 were excluded due to inaccessible abstracts or full texts. Ultimately, 29 articles were included in this review.

The majority of studies reviewed reported no significant side effects from using CLs, and most patients achieved similar or improved visual function compared to using glasses. As a result, even if CLs are not superior to glasses, they perform comparably and can be considered a primary treatment option when there are indications for prescribing CLs.

The COVID-19 pandemic, as a new phenomenon, caused many problems for speech-language pathologists and faced them with various crises. The aim of this study was to review the experiences of speech-language pathologists with the problems and consequences of the pandemic and their effects on their clinical activities.

A qualitative study of interpretive phenomenological analysis was conducted and 21 participants were selected non-randomly using maximum variation technique. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. After collecting the data, coding was started using MAXQDA software. Then, the data were analyzed by thematic analysis method and main themes emerged. Finally, the scientific accuracy of the data was measured by the method of Lincoln and Guba.

Ten main themes, including infection, financial consequences, negative consequences of following health protocols, psychological consequences, consequences for clients, problems created in the workplace, problems created by clients, educational problems, lack of facilities, and opportunity creation were extracted, which represented therapists’ experiences with clinical work during the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic created many negative and sometimes positive consequences for speech-language pathologists as well as many other professions, which led to changes and new experiences in the former routine of these therapists.

In the current situation, it is essential to determine the level of anxiety in medical and non-medical employees due to the pandemic. Therefore, this research aims to assess the relationship between corona anxiety, emotion regulation strategies, and stress tolerance among the staff of rehabilitation centers in Tehran Province, Iran. 

This study was descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational. The statistical population of the present study included the entire staff of rehabilitation centers served by the Welfare Organization of Tehran Province in 2022. Using simple random sampling, 10 rehabilitation centers were selected as study centers. Subsequently, 200 employees of these centers were selected and tested using Morgan’s sampling table (the male age of the participants was 31.5 years). The data collection instruments included the corona disease anxiety scale, the emotional distress tolerance questionnaire (2005), and the March emotional self-regulation strategies scale (2007). Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 26. 

The results showed that the mean of corona anxiety was 18.94 out of a maximum of 54 and the proportion of psychological symptoms of corona anxiety was higher than physical symptoms. The highest score from the participant’s point of view from dimensions of distress tolerance was assigned to the subjective assessment of distress. The mean score for distress tolerance was 52.68 out of a maximum of 75 points and the mean score for employees’ emotion regulation strategies was 134.37 points, which shows that the use of emotional self-regulation strategies is strong. The results of the current research showed that corona anxiety decreases significantly by increasing distress tolerance, absorption of negative emotions, regulation of efforts to relieve distress and distress tolerance, and corona anxiety also decreases significantly. Also, with the increase in the level of emotion regulation strategies, the anxiety of corona decreases significantly. Distress tolerance showed a negative correlation with corona anxiety, and with the improvement of distress tolerance, corona anxiety decreased (P=0.014). 

Based on the results, increasing and improving distress tolerance and emotional regulation strategies significantly reduced corona anxiety. Also, the experiences and work of experts with more work experience alongside the younger and less experienced forces and their cooperation prepared the ground to reduce the effects of corona anxiety, as well as to improve the level of stress tolerance and emotion regulation strategies of employees.

The quality of life (QoL) of blind people is affected by various variables, including age, sex, level of education, severity of low vision, use of applications and software, etc. This research aims to compare the QoL of people with low vision who use and do not use low-vision applications on smartphones.

The statistical population included all patients with low vision who were referred to low vision research centers and other institutions active in the field of blindness and low vision in Tehran City, Iran. The sample size of this study was 43 people using the conviniece sampling method and Cochran’s formula, which was considered to be 90 people due to the existence of two groups for comparison. The research data collection tool was Hakimzadeh Yazdi’s QoL questionnaire (2022). Two-way one-variable analysis of variance and SPSS software, version 21 were used to analyze the data. 

The results showed that people with low vision who use low-vision applications have a higher QoL compared to people with low-vision who do not use low-vision applications (P<0.05). Also, the effect of demographic variables on the QoL of low-vision patients using and not using applications was presented (P<0.05). Age and gender had no significant effect on QoL.

