mohammad soleymani

This fast pace of urbanization in Iran brings various challenges into the housing sector. High infant mortality and the growing urban population have become important issues in urban planning. Housing quality is, in fact, an economic and structural indicator that can also be considered a social factor affecting the welfare of citizens. Different studies show that housing quality is unfairly distributed in urban areas, with lower-income and vulnerable groups often being found in substandard housing. The city of Bijar is no exception; thus, an examination of the housing quality there may suggest how to improve housing conditions and mitigate spatial inequity.

This study is applied and uses a descriptive-analytical approach with an aim to assess the quality of housing in Bijar city. Required data were retrieved from the Bijar statistical blocks for two census periods during 2006 and 2016 respectively. In the analysis of housing indicators, factor analysis was applied. Economic, physical, and social indicators from many statistical sources were analyzed with the help of ArcGIS, Excel, and SPSS software. This study looked into housing qualities using 17 indicators among three major dimensions such as economic, physical, and social. The indicators were subsequently classified into four major factors after performing factor analysis.

Hence, the factor analysis entails that four main factors bring forth 71% of variance in housing quality, and these factors are indeed:Physical aspects of housing: Residential floor area per household, average housing unit size, and high-quality housing Economic aspects of housing: ownership, renting, sustainable housing Urban density aspects: building density, residential density, population density Social aspects: number of persons occupying per housing unit, household size. Housing quality zoning results from 2016 indicate that substandard residential areas, which occupy 19% of the city's area and house 31.3% of its population, fall within the central and southwestern areas of Bijar. High-quality residential areas, which cover 50.3% of the area and account for 30.3% of the population, are mostly found in the northwestern, northeastern, and western parts of the city. One of the findings in this study is the changes that occurred in housing conditions in Bijar from 2006-2016. Results revealed that the average size of housing units decreased from 106 square meters in 2006 to 96 square meters in 2016, as well as a decrease in the proportion of housing units smaller than 100 square meters, which was 61% for 2006 but reduced to 46% in 2016.The results of the analysis of different housing size growth rates from 2006 to 2016 indicated that the highest growth was found, respectively, in the categories—301–500 m², 151–200 m², and 51–75 m². This also demonstrates that a relatively lower proportion of smaller units is found for lower-income classes and a higher percentage of larger units will tend to grow for those of medium to upper occupancies. It thus indicates the unbalanced development of different economic groups in Bijar.

Spatial analysis of housing quality shows that low-quality housing areas are primarily in the central to southwestern parts of the city, including neighborhoods like Qaleh Bala and Farahi. These areas have adverse indicators like high density, low building area, and high rental rates. Areas of average housing quality are more scattered with parts of the city center and surrounding neighborhoods. These areas have an average homeownership rate and average residential building areas. High-quality housing areas are mostly located in northwestern, northeastern, and western areas of the city, like Takht-e Sofla, Halvai, Bolvar, Mahdieh, Karmandan, and Badamestan. These areas present positive indicators such as high per capita building area, durable housing, and high ownership. The following are factors for housing quality in the Bijar city:Economic Factors: The financial capacity of a household to purchase or rent a unit greatly affects housing quality. The fall in purchasing power has generated an increase in rents and a decrease in per capita residential building area. Social Factors: The family size and the number of residents living together are among the most important social factors that affect housing quality. The reduction of family size and increase in population have also changed the urban lifestyle of living in smaller homes.Physical and Infrastructure Factors: The uneven development of urban infrastructure and housing has created sharp contrasts among different areas. For example, the northern areas of the city have higher-quality housing and more building area, while the central and southern areas, which are denser, have poor-quality housing.

Conclusions arrived at in the study indicated that housing quality actually varies significantly in Bijar. Some of the main trends were the reduction in average housing area, the rise in rental rates, and the small housing units during 2006-2016. On the other hand, the best housing quality exists in the northwestern, northeastern, and western parts of the city, while the central as well as southwestern areas have worse housing. This reality on space inequities necessitates complete planning policies for the urban environment in order to improve accessibility and better housing. This study has directed light on important issues for policymakers and urban planning in attempts to reduce housing disparities and improve living conditions for lower income groups and sustainable urban development in Bijar.

According to the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), poverty is one of the 17 main goals that should be eradicated by 2030. In this vein, it has become a global challenge that international organizations and governments in different countries are trying to identify and control. In addition, many studies have been conducted about its various dimensions, the causes of its formation, factors affecting its growth, and solutions to reduce it in different environments. However, no research has been accomplished to identify urban poverty in all metropolises of a country simultaneously. Thus, this research is trying to cover this gap and has studied all of Iran's metropolises to determine how much of the population and area of the country's metropolises are covered by poverty. The required indicators for this purpose have been selected based on available data from the country's last national census and international studies related to the issue. The Factor analysis model has been used for data evaluation, and the kernel density technique and Moran's spatial autocorrelation have been utilized for spatial analysis.

