mohammad moshkani

Stuttering is one of the most common speech disorders, and psychological research is essential for better understanding this disorder. The aim of this study was to compare emotional regulation, brain-behavioral systems, and cyberspace addiction in adolescents with and without stuttering. The research design was a causal comparative type. The statistical population of the study was all adolescents referring to speech therapy centers in Gorgan in 2024. 80 adolescents (40 adolescents with stuttering and 40 other adolescents) were selected as samples using purposive sampling. The research instruments were Roger and Nashover's (1987) emotional control questionnaire, Carver and White's (1994) brain-behavioral systems, and Young's (1998) cyberspace addiction questionnaire. The data were analyzed with independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance using SPSS version 24 software. The results showed that adolescents with stuttering had higher levels of emotional control, behavioral inhibition, and cyberspace addiction compared to other adolescents (P<0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in anger control between the two groups of adolescents with and without stuttering (P<0.05). Strengthening emotion regulation skills and the behavioral activation system of adolescents with stuttering reduces cyberspace addiction and interpersonal, social, and educational problems in these adolescents.

The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of practical games (sand play and purposeful play) on executive functions in children with digital baby syndrome in Gorgan.

This applied research, using a semi-experimental method (pre-test-post-test with control and experimental groups), examines the effectiveness of practical games (sand play and purposeful play) on executive functions (problem solving, working memory, response inhibition) in 30 children aged 6 to 10 years with digital baby syndrome in Gorgan. The groups were selected using purposive sampling and assessed with Tower of London, N-Back and Stroop tests. Independent t-test, dependent t-test and covariance were used for data analysis.

The results showed that practical games (sand play and goal-directed play) have a significant effect on the dimensions of executive function components, problem solving (p<0.05), working memory (response time (p<0.05) and number of correct responses (p<0.05)), response inhibition (congruent (p<0.05) and incongruent (p<0.05) tests).

According to the findings of this study, practical games (sand play and goal-directed play) have a positive effect on increasing executive functions in children with digital baby syndrome.

Today, cosmetic surgeries are considered as one of the human concerns among the Iranian society, a value. This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy with short-term psychodynamic therapy on self-esteem and socio-cultural attitudes towards the appearance of women applying for cosmetic surgery.

This research was one of the Semi-experimental studies with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was all the women applying for cosmetic surgeries who referred to cosmetic surgery clinics in Gorgan city in 2023, 45 of whom were randomly selected in three groups of schema therapy (15 people), short-term psychodynamic therapy (15 people) and group They were witnesses (15 people). The research tools were Crocker et al.'s self-esteem questionnaires and Thompson et al.'s socio-cultural attitudes. Research data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and using spss software version 26.

The findings indicate that short-term psychodynamics has a significant increase in self-esteem and a decrease in socio-cultural attitudes compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, short-term psychodynamics was more effective in increasing self-esteem, and schema therapy was more effective in reducing social and cultural attitudes.

Based on the findings, it can be said that short-term psychodynamic therapy by correcting the attitude towards oneself and revising the values and goals of life has increased self-worth, and identifying schemas and helping people to express suppressed negative emotions and feelings has improved processing. Cognitive and negative socio-cultural decline appears.

Tendency to risky behaviors is one of the behavioral inconsistencies of adolescence. This research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of tendency towards risky behaviors based on the emotional atmosphere of the family and interpersonal reactivity: the mediating role of moral indifference. The research method was structural equation modeling. Socio-statistics of all high school students in the age range between 16 and 18 years of Gorgan city in the academic year 2022-2023. A number of 280 people were selected as a sample by cluster random sampling. The research tools were Zadeh Mohammadi (2011) risky behavior questionnaires, Hillburn's emotional climate (1964), Davis' interpersonal reactivity (1983) and Caprara's moral indifference (2006). For data analysis, correlation matrix, path analysis and goodness of fit indices were used with LISREL 8.3 software. The results of the direct relationships of the research variables showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the emotional atmosphere of the family and interpersonal reactivity with the tendency to risky behaviors (P<0.05). Also, the emotional atmosphere of the family and interpersonal reactivity have a negative and significant indirect effect through moral indifference in addition to the direct effect. The results of the research indicate that with the increase in family emotionality and interpersonal reactivity, the tendency to risky behaviors decreases and the decrease in moral indifference leads to an increase in the tendency to risky behaviors in teenagers.

 The aim of this study was to compare sexual self-concept and sexual awareness among divorced, infidelity, and normal women.

 The method of this study was causal-comparative, which was conducted to compare sexual self-concept and sexual awareness among three groups of women. The statistical population was all the women who were referred to Pooyan Sexual Disorders Clinic between 2016 and 2017. 55 divorced women, 42 unfaithful women, and 50 normal women were selected from volunteers as a sample. They responded to the sexual self-concept questionnaires of Fisher, Davis, and Yarber (2013) and sexual awareness of Snell, Fisher, and Miller (1991) in accordance with ethical principles.