Considering the impact of applications in facilitating the daily affairs of low vision patients, it is recommended to use it in treatment and educational programs in hospitals and even in the family.

The international classification of functioning-disability and health (ICF) has been used by the State Welfare Organization in the medical commission in recent years. The present study was conducted with the aim of understanding the challenges of people with disabilities with the medical commission of the State Welfare Organization.

The research method was qualitative and content analysis type. The method of data collection was done through in-depth and semi-structured interviews while respecting ethical considerations. The current research field of Tehran City and the medical commissions of the welfare organization departments in Tehran City and the samples were people with disabilities referring to this commission or their companions. To select a pooled sample, snowball sampling and theoretical targeted sampling were used. Data analysis was done using the method of qualitative content analysis with conventional approach. In order to ensure the reliability of the research, the four pillars of reliability, validity, transferability and verifiability were used.

In this research, 86 codes were finally extracted, which formed the theme of “challenges of people with disabilities” in two sub-topics: “Executive problems of clients with medical commission” and “communication problems of clients with members of medical commission".

The findings of the research showed that those referring to the medical commissions of the welfare organization face problems related to the implementation of classification of function, disability and health, which need to be addressed by the authorities.

This research aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the voice symptom scale (VoiSS) questionnaire. We also sought to determine the best cut-off point to classify high-risk populations into controls (participants) and dysphonic patients. 

The study was conducted in 3 main steps. The translation process was carried out by a pair of Iranian bilingual speech-language pathologists along with an expert panel. For the validity study, the questionnaire was administered to 268 cases that were suspected of dysphonia. Finally, to assess the reliability, the questionnaire was completed twice in 2 weeks by 40 dysphonia patients. To normalize data generation 107 individuals without dysphonia completed the P-VoiSS, after that the cutoff value of the P-VoiSS was calculated.

Cronbach’s α was estimated at 0.914, and for impairment, emotional, and physical domains, it was 0.877, 0.926, and 0.725, respectively. We also estimated intra-cluster correlation (ICC) of 0.984 indicating high reproducibility of the Persian VoiSS questionnaire. The estimated intra-cluster correlation (ICC) for subscale was 0.962 for impairment, 0.989 for emotional, and 0.952 for physical domains. The Mean±SD score of the questionnaire for the healthy group was 10.1±5.9, while it was statistically higher in dysphonia patients (44.1±20.6). The statistical difference was observed in the subscales of the questionnaire between healthy and dysphonia groups (P<0.05). The exploratory factor analysis determined that the Persian VoiSS has three subtest/latent factors like the original form. We also estimate the best cut-point at 20.5. 

The Persian adaptation of VoiSS is a dependable and effective tool that can be utilized for screening high-risk populations.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and estimating the relationship between anxiety and occupational stress with the self-efficacy of therapists in rehabilitation centers in Tehran in 2022.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of execution. The statistical population including 122 therapists of rehabilitation centers was done by multi-stage classification method. The research tools included standard questionnaires: Beck’s anxiety questionnaire (1991), Osipow’s job stress questionnaire (1987) and Riggs and Knight’s job self-efficacy questionnaire (1994).Their analysis was done by SPSS software, version 26 at two descriptive and analytical levels.

The results showed that there is a significant inverse effect between anxiety and self-efficacy, as well as occupational stress and self-efficacy of therapists (P<0.001). There is also a significant relationship between job stress, anxiety, self-efficacy and demographic characteristics.

The results of this study showed that anxiety increases the level of occupational stress and has a negative effect on therapists’ self-efficacy.

