mohammad rabbani

The study aimed to investigate the impact of thymol and thymol coated with xanthan gum and guar on the antibacterial properties, acidity, and total volatile nitrogen ratio of fried meat hamburgers over a 21-day period. A total of eight treatments were examined, including beef burgers without thymol, those with 0.5% thymol, and those with 1% thymol. Additionally, variations included beef burgers with 0.5% thymol coated with 1% xanthan gum, 0.5% thymol coated with 0.5% guar gum, 1% thymol coated with 1% xanthan gum, 1% thymol coated with 1% guar gum, and 1% thymol coated with 0.5% xanthan and 0.5% guar gum. The results of the comparative analysis of the average acidity of the hamburger samples containing thymol and coated with xanthan and guar showed that the coating of thymol with xanthan and guar resulted in a significant reduction in the acidity indices compared to the control treatment. The lowest level of TVN was observed in the TCXG treatment while the highest level was observed in the control treatment. In addition, the total volatile nitrogen index showed a significant increase over time. The use of thymol and thymol coated with xanthan and guar resulted in a significant reduction in the population of yeast, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria in hamburger samples compared to the control treatment.

The study aimed to investigate the impact of thymol and thymol coated with xanthan gum and guar on the antibacterial properties, acidity, and total volatile nitrogen ratio of fried meat hamburgers over a 21-day period. A total of eight treatments were examined, including beef burgers without thymol, those with 0.5% thymol, and those with 1% thymol. Additionally, variations included beef burgers with 0.5% thymol coated with 1% xanthan gum, 0.5% thymol coated with 0.5% guar gum, 1% thymol coated with 1% xanthan gum, 1% thymol coated with 1% guar gum, and 1% thymol coated with 0.5% xanthan and 0.5% guar gum. The results of the comparative analysis of the average acidity of the hamburger samples containing thymol and coated with xanthan and guar showed that the coating of thymol with xanthan and guar resulted in a significant reduction in the acidity indices compared to the control treatment. The lowest level of TVN was observed in the TCXG treatment while the highest level was observed in the control treatment. In addition, the total volatile nitrogen index showed a significant increase over time. The use of thymol and thymol coated with xanthan and guar resulted in a significant reduction in the population of yeast, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria in hamburger samples compared to the control treatment.

Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae to the latest solution (carbapenem antibiotics) distributed worldwide. The proliferation of carbapenemase genes among Klebsiella pneumoniae strains has led to their resistance to the carbapenem group. The aim of this study is to estimate antibiotic resistancepatterns and distribution of carbapenemase genes  of Klebsiella pneumoniea in Iran. PubMed, Scholar ,SID, and Iran civilica  databases were searched for the related articles that were published between 1999 and 2019. A total  of 225 articles were found, out of which 70 relevant articles were selected for complete evaluation. According to the results, the highest rates of drug resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae were observed against aztreonam (58%), cephalosporins family (54%), and then SXT (52%). The incidence rate of resistance was 19% for carbapenems family (IMP, MER), 37% for aminoglycosides family (GM, AN) and 41% for quinolones family (FM, CIP). Among the genes encoding CRE during 2014–2019, OXA, KPC, NDM, VIM, IMP, and GES were found with a prevalence of 39%, 35%, 18%, 13%, 11%, and 3%, respectively. Conclusion Carbapenem resistance and the production of the metallo-beta-lactamase enzyme in K. pneumoniae are increasing. Due to the presence of carbapenemase-producing genes and the possibility of horizontal transfer of these genes to other bacteria, combined with changing the patterns of antibiotic use, more attention should be paid to the predisposing criteria for controlling nosocomial infections.

 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease specified by chronic and irreversible destruction of neurons. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different extracts(aqueous, hydroalcoholic, hexane, and ethyl acetate) and manna of Echinops cephalotes (EC) on impaired cognitive function induced by scopolamine in mice. EC is shown to have anti-cholinesterase-butyrylcholinesterase activities.

Experimental approach:

 In this study, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of EC (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, i.p.), and the manna (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, gavage) were administered for 14 days alongside scopolamine (0.7 mg/kg, i.p.). Rivastigmine (reference drug) was administered for 2 weeks i.p. Mice were tested for their memory function using two behavioral models, object recognition test (ORT) and passive avoidance test (PAT).

 Administration of scopolamine significantly impaired memory function in both behavioral models. In the PAT model, all extracts at 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly reversed the effect of memory destruction caused by scopolamine. At a lower dose of 25 mg/kg, however, none of the extracts were able to significantly change the step-through latency time. In the ORT model, however, administration of all extracts at 50 and 100 mg/kg, significantly increased the recognition index. Only the manna and the aqueous extract at 25 mg/kg were able to reverse scopolamine-induced memory impairment.

Conclusions and implications:

 These results suggest that all forms of EC extracts improve memory impairment induced by scopolamine comparably to rivastigmine. Whether the effects are sustained over a longer period remains to be tested in future work.

One of the challenging issues in criminal law and Islamic jurisprudence is the issue of omission of an act and the criminal liability arising from it, especially in cases where the omission of an act leads to murder or injury. The main question is whether the omission of an act, without a religious or legal obligation or obligation, can be considered a crime and be subject to punishment or not? This issue is very important considering the differences between the act and omission of an act and the conditions for establishing criminal liability. The need to examine this issue arises because the lack of clarity in determining the limits of criminal liability in omission of an act can lead to the issuance of unjust judgments or the absence of accountability in some aspects of the legal system. Also, a correct understanding of the elements of criminal liability in omission of an act helps to improve the criminal justice system and accurately determine the cases of exception. The research method in this study is based on theoretical and comparative analysis, which, by examining jurisprudential and legal sources, analyzes the concept of omission of an act, the elements of criminal liability (proximity, causality, and causality), and its possible exceptions. The results of the research show that: 1) Omission of an action without a specific religious or legal obligation is not a crime; 2) In cases of omission of an action, the elements of supervision, causality, and causality do not exist, and the crime is not attributed to the one who omits the action; 3) Although the one who omits the action is considered guilty and disobedient in some cases, based on the flaws in the rule of "al-ta'zir fi kul kubih", he cannot be considered a criminal. Therefore, for the criminalization of omission of an action, the existence of a legal or religious obligation is necessary.

Today, air pollution and energy consumption are metropolitans’ main transportation issues. In these cities, most people consider their mode of transportation based on the appropriate means, including passenger, travel characteristics, population growth, urban space, and transportation. Therefore, the systematic optimization of travel demand in the actual road network in urban areas is necessary. Travel Demand Management (TDM) is one of the well-known methods to solve these problems in congested areas. TDM is a strategy to reduce the efficiency of the urban transportation system by granting special concessions to public transportation methods, implementing the ban on private cars in certain places or times, and increasing the cost of using some facilities such as parking in busy areas pricing network. Transportation demand management is one of the most effective methods to reduce traffic and control air pollution, especially in crowded areas of the city center. A few studies have optimized urban transportation in congested cities by combining Markov decision processes based on decision processes with reward and evolution-based algorithms and simultaneously considering customers and travel characteristics. Therefore, this study provided a new network traffic management for urban cities with multiple objective functions related to the expected reward value of the Markov decision system using a genetic algorithm. Shiraz is considered as a benchmark to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. Then, the impact of toll levels was evaluated on changes in user and operator cost components.

The issuance of government securities plays an important role in financing budget deficite. Due to the usury of various types of conventional treasury securities, government sukuk has been designed as an alternative to conventional treasury in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Despite years of experience, financing government through government securities, faced serious challenges, which has called into question the government's continued access to this source of funding. The present article deals with the determining challenges of government financing through the issuance of Islamic securities and provides related solutions with a practical approach.In this study, using the content analysis of library documents and interviews with experts, supply and demand side, functional and jurisprudential challenges of government securities are analyzed. Then, practical solutions are presented, including; the establishment of primary dealer system, the establishment of a securities issuance committee and the adoption of a relevant permanent law, not to force the banking system to buy securitiess, strengthening the market depth with Utilization of fintechs, creation of information system for debt market, reforming determining coupon rate system, use of innovative contracts and development of market tools.

Enzyme engineering is the process of raising enzyme efficiency and activity by altering amino acid sequences. Kallikrein 6 (KLK6) enzyme is a secreted serine protease involved in a variety of physiological and pathological activities. The increased expression of KLK6 plays a key role in various diseases. Instability and spontaneous activation and deactivation are major challenges in the study of this enzyme. This study aimed to create a stable pro-KLK6 enzyme by enzyme engineering, designing a specific cleavage site for enterokinase, and using Pichia pastoris GS115 as a host cell. Then, recombinant pro-KLK6 was used to introduce a novel inhibitor for it.

Experimental approach: 

An engineered pro-KLK6 gene was cloned into the pPICZα A expression vector. Then, it was expressed in P. pastoris GS115 and purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. An inactive engineered pro-KLK6 gene was cleaved by enterokinase and converted to an active KLK6. The KLK6 enzyme activity and its kinetic parameters were measured using N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) substrates. Findings/

The secretory form of the pro-KLK6 was expressed at about 11 mg/L in P. pastoris (GS115). Before activation with enterokinase, pro-KLK6 was inactive and did not activate spontaneously. The kinetic parameters, including Km and Vmax, were estimated at 113.59 µM and 0.432 μM/s, respectively.

Conclusion and implications:

 A stable pro-KLK6 enzyme was produced using P. pastoris (GS115) as the host cell and a specific cleavage site for enterokinase. Additionally, this study assessed the kinetic parameters of the KLK6 enzyme using the BAEE substrate for the first time.

Properties of Alzheimer's disease, can be caused by several reasons and there is no definite treatment for it. We aimed to study the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract, methanolic and n-hexane fractions of brown algae Sargassum angustifolium on memory impairment in mice and rats. 

Experimental approach:

 Hydroalcoholic extract (25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg), methanolic (20 and 40 mg/kg) and n-hexane (40 and 60 mg/kg) fractions of S. angustifolium were administered for 21 days intraperitoneally before scopolamine injection (2 mg/kg) on day 21. Rivastigmine was administered for 3 weeks intraperitoneally as well. Then, cognitive function was evaluated by three behavioral tests: passive avoidance, object recognition, and the Morris Water Maze test.

Scopolamine induced memory impairment and rivastigmine significantly reversed the memory dysfunction in all three tests. Hydroalcoholic extract and methanolic fraction significantly reversed scopolamine-induced memory impairment in passive avoidance by 64% and 55% and enhanced the recognition index in the object recognition test. In the Morris water maze test probe trial and training session, on days 3 and 4, the hydroalcoholic extract showed a significant decrease in time spent in the target quadrant and path length, respectively. Also, hydroalcoholic extract and methanolic fraction decreased escape latency time in training sessions on days 3 and 4, by 50% and 31% in comparison to scopolamine. N-hexane fractions had no significant effect on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment. 

Conclusion and implications:

 Although the n-hexane fraction wasn’t effective, the administration of hydroalcoholic extract and the methanolic fraction of S. angustifolium enhanced scopolamine-induced memory impairment.

In this study, the potential of living Azolla filiculoides was investigated to treat dairy wastewater. The full factorial design was performed to evaluate the effect of contact time, pH, and temperature on the removal of total nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). At the contact time of 6 h, removal efficiencies of 74.67% and 28.78% have been observed for sodium and TDS, respectively. Also, removal efficiency of 59.20% has been obtained for phosphorus at the contact time of 18 h. The results indicated that Azolla filiculoides can be used successfully as an effective adsorbent for sodium and phosphorus removal.

Pregnant women experience different type of stresses which affect the fetus brain physiological processes like memory. Therefore, it is attractive to find the protective agents that are safe in the pregnancy and neutralize the stress induced manifestations. The aim of current study was to investigate the protective effects of melatonin on memory impairment induced by prenatal restraint stress in offspring rats.

In this experimental study, pregnant rats were randomly assigned to control, restraint stress group and four melatonin treated groups that received 3, 5, 10, and 50 mg/kg of melatonin concomitant with restraint stress. Restraint stress daily induced from 10th to 21st day of pregnancy. Melatonin was daily injected intraperitoneally before the restraint stress. One month after the birth, the memory of offspring was evaluated by measurement of "Discrimination" and "Recognition" indices using Object Recognition Task.

From the data, administration of 3 or 5 mg/kg melatonin did not show significant differences in Discrimination and Recognition indices compared to restraint stress group while injection of 10 or 50 mg/kg of melatonin significantly increased the above indices (P <0.001). There is no significant difference in indices values for 10 or 50 mg/kg of melatonin.

The findings showed that prenatal restraint stress induced memory impairment in one month offspring rats. Administration of melatonin in high doses actively prevent restraint stress induced memory impairment.

Neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine on damage caused by fetal exposure to ethanol have been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of L-carnitine at different stages of pregnancy on the memory of two month old offsprings whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy.

For the purpose of this study, 55 pregnant female rats were randomly divided into 11 groups of 5, including control group, which received drinking water, and the ethanol group which received drinking water containing 10 % (w/v) ethanol. L-Carnitine treated group received L-carnitine in doses of 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg in addition to the ethanol, in the first 10 days or the second 10 days of pregnancy. For modeling the third trimester of pregnancy, doses of L-carnitine were gavaged to the rat neonates for 10 days. After two months of birth, the memories of offsprings were evaluated using Passive Avoidance Task (PAT) and Novel Object Recognition Test (ORT).

Administration of L-carnitine significantly increased discrimination of the ORT index and the escape latency of entry to dark compartment in PAT by two month old offspring compared to the ethanol group. The mentioned indices were significantly increased at a dose of 150 mg/kg compared to the dose of 50 mg/kg throughout all pregnancy periods. These indices were significantly different when l-carnitine was administered in the second 10 days of pregnancy compared to any other periods.

The administration of L-carnitine during pregnancy can prevent alcohol-induced memory impairment in rat offsprings. This effect was more significant at higher doses of L-carnitine. The best response was seen when L-carnitine was administered to mothers in the second 10 days of pregnancy.

Cognitive impairment is an unpleasant and progressive mental disorder characterized by learning and memory disabilities. Stress and alcohol are two known environmental factors that increase cognitive impairment. This study was designed to evaluate the relative role of cyclooxygenase 2 in alcohol or stress‑induced cognitive impairment.

Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups with six rats in each. The groups included sham, control, alcohol (15% ethanol in drinking water), and restraint stress (restraint 6 h per day). Three separated groups received celecoxib at a dose of 20 mg/kg in addition to those listed above. The treatments continued daily for 28 days. The object recognition task (ORT) and Morris water maze (MWM) are used to evaluate the learning and memory.

Alcohol or restrain stress significantly increased the time and distance needed to find the hidden platform in MWM. Furthermore, they decreased the recognition index in ORT compared to the control group. Administration of celecoxib significantly decreased the required time and traveled distance to reach the platform in alcohol‑treated animals but not in the stress‑exposed rats. Celecoxib also significantly increased the recognition index both in alcohol‑ or restraint stress‑exposed animals.

We found that either alcohol or restraint stress impairs memory in rats. In MWM, celecoxib improved the alcohol‑induced memory impairment but could not show a reduction in memory deterioration due to restraint stress. In ORT, celecoxib reversed memory impairment due to both alcohol and restraint stress.

Spirulina platensis is one of the most common and widespread species of cyanobacteria that has been extensively studied in various fields of the food and drug industry. Extensive tests performed on Spirulina show that this cyanobacterium is a unique source of natural bioactive substances with potential healing properties. The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction of the bioactive peptide Spirulina platensis by the enzyme alkaline protease and to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of the extracted spirulina peptides in mice with intestinal inflammation.

For this purpose, the RSM response surface methodology determined the optimal performance of the enzyme and the extracted peptides were dried in a freeze-dried dryer to determine the molecular weight of the peptide by electrophoresis SDS page space. The resulting peptides were stored at -20°C. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects in 25 Balb/C mice with inflammation 4% acetic acid was induced. After ensuring inflammation of peptides with two concentrations (1.6 and 3.8 mg/kg) and omeprazole as positive control and water as negative control to Balb/C mice with intestinal ulcer, gavage and effect These treatments were evaluated on the repair of inflammation.

The results showed that the optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis of alkaline protease were obtained at 60°C, 210 minutes and pH 7.5. Histological

The presence of inflammation in the control group and in mice with peptide at a concentration of 3.8 (mg/kg) intestinal tissue, crypt and intestinal mucosa was completely regenerated during treatment. In mice treated with peptide at a concentration of 1.6(mg/kg), a relative improvement was achieved and the crypt was regenerated, but damage to the intestinal mucosa was still observed. The alkaline phosphatase enzyme is low in mice that receive the peptide, indicating an improvement in inflammation in these mice.

According to the results of this study, the bioactive spirulina peptides were able to treat inflammation in the intestines of mice.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that is thought to be triggered via disruption of cholinergic neurons and enhanced oxidative stress. Therefore, antioxidant phytochemicals with the ability to fortify cholinergic function should help in preventing the progress of the disease. This study aimed at evaluating the combinational effects of two popular herbs one with anticholinesterase activity namely Piper nigrum and the other with antioxidant capacity, Cinnamomum zeylanicum.

Experimental approach: 

In this study, P. nigrum extract (PN) (50, 100 mg/kg, ip) and C. zeylanicum extract (CZ) (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, ip) and their combinations were administered for 8 days before the injection of scopolamine (1 mg/kg, ip). Mice were then tested for their memory using two behavioral models, namely the object recognition test and the passive avoidance task.

Administration of scopolamine significantly impaired memory performance in both memory paradigms. In the passive avoidance test (PAT) model, PN at doses up to 100 mg/kg and CZ at doses up to 400 mg/kg did not significantly alter the memory impairment induced by scopolamine. The combination of these two plant extracts did not change the PAT parameters. In the object recognition test (ORT) model, however, administration of 100 mg/kg CZ alone and a combination of PN (50 mg/kg) with CZ (400 mg/kg), significantly increased the recognition index (P < 0.05).

Conclusion and implications: 

Two plant extracts when administered alone or in combinations affected the memory performance differently in two memory paradigms. In the PAT model, the extracts did not show any memory improvement, in ORT, however, some improvements were observed after plant extracts.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract with no definitive drug treatment. If the disease is not prevented, it may lead to dangerous diseases such as colon cancer; thus, it is important to treat or provide medication for this disease. Extensive tests performed on Spirulina show that this cyanobacterium is a unique source of natural bioactive substances with potential healing properties. The aim of this study was to prepare kiwifruit cysteine ​​protease enzyme and optimize the extraction of the bioactive peptide Spirulina platensis by cysteine ​​protease as well as evaluating the anti-inflammatory properties of spirulina-extracted peptides in mice with intestinal inflammation. To this end, the optimal performance of the enzyme was determined by the RSM response surface methodology and the peptides extracted in the freeze dryer were SDS page space to determine the molecular weight of the peptide by electrophoresis. The resulting peptides were stored at -20°C. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects in 28Balb/C mice, inflammation was induced with 4% acetic acid. After confirming the inflammation of the peptide with a concentration of 3.8 mg/kg and omeprazole as positive control and water as negative control, Balb/C mice with intestinal ulcers were gavaged. The results showed that the molecular weight of cysteine ​​protease enzyme is 24 kDa and the optimal enzyme hydrolysis conditions of cysteine ​​protease were obtained at 60 °C, 210 min, and pH 7.5. Histological results showed the presence of inflammation in the control group and in mice whose peptide at a concentration of 3.8 (mg/kg) had completely regenerated intestinal tissue, crypt, and intestinal mucosa during treatment. The enzyme alkaline phosphatase is low in mice receiving the peptide, indicating improved inflammation in mice. As a result, the bioactive spirulina peptides were able to treat inflammation in the intestines of mice.

Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Anzali, Iran The beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on human and animal health has been widely studied and confirmed in various cases. To obtain probiotic bacteria, Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria, dates were considered as one of the important nutrients that could be the source of isolation of these bacteria. The aim of this study was to isolate probiotic bacteria of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus from aqueous extract of Mazafati, Pourm and Zahedi. For isolation of lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus, the extract was grown on MRS agar and agar nutrient. After 5 days of incubation at 37 ° C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, colonies isolated with morphological characteristics and microscopic form associated including positive gram bacteria. positive and negative catalase bacteria isolated from MRS agar and nutrient agar, respectively. These bacteria were evaluated using biochemical and polymerase chain reactions. According to chemical and molecular tests, Lecunostoc mesenteroeides subsp mesenteroeides, Bacillus subtilis strain UD1022 and Pediococcus parvalus strainSC8B isolated from Mazafati, Piarom and Zahedi date extract . All three bacteria were probiotic. Discussion and According to the results of the experiments, dates are in the probiotic collection. Aqueous extract of dates can be used to enrichment and preparing of probiotic foods. Also, according to the characteristics of probiotic bacteria, aqueous extract of dates or dates may be recommended to prevent of pathogenic bacteria replacement and disease for consumers.

Jam is a product that uses a lot of sugar in its preparation, and this compound plays an important role in increasing the level of sugar. Since the increase in blood sugar is associated with diabetes and obesity, so reducing sugar consumption in this product can reduce the risk of these diseases which are caused by long-term use of this product. In this study, enzymatic invert sugar was used as a substitute for sugar in different ratios (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). Quince seed gum and pectin were also used as thickeners to improve the texture properties of jam. Measurement of acidity and pH, viscosity, brix, total sugar, reducing sugars, energy intake and sensory properties were measured. According to the results, with adding the gum and pectin, pH decreased, followed by acidity, brix, viscosity, reducing sugars, tissue hardness, yellowness and lightness index as well as sensory properties scores. Also, with increasing invert sugar, the acidity of samples increased, while brix and viscosity of samples decreased significantly (P˂0.05). But as the invert sugar concentration increased, the taste and color scores of the samples increased. The color score of the samples was significantly increased (P˂0.05) by adding quince seed gum. There was no statistically significant difference in odor of samples with increasing sugar replacement percentage (P≥0.05). In general, based on the results of physico-chemical and sensory tests, it can be said that jam samples containing 75% invert and 0.25% of gum to (treatment number 15) were the best samples with 15% fewer calories than control samples.

In the previous studies, we designed an anticancer immunotoxin containing the catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin fused to BR2, a buforin II-derived antimicrobial peptide as a cancer-specific cell penetrating peptide, in order to target various cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of DT386–BR2 against K-562 cells as the most famous cell line for leukemia.

MTT and flow-cytometry assays were used for determining the cytotoxic effects and cell death mechanism of DT386–BR2, respectively, against K-562 cell line. The recombinant DT386 and synthetic BR2 were used as the negative control in cytotoxicity assay.

The results of this study showed a significant reduction in survival of K-562 cells caused by DT386– BR2 as compared with BR2 and DT386 fragments. On the contrary, the flow-cytometry results showed apoptosis induction by DT386–BR2 after 12 h in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

DT386–BR2 fusion protein can be used for further preclinical studies for determining its pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic profiles and evaluating its anticancer efficacy in suitable animal models.

Pregabalin is used as an adjunctive therapy in partial seizure, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain, and generalized anxiety disorders. This study was designed to determine the effects of pregabalin on memory of rat using object recognition task (ORT) method.

 Male wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 7), and were injected 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day of pregabalin or normal saline for 28 days. For evaluation of memory, animals underwent ORT during two 3-minute trials with an one-hour interval to explore similar and similar or different objects. For this reason, the discrimination (d2) and recognition (R) indices, as well as the frequency of new object exploration (f), were compared in the second period of exposure (T2). The P-values of less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

 Administration of pregabalin with the dose of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days significantly reduced the d2 (P < 0.050, P < 0.010, and P < 0.001, respectively) and R (P < 0.010, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively) indices, and frequency of exploration (P < 0.050, P < 0.050, and P < 0.001, respectively) in the T2 trials compared to the control group. 100 mg/kg of pregabalin showed more decrease in these factors compared to the dose of 10 mg/kg (P < 0.050, P < 0.001, and P < 0.050, respectively).

 The findings of this study indicate that long-term administration of different doses of pregabalin disrupts cognitive memory to new object in rats. The memory decline follows a dose-dependent pattern.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective agent for the treatment of many neoplastic diseases. Cardiotoxicity is the major side effect of this drug and limits its use. Vanillic acid (VA) is a pharmaceutical compound from the phenolic acids family. The present study is an attempt to investigate the possible helpful effects of VA against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.
Experimental approach: For induction of cardiotoxicity, male Wistar rats received total of six doses of DOX (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) three times per week from days 14 to 28. Treatment groups received daily oral doses of VA (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) two weeks before DOX injection and then plus DOX for 2 weeks. At the end of experiment, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were detected using tail-cuff method. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were measured in serum samples. Troponin-I and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were measured in cardiac tissue. All the measurements processed spectrophotometrically using commercial ELISA kits. Cardiac tissue was also processed for histopathological examination.
Findings /

Treatment with VA significantly increased SBP compared to the DOX group and restored HR near to the normal level. Administration of VA at all of doses, decreased serum levels of LDH, SGOT, CK-MB, MDA, cardiac troponin-I, cardiac TLR4 and increased FRAP value.

 These results suggest that VA may exert cardioprotective effects against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by decreasing oxidative stress and biomarkers of cardiotoxicity, suppression of TLR4 signaling and consequently inflammation pathway.

Probiotic strains of Lactobacillus can be used as food preservatives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (PTCC1737), L. reuteri (1655 PTCC), L. brevis CD0817 and the combination of Lactobacillus on microbial quality of rainbow trout fillet in refrigeration and freezing temperature. Treatments were immersing fillets in suspensions of L. reuteri, L. brevis, L. delbrueckii and the combination of Lactobacillus. The control treatments consisted of additive-free fillet and fillet processed with 2% solution of lactic acid. The control and test treatments were refrigerated (five days) and frozen (six months). Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were not observed in test and control treatments. L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was not observed in frozen storage. The number of Lactobacillus showed a decrease in combination treatments during freezing (1.34logCFU/g). In L. brevis, total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were 23.91% and 77%, respectively. In L. reuteri, total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were 27.12% and 72.88%, respectively (P<0.05). Significant increase in ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids in L. brevis compared to L. reuteri and no significant difference in L. brevis number during storage at freezing temperature caused that L. brevis  is recommended for preserving farmed rainbow trout fillet under refrigeration and at freezing temperatures.

Clostridium difficile bacterium is the leading cause of clinical infection and pseudomembranous colitis. Toxin B (TcdB) of C. difficile is regarded as one of the main virulence factors of this bacterium. Moreover, the receptor binding domain (RBD) of this toxin which is known as an immunogenic domain attaches to its receptor in intestine. This study aimed to clone and express the immunogenic domain of the Toxin B in Lactococcus lactis to provide a safe oral vaccine against colitis caused by C. difficile as an alternative treatment in future studies based on Lactococcus.

In order to clone this segment, at first, the DNA was extracted from C. difficile, and then, the RBD gene segment was amplified by the PCR method using designed primers. The amplified segment was attached to pTZ25R/T plasmid and transformed into Escherichia coli. Subsequently, the RBD segment was extracted from pNZ9418 plasmid using restriction enzymes, such as SacI and NcoI, and then it was purified in this study. Following that, the RBD segment was cut in pNZ8149 plasmid using the same enzymes and was attached under the proper condition. The pNZ8149 plasmid with segment was transformed into L. lactic competent cells by electroporation method.

After the screening of electro-transformed colonies, the accuracy of cloning was verified using PCR, enzyme digestion on the extracted recombinant plasmid, and sequencing.

According to the results, L. lactic which produces the immunogenic domain can be used as a safe oral vaccine and can be considered as an alternative therapy to reduce the incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in further investigations.

Development of new medicine with fewer deleterious effects and more efficacies for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease is needed. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor (5-HT3R) antagonists have exhibited analgesic and anti-inflammatory features in vitro and in vivo. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of alosetron, a 5-HT3R antagonist, on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Two h subsequent to induce colitis (intracolonic instillation of TNBS, 50 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats, alosetron (1 mg/kg), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg), meta-chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG, a 5-HT3R agonist, 5 mg/kg), or alosetron + mCPBG were administrated intraperitoneally for 6 days. Animals were thereafter sacrificed and the efficacy of drugs was evaluated macroscopically, histologically, and biochemically (myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 beta) on distal colon samples. Treatment with alosetron and dexamethasone improved macroscopic and microscopic colonic damages significantly and decreased myeloperoxidase activity and colonic levels of inflammatory cytokines. The profitable effects of alosetron were antagonized by concurrent administration of mCPBG. Our data provided evidence that the protective effects of alosetron on TNBS-induced colitis can be mediated by 5- HT3R.

Current Studies regarding the background and motives of kin marriage or xvedodah by zoroastrians are generally based on Greek historiography and writings of non- Persian figures and the concepts used in Pahlavi's jurisprudential texts. This practice, in addition to the mentioned sources, has also been reported in the Islamic texts. Yet, no detailed studies of the degree of consistency of the content between the works of these scholars and historical and religious significance has not been made compared with zoroastrain sources. This paper tries to find three basic issues in two resources groups:1.The origin of the ancient tradition of next o kin marriage in Iran history
2.The extent and frequency of this practice
3.The goals and motives of the continuation of such kinship among the Zoroastrians.
But given the mythological background of Zoroastrian jurisprudential text and the reported cases of the spread of this kind of kinship in various Islamic sources, it is not easy to make a definitive statement about the widespread prevalence and popularity of such a ritual.