 The findings showed that the mean age and the mean years of marital life of women who cheated before were higher than that of divorced women and control group (p<0.05). Moreover, these women had seen more pornography before marriage than divorced women and control group, and also had more masturbation (p<0.05). Results showed that sexual anxiety, sexual self-efficacy, sexual consciousness, avoidance of risky sex, chance sexual control, sexual preoccupation, sexual optimism, sexual self-esteem, sexual satisfaction, power-other sexual control, sexual self-schemata, fear of sex, sexual depression, and internal-sexual-control among the three groups had significant differences (p<0.05). However, sexual assertiveness, sexual problem self-blame, sexual motivation, and sexual problem management were not significantly different among the three groups.

 With the increase in life expectancy, the frequency of sexual activity decreases, possibly due to reduced sexual attractiveness by partner, age, occupation, and child care.

The wisdom is dependent on the unique integration of personality structure which enables people to transcend their personal perspectives and accept collective and public concerns. Fundamental ties between wisdom and growth of youth personality have been recently discussed by personality theories including Erikson, Jung and Kohut. These theories suggest that there is a lot of relation between the growth of personality and wisdom. The aim of this study is to predict based on personality traits. The research design is correlation. The research sample was consisted of 150 available subjects (convenience sampling). Their average age was 20 (16-24) who 70% (105 people) of them were female and 30 % (45) were male. NEO Five-Factor test (NEO-PI-R) was used to collect data from three-dimensional scale of wisdom (3D-WS). Pearson correlation and backward regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between personality traits and wisdom. Given the importance of internal and external factors associated with wisdom, understanding these factors will contribute to a better understanding of wisdom structures. Big five factors of personality (neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness and extroversion) are correlated with wisdom. Also neuroticism, agreeableness, openness and extroversion among big 5 factors of personality can significantly predict wisdom variance. Although the personality factors are predictive of Wisdom, but based on research, a complete unification between the factors of prediction is more precise.

One of the theoretical perspectives for the study of wisdom is related to intelligence. Equilibrium theory of wisdom begins with tacit knowledge structure which is a major component of practical intelligence. Hypotheses also show that there is a relationship between creativity and wisdom. Therefore, this research has been conducted in the field of Wisdom with an analytical approach and is a correlation study. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between creativity and intelligence with wisdom in youths. The research design is correlation. Sample consisted of 120 volunteer. Their mean age was 20(in the range of 16-24) who 50 percent (n = 60) were girl and 50 percent (n = 60) were boy. Wechsler Youth Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R), Torrance Test creativity, Abedi creativity test was used to collect information from three-dimensional scale of wisdom (3D-WS). Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between creativity and intelligence with wisdom and creativity, if a person gets higher score in creativity and intelligence with wisdom index will get higher score in wisdom. Given the importance of internal and external factors associated with wisdom, understanding these factors will contribute to a better understanding of wisdom structure. The findings indicate that there is a relationship between intelligence and creativity with wisdom. Therefore, further research in this field and the emphasis on the subject of creativity and intelligence in the educational system can enrich the concept of wisdom in the future.

Among some scientists in this field, there is general agreement that offenders juvenile are often exposed to a kind of social relationship that has its characteristics. Some factors are directly related to delinquency of them including the existence of personality problems, lack of relationship and close links between parents and disorderly condition of the family environment. Therefore, this study aimed to compare big five personality traits, attachment and self–perception between delinquent and normal adolescents. 

This study was a descriptive, causal–comparative study. The statistical population included normal and delinquent adolescents in Gorgan city (North of Iran). The study sample consisted of 120 offenders juvenile and 120 normal male boys who were selected through convenience sampling. Among them, 71 offenders and 71 normal adolescents were selected randomly. To collect data, the Neo characteristics personality questionnaire (1985), Collins and Reid attachment inventory (1996) and Sherer and Mados (1982) self–efficacy scale were used. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) using SPSS software and probability values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. 

There was a significant difference between the personality traits of delinquent and normal adolescents (p<0.001). The findings revealed that adolescent teenagers scored higher in psychosocial subscales than normal adolescents (mean and standard deviation in offenders juvenile were 31.6±6.77 and in normal adolescents were 20.13±4.66). However in the extraversion subscales (mean and standard deviation in delinquent adolescents were 28.14±5.68 in normal adolescents 32.23±3.75), openness to experience (mean and standard deviation in delinquent adolescents was 30.14 ± 8.3 and in normal adolescents 35.28±4.25 agreement), agreeable (mean and standard deviation in delinquent adolescents were 27.74±7.53 and in the adolescents were 34.58±4.18, respectively), and in the variable of duty (mean and deviation The level of adolescents in adolescents was 21.91±6.21 and in normal adolescents 33.74±3.33) had a lower score than the control group (p<0.001). Delinquent adolescents in the component of anxiety attachment style had a higher score (mean and standard deviation in delinquent adolescents was 21.98 ± 3.36 and 11.34±2.31 in normal adolescents). Finally, there was a significant difference between the self–efficacy variable in delinquent and normal adolescents in the variable, so that the level of self–efficacy of offenders juvenile was lower than that of adolescents (mean and standard deviation in delinquent adolescents was 34.54±4.69 and in normal adolescents 62.9±4.2) (p<0.001).