Knowing the aggravating qualities of the crime has important effects in determining the criteria for the diagnosis of serious crimes. The types of aggravating factors include the general factors of aggravation, which in Iran's criminal law are exemplified only in the two factors of multiplicity and repetition of the crime, and specific factors, which are divided into objective factors and personal factors. The existence of crime is always dangerous for the people of the society, but in some cases committing a crime in the form of its frequency and repetition is considered a special threat. In this situation, in order to prevent such crimes from being committed, the legislator has to enact special provisions in the form of increasing the punishment in order to establish justice in the society. Multiplicity and repetition is one of the general causes of punishment escalation because it is not specific to specific crimes and if it is found in any crime, it causes the punishment to be intensified. This article, by using the analytical descriptive method, while comparing the ways of intensifying the punishment, tries to find out the nature of the qualities. To identify the aggravated crime in the laws of Iran and England.

Entering the market and exchanging money and goods in some cases is accompanied by disputes arising from this. For this purpose, according to the foundations, goals, economic functions and different dimensions of these markets, some principles should be introduced as the legal principles underlying the legal system of the securities market. The principle of market fairness, the principle of market transparency, and the principle of market order and supervision can be mentioned as the principles governing the securities markets. These general principles can include more detailed principles such as fair competition, equality in the possibility of using information, non-discrimination and fair access to the market. It seems that the important principles of proceedings in dealing with crimes related to the stock exchange in Iran cover more general aspects of legal relations due to the presence of judicial authorities in the arbitration board and guaranteeing the implementation of the law.

This qualitative study was designed to investigate parental adherence to cranial remolding orthotic (CRO) treatment of infants with positional cranial deformities.

A qualitative content analysis was employed in this study. Researchers sought to find parental behavior while using a CRO for their infant with cranial deformity. Through in-depth and in-person interviews, researchers collected data from 22 participants using semi-structured questions regarding adherence to CRO treatment. Data were examined for patterns until saturation occurred, yielding categories that focused on the parents’ main barriers and facilitators.

Two general themes of “potential barriers to CRO treatment adherence” and “potential facilitators to CRO treatment adherence” were extracted from 12 subthemes of parental burden, transportation, availability of CRO services in hometown, financial responsibility, maternal/paternal attachment attitudes, CRO-related problems, others feedback, adjustment to the treatment, motivation and self-confidence, aesthetic satisfaction, communication with orthotist, and wife's empathy/spousal support.

Getting time off work, transportation to the orthotics’ clinic, the lack of medical insurance coverage for CRO, reduced physical contact between parents and their child, and getting negative feedback from others were the most reported challenges. However, overcoming the initial difficulties and adjustment to the treatment with CRO, the high motivation of parents during therapy, an orthosis with good fitting and minor complications, a strong relationship between the parents and orthotist, and the father's companionship were revealed to facilitate the treatment process and increase adherence of treatment with CRO.

Rehabilitation is one of the basic services for the elderly and people with disabilities and provides the possibility of equal opportunities and participation in the society. In fact, it is one of the main pillars of the health; however, less attention has been paid to this issue in Iran, and it does not have a specific place in the health system. The present study aims to find barriers and facilitators regarding rehabilitation programs for the elderly and people with disabilities in Iran.

This is a qualitative study using content analysis method. Participants were 13 experts in different fields of rehabilitation who were selected using a purposive sampling method which continued until the data saturation. The data were collected using a semi-structured in-depth interview from February 2021 to February 2022. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and then were analyzed by using conventional content analysis method and using constant comparative analysis.

Two main categories of barriers and facilitators, each with 4 sub-categories were identified. The barriers were: High number of rehabilitation trustees, lack of awareness of officials and people, lack of attention to the role of the municipality in rehabilitation, and poor rehabilitation management. Facilitators were: Building culture in the field of rehabilitation and disability, improving the insight of officials, the role of rehabilitation specialists, benefiting from the experiences of other countries.

The identified barriers and facilitators can help officials and policymakers in Iran to improve the status of rehabilitation and provide better services to people with disabilities.

The new conditions of the international system have caused new components to play a role in the official international structures and countries to use new tools and ways to secure their national interests, the most important of which can be considered the use of "soft power". In soft power, influencing others is indirect and low-cost. Considering its sensitive strategic and geopolitical position, the Islamic Republic of Iran has to pay attention to and strengthen various aspects of hard power (military and economic power), and strengthen its soft power dimensions as well. Iran can take advantage of its soft power and achieve the strengthening of its national power when it presents its strategy and desirable values in such a way that it makes maximum use of the components of its power production in both national and transnational dimensions. The current research tries to identify the position of science production in the global geometry of power, from the perspective of the Supreme Leader, with a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the research show that the component of science production can act as a driving engine in strengthening Iran's national power in terms of hardware and software.

Satisfaction with hearing aids is very important for continued use of the device and improving hearing status and quality of lives of people with hearing loss. MarkeTrak survey has been used for many years to track factors influencing satisfaction with hearing aids. This study aimed to make a valid and reliable Persian version of the MarkeTrak survey to measure the effects of type of fitting, experience and technology on hearing aid satisfaction.

After confirmation of validity and reliability of the Persian MarkeTrak, 71 people participate in the study. The effects of bilateral versus unilateral hearing aids (type of fitting), experience and wireless versus non-wireless technology were tested.

Bilateral hearing aid users has significantly higher satisfaction rate than unilateral users (65.6±7.2 versus 59.9±17.7). The effects of experience with using hearing aids and type of technology did not reach statistical significance.

Higher satisfaction with bilateral hearing aids might result from better sound quality in diverse listening conditions, spatial hearing and directionality with two ears rather than one ear.

Just as identifying violations and crimes in the stock exchange is important, in the next  stage, the process and manner of dealing with such violations and crimes is important because by identifying the weaknesses and strengths in dealing with these matters, we can realized its effectiveness. In dealing with disputes in the market, the jury and  in the violations section of the Committee to investigate violations and in the field of crimes are the judicial authorities. This study aims to review the process of dealing with violations and crimes of stock exchanges and securities in Iran and the United Arab Emirates and to evaluate its strengths and weaknesses. Basically, the system of dealing with violations and crimes related to the stock exchange is very important in order to effectively support these guarantees in different countries, among which, a comparative study of the system of investigating crimes and violations in Iran and the United Arab Emirates is the subject of research .

Because of the increasing number of people with disabilities and the lack of awareness of disability prevention methods in developing countries, creating a proper rehabilitation structure and providing appropriate services are among the important goals of every health system. Conducting comparative studies is one of the research methods for reviewing the structure of the rehabilitation system in the country’s health system. This study aimed to compare the rehabilitation structure in Iran with 5 other countries.

This research is a comparative study conducted in 2022. In this study, sampling was purposeful. Five countries of Germany, Japan, Canada, Turkey, and South Africa were compared in terms of organizational and health management, financial and legal components, and social policy components with Iran. Reliable databases and related resources in the rehabilitation structure were used to collect data. In this study, the obtained data were analyzed using the Bereday model containing four stages: Description, interpretation, proximity, and comparison. The findings were evaluated in a comparative table.

The findings indicated that in terms of organization and health management, the Ministry of Health should be responsible for health management and rehabilitation, but in Iran, in addition to the Ministry of Health, the Red Crescent, the Martyr Foundation, and Exceptional Education Organization are also involved in the management of rehabilitation. Financial issues and problems are significant barriers for people with disabilities to access rehabilitation services in these countries. In Iran, a large part of these costs is paid from the pockets of families. Regarding legal components in Iran, as in other countries, specific rules exist to provide services to people with disabilities. But sometimes, these rules are not properly implemented. From the sociodemographic perspective, Iran has an aging population, welcomes immigrants, and holds diverse cultures. The access of all people in need of rehabilitation in this diverse population to the services needed is limited. In terms of policy components, regulating national health policy requires review and, if necessary, changes in existing health system policies.

The existence of a specific position for rehabilitation in the Iranian health system, provision of services, and management of rehabilitation affairs by a single organization such as the Ministry of Health, as well as proper implementation of laws and policies, can lead to structural improvement and management of the health system and rehabilitation. Financial obstacles and problems to rehabilitation services should be reduced, and government and insurance must cover most of the costs of rehabilitation services. Also, a review of national health policies and legislation in the country should be done to improve the access of all people with disabilities to health and rehabilitation services. Therefore, it is necessary to fundamentally review and reform the structure, value, and process of providing rehabilitation services.

 Vocabulary development can be influenced by factors, such as age, gender, culture, social class, language ability, etc. Usually, age and gender are two important components considered more in developing a child's vocabulary. Vocabulary development is one of the most important areas of language development. Vocabulary is classified into two categories: understanding and expressive. The treasury of receptive and expressive vocabulary is one of the efficient and useful indicators in measuring language development. The amount of vocabulary is a significant indicator of language, and a tool is necessary to measure it accurately. The development of tools is essential for assessment in speech and language pathology. The primary purpose of the present study was to revise the first version of the receptive picture vocabulary test and design the first version of the expressive picture vocabulary test for Persian–speaking children aged 30 to 71 months.

 The current methodological research carried out a descriptive–analytical and cross–sectional method. The reconstruction of the pictures of the first version of the receptive picture vocabulary test was done, including 240 colored pictures divided into 15 subtests, each consisting of 16 pictures. The subtests are as follows: 1) tools, 2) home appliances, 3) body organs, 4) verbs, 5) clothes, 6) animals, 7) fruits and foods, 8) vehicles, 9) related to animals, 10) adjectives and opposites, 11) jobs, 12) places, 13) plant words, 14) nature words, and 15) colors. Each page of the receptive picture vocabulary test has 4 pictures. The examiner asks the child to point to one of the pictures that she or he named. Then, the examiner records the child's correct response on the test sheet form. The expressive picture vocabulary test was made using the pictures of the receptive picture vocabulary test. Each page of the test has one picture. The examiner asks the child to name each picture, "What is it?" or "What are they doing?" The opinions of 10 experts were used to determine the validity of the pictures. To determine the validity and reliability of the tests, 105 typically developing children aged 30–71 months participated. They were recruited from kindergarten in Tehran City, Iran. The inclusion criteria were age ≥30 months and <71 months and the children's ASQ (Ages and Stages Questionnaire) scores were normal. They had no history of seizures, brain damage, hearing disorders, speech and language disorders. All participants signed an informed consent form before data collection. The children in a propriety room with minimum noise were evaluated. All pictures were showed children via laptop screen. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were calculated using the Cronbach alpha and intra–class correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Discriminative validity was analyzed using the correlation between age and the total score of the receptive picture vocabulary test. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to check the psychometric characteristics of the tests and statistical analysis. Data analysis was done with the help of SPSS version 21 software at a significance level of α=0.05.

 The value of the content validity ratio (CVR) for the items of the expressive picture vocabulary test was a minimum of 0.72 and a maximum of 0.94, and the average was 0.88, and for the items of the receptive picture vocabulary test, the minimum was 0.73, and the maximum was 0.98, and the average was 0.91. The content validity index (CVI) value for the expressive picture vocabulary test was a minimum of 0.75, a maximum of 0.96, and an average of 0.91. For the receptive picture vocabulary test, it was a minimum of 0.75 and a maximum of 0.99, and the average was 0.93. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.92 for the expressive picture vocabulary test and 0.95 for the receptive picture vocabulary test. The value of the ICC for the total score of the expressive picture vocabulary test was 0.87, and the receptive picture vocabulary test was 0.89. Results from the Pearson correlation test indicated a positive relationship between age and the total score of the expressive picture vocabulary test (r=0.941, p=0.001) and between age and the total score of the receptive picture vocabulary test (r=0.844, p=0.001). The Pearson coefficient (r=0.940, p=0.001) showed a significant relationship between the total scores of the expressive and receptive picture vocabulary tests.

 The present study showed the sufficient psychometric properties of the receptive and expressive picture vocabulary tests. It is suggested that speech and language pathologists use these tools for clinical vocabulary evaluation of Persian–speaking children aged 30–71 months.

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) often require various specialized services and access to various specialists in the fields of medicine, rehabilitation, and education due to the multifaceted problems caused by these disorders. Also, parents of children with ASDs face many challenges which expose them to high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as the quality of life (QoL) of these parents is often affected. As a result, it is necessary for children with ASDs and their parents, especially their mothers to access various services. The present study was conducted to investigate and compare the effectiveness of the parent-mediated intervention method with social media-based and face-to-face rehabilitation approaches for mothers of children with ASDs.

The research sample included 30 mothers of 3-6-year-old children with ASDs who were randomly assigned to two groups of social media-based education and face-to-face education. Both groups received two training sessions every week for four weeks. The intervention for the first group was based on social media and using video calls, video, and educational texts, and for the second group, it was face-to-face.

The results showed that training was effective in improving social interaction and challenging behaviors in children and led to the improvement in depression symptoms, QoL, and sense of well-being in mothers; however the difference in the scores obtained from the two groups of social media-based education and face-to-face education is not significantly different from each other (P>0.05

According to the results of the research, it seems that the effect of the group interaction was significant in the time. Treatment as well as accessibility, choose one of the above two methods that are more economical for the individual according to the conditions, which requires further studies.

This research aims to explore the interplay between rehabilitation therapists’ attitudes toward people with disabilities and their job burnout.

The study population included all rehabilitation therapists in Tehran Province, Iran, in 2022, working in both public and private sectors. A sample of 261 therapists was selected using a quota sampling technique. The disability attitude questionnaire was employed to gauge attitudes towards individuals with disabilities, while therapists’ job burnout was evaluated using the Maslach burnout inventory. The therapists were approached through both in-person and online visits. Hypotheses were tested using correlation coefficients, linear regression, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), and data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 26.

The results revealed a significant negative relationship between job burnout and its dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment) with attitudes towards individuals with disabilities. Additionally, a negative and significant relationship was observed between job burnout and the variables of age, and work experience, while a positive and significant relationship was found with the variable of weekly working hours. Furthermore, a positive and significant relationship was observed between attitudes and the variables of age and work experience, while a negative and significant association was detected with weekly working hours. Occupational therapists exhibited more favorable attitudes compared to other rehabilitation groups. Physiotherapists displayed the highest burnout levels among the various rehabilitation disciplines.

The study underscores the importance of integrating strategies to enhance rehabilitation therapists’ attitudes and alleviate burnout into the strategic planning initiatives of the Ministry of Health. Furthermore, efforts to reduce the work hours of rehabilitation therapists should be prioritized.

One of the crucial purposes of the rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injuries (SCI) is to integrate them into society and improve their quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to research on the importance of people’s needs in self-development and integration in society. This study aims to determine the level of needs of people with SCI in Saqez City, Iran, and investigate its correlation with the level of integration of these people after the injury in society.

This research was conducted in a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical type. The necessary information was collected using a community integration questionnaire (CIQ) and Kimbrol’s needs in the form of a census from 110 people with SCI in the rehabilitation unit of the Welfare Department and other related departments (aid committee, Martyr Foundation) in Saqez City. A total of 99 people participated in this study. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 24.0 at a significance level of 0.05.

In this study, 72.73% of the participants were men and the mean age was 44.67±13.91. The mean score of integration at home was 3.55±3.23, the score of the production activities scale was 2.33±1.52, and the integration score in the community was 6.97±2.83. The need for an improved house that was adapted to the conditions of the SCI people was one of the critical unfulfilled demands for these people in the direction of integration at home and social integration and productivity. On the other hand, the need for effective social and friendly activity is one of the unappreciated needs of people with SCI, which has a significant impact on their quality of life, social integration, and employment.

The primary demands of people with SCI, especially the need to adapt the place of residence and the workplace to increase the social integration of people with SCI, should be evaluated and intervened.

One of the most obvious problems faced by the blind is the inability to navigate properly. Safe and independent urban navigation is difficult for visually impaired people. According to the international classification of functioning, disability, and health (ICF), the health and illness status of a person is measured by the structure and function of the body, limitations in performing activities, and the person’s participation in society. Individual factors and environmental factors affect a person’s activities, and these activities affect a person’s participation in society. For this reason, the present study was conducted to investigate the individual factors that blind people use in their daily traffic.

In this qualitative study, 12 blind people, 1 person with severe visual impairment, and 1 sighted person were selected using the snowball sampling method to participate in the study. Information was collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The conventional content analysis method was used for analysis and the data triangulation method was used to validate the findings.

After analyzing the statements and classifying the extracted codes, 4 sub-themes were obtained, including “learning the route”, “reluctance to travel”, “helping others”, "using environmental signs” and from the integration of these sub-themes, the theme “daily traffic” appeared.

The present study showed that blind people use similar strategies in their daily traffic. These solutions include keeping the path, traveling on familiar paths, using environmental signs, and getting help from others. Reasons, such as fear of the environment, fear of injury, and the family’s unwillingness to leave are an obstacle to the independent movement of the blind person.

The team plays a role as one of the crucial indicators in increasing the performance of the organization. Understanding the perspective of teamwork providers in rehabilitation regarding the existing obstacles can help a lot to improve the situation. This study aims to percept and experience rehabilitation service providers about teamwork barriers in Tehran Province, Iran.

This qualitative study was conducted by conventional content analysis. The participants included 15 service providers with different genders and locations of activities from within Tehran Province in a snowball pattern. The data were collected by in-depth and quasi-structured interviews and analyzed by conventional content analysis method and using constant comparison.

After analyzing the meaningful statements of the interviewees, 3 sub-themes “regulations”, “procedural” and “executive” emerged and from the integration of these sub-themes, the theme of “obstacles” emerged.

Some of the results of this research, such as defects in rehabilitation management, imposing double treatment costs on clients, and weakness of teamwork training in the university, have common results. Also, some phrases, such as not paying attention to the role of the municipality in rehabilitation and the number of rehabilitation trustees have not been mentioned in the interviews. Based on the results, it was found that obstacles based on regulations, processes, and implementation play a role in the development of teamwork in rehabilitation.

Background and Objectives:

 The aim of this study is to draw a comprehensive picture of patients’ functional and critical health literacy and its association with socio-demographic variables and self-efficacy. We investigated the referrals to Isfahan health centers, in particular the dimensions of reading ability, numeracy and eHealth literacy using two different measures, NVS for the functional and the eHEALS for critical aspects. 

The surveys were administered to a random sample (N = 384), which resembled Iran Isfahan residents in terms, educational attainment and self-efficacy but not age and gender. For testing individuals with low health literacy, the NVS is a reliable and quick screening tool. eHEALS helps to measure patients’ capabilities in Internet searches. Both of tools are validated in Persian. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, χ2-test, independent t-test and regression were also used to assess the association between health literacy measures, self-efficacy and predictor variables. (p <0.05)

More than 60% of our respondents had an inadequate or marginal level of health literacy with NVS, and with eHEALS, more than 50% were classified accordingly. NVS and eHEALS scores showed an association with higher education one of the predictors of health literacy. Higher eHEALS scores were associated with higher self-efficacy. eHEALS provides a valid self-reported assessment of patients’ eHealth literacy, and NVS provides a useful appraisal of patients’ functional health literacy. 

In our sample, more than 50% of patients had a low level of literacy. eHEALS provides a valid self-reported assessment of patients’ eHealth literacy, and NVS provides a useful appraisal of patients’ functional health literacy. Determining health literacy in patients leads to a better understanding of their perception, application and decision-making in health problems.

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between socialization, conscientiousness and safety citizenship behavior with regard to the role of safety motivation and safety knowledge of employees of Shahid Muftah Hamedan Power Plant. The approach of the current research is quantitative. This research is based on the purpose of the applied type and in terms of the nature of the descriptive-survey type. The statistical research population of the employees of Shahid Moftah Hamadan power plant, whose number is 450 people (according to the inquiry that was taken), and the sample size was estimated to be 182 people using Cochran's formula for limited communities, and the available random sampling method was used. Research data were collected using standard questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS22 and Smart PLS3 software. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between socialization with individual citizenship behavior and safety motivation. There is a positive and meaningful relationship between conscientiousness and organizational citizenship behavior and safety motivation, and finally, there is a positive and meaningful relationship between safety motivation and safety knowledge, individual citizenship behavior, and organizational citizenship behavior.