The concentration of poverty in cities is one of the most important challenges that cities face in the 21st century. Urban poverty has been discussed by several sociologists, economists and politicians for more than a century. A good and sufficient housing means a housing that does not have excessive density. Even in many cases, the most important factors influencing a person’s satisfaction with living in a neighborhood are housing and environmental conditions. Housing is one of the main factors of reducing poverty and class difference between different social strata. One of the positive consequences of this matter is the stability and solidarity of families. Housing is also effective in the families’ participation in the bigger society. Lack of access to suitable housing is so connected with the increase of crime, divorce, and social disunity, and it becomes a hindering factor in social growth and development. Not having a home causes the emergence of other abnormal social phenomena such as sleeping on the streets, slum dwelling, and more serious problems such as begging. Low-income social groups have always faced problems in providing housing. Average size of the household, the density in the residential unit, the density of people in the residential unit, etc. are high in places where these groups live. Therefore, these people have no choice but to fall into the cycle of poverty. Therefore, it is necessary to study these areas by carefully evaluating the housing indicators.

This study used a descriptive-analytical method. Documentary sources were studied to establish theoretical background, and the required data was extracted from the statistical blocks of Bijar in 2006 and 2016 from Iran Statistics Center. Bijar is one of the cities of Kurdistan province, which is located in the northeast of Kurdistan and in the west of Iran. According to the census of 2016, the city had a population of 56,857 and according to the latest master plan of the city, it consisted of 20 neighborhoods. Factor analysis was applied in SPSS to analyze the indicators for 2006 and 2016. GIS was used to visualize the zoning map related to the housing poverty. Then, the indicators were transferred to the SPSS and, using the factor analysis model, 12 indicators were classified into two factors. For each of the specific value factors, variance percentage and cumulative variance were explained. According to each of the extracted factors, the blocks of the city were categorized into five groups: very prosperous, prosperous, average, poor, and very poor.

The findings indicated that the final factor in 2006 regarding to the poverty zone included 41.43% of the city area, 54.91% of the population and 56.03% of the households, which is in the central parts of Boulevard, the southwestern part of Badamestan and Farhi, the southern part of Sarab neighborhoods. The moderate zone marked with yellow color is scattered in different parts of the city and included 19.71% of the area, 24.24% of the population and 23.97% of the households. Refah zone with 83.83% of the area, 20.82% of the population and 19.98% of the households are included in the areas in the eastern parts of Yaramjeh, the northeast of Takht Sofla and Takht Olya, Mahdiyeh and the northwest of Halvai neighborhoods. In 2016, the poverty zone with 34.29% of the city's area, 67.16% of the population and 68.09% of the households included the northern parts of Almasieh, the eastern part of Yaramjeh, and the southeast of Rig Siah neighborhoods. The moderate poverty zone, which is marked with yellow color, with 17.25% of the area, included 22.22% of the population and 21.51% of the households, which is located in the center parts, namely the Boulevard neighborhood, the southwestern part of Badamestan and Farahi neighborhoods. Refah zone with 48.44% of the city area, 10.6% of the population, and 10.37% of the households are included among the zones that are located in the northeastern parts of Takht Sofla neighborhoods. It also included the upper and northwest of Halvai neighborhoods. 

The issue of housing poverty and its impacts on the socio-economic status of urban population has become more significant in recent decades in the urban policies of the countries in the world, especially in developing countries. As discussed above, urban poverty is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that has faced planners and policy makers with many challenges. In the present study, in order to run factor analysis, GIS and SPSS were applied. The aim was to depict the changing situation of city neighborhoods of Bijar in two different years. The results of the integration of the indicators showed that the poverty zones in 2006 and 2016 shifted in different parts of the city. In 2006 they were the central parts of Boulevard, the southwestern part of Badamestan and Farahi, and the southern part of the city of Sarab neighborhoods, but 2016 poverty zones were located in most areas of the northern parts which included in the eastern parts of Yaramjeh, the northeast of Takht Sofla and Takht Olya neighborhoods. Moreover, it can be said that the total percentage of the poverty zones has increased over the 10 years and the poverty zone became more widespread in Bijar especially in the northern parts.

Honoring Da'bal al-Khazā'i for supporting the Ahl al-Bayt (as) in word and deed, and Imam Riḍā's (as) request to him to continue composing the elegy and emphasizing the discursive preservation of the ‘Āshūrá occurrence in