Personality traits, perceived attachment and self–efficacy are considered as effective psychological factors in the dimension of community–based behaviors. Therefore, attention to the role of parental attachment in childhood and the importance of personality traits can be effective in keeping children and adolescents safe from possible offenses.

In the present era, unity is one of the most important needs of the Islamic society, and it is necessary to examine the foundations of the belief of this important need in order to provide a solution for unity. In this article, in order to clarify foundations, the essence, and meaning of unity and coherence of Islam is expressed at first, that is attention to the common issues between religions beside disputes, and avoid of making creditable matter by enemy. the boundary of Islam, Also, is respected with the view that everyone who make declaration of Faith to Islam, his property and his honor are respected. In the issue of the bases of unity, first, the common issues between religions, as the common basis and principles, are considered; and it is natural that these principles are the same definitive issues of religion that the violation of these issues is the departure of the Islam. Another basis for unity are verses of the holy Qur’an. In this section the reasons of disagreements that are caused mostly by difference in opinion is, differences in ijtihad, and disputes due to the personal pleasures and personal preferences of them, are studied at first; Since the more discussion on difference, i.e. opposite of unity, the more understanding about the unity and its bases. Finally, we have been helped by the utterings and practices of the infallible Imams (as) as another basis for unity. This paper was made in a library method.

Background and Since students with dyslexia have difficulty phonological awareness and have lower self-esteem, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of phonological awareness on improving reading and self-esteem among these students.
The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and control group. The statistical population consisted of all dyslexic students who referred to the center of learning disorder in the city of Gorgan, 30 of whom were selected by convenience sampling and were equally placed in two experimental and control groups. The research tools are Nama reading test (Koromi Nouri & Moradi, 2008) and self-esteem inventory (Pop, 1999). The experimental group was trained phonological awareness for 8 sessions of 60 minutes, while the control group did not receive such training. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis
The results of this study showed that phonological awareness training has a significant effect on reading words, understanding words, recognizing rhyme, deleting vocals, and reading pseudo-words, and increasing reading skills in dyslexic students. Also, this training significantly increased the self-esteem of students with dyslexia (p Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that phonological awareness training has a significant effect on improving reading skills, educational quality and increasing academic positive feeling of dyslexia.

Criminal juveniles usually have many problems in school and show obvious differences in comparison with non-criminal juvenile. This study has been carried out to compare the analytical capacity of general, verbal, performance intelligence and its subscales and academic achievement between criminal juveniles and non-criminal juveniles. The sample consisted of 71 male criminal juveniles and 71 non-criminal juveniles who were selected among criminal juveniles of Correction and Rehabilitation Center offenders and high school juvenile, in the academic year 2013-2014, in Gorgan and Sari through convenient and clustering sampling method. Research instrument were demographic questionnaire, Wechsler intelligence scale and questionnaire of academic achievement. Data analyzed through multivariate variance and t test. There is a significant difference between the offender and ordinary/normal juveniles' general intelligence (P<0.01). The comparison showed a significant difference between two groups in verbal intelligence and performance intelligence (P=0.000). Ordinary/normal juveniles have more scores in general verbal and performance intelligence, as well as o juvenile offenders have less academic achievement compared to the other group. The results showed criminal juveniles achieved less scores in general, verbal, performance intelligence and its components, as well as criminal juveniles have less academic achievement than non-criminal juveniles.

Background and Psychological problems of children is associated with several factors such as temperament and personality traits that are biological. The aim of this study was to compare the personality traits with behavioral activation and inhibition systems in students with Conduct Disorder (CD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and normal students.
The research design is causal-comparative. The samples in clinical groups are selected by convenience sampling and the normal group is selected by cluster random sampling method. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1975) and behavioral activation and inhibition systems (Carver and White, 1989) are used in the research. Data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance and Scheffe's test.
The results shows that students with ADHD in terms of behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation subscale drive and reward responsiveness are lower than normal group, but in fun seeking, neurosis and psychosis they are at higher level. The group with conduct disorder are at higher level in terms of behavioral activation, reward responsiveness, fun seeking and psychosis, but is lower in behavioral inhibition and subscale drive than the normal group.
The type of personality traits, behavioral activation and inhibition systems are related to behavioral problems, impulsivity, and risk-seeking in students. Therefore, considering to this area of problems can provide effective solutions to professionals and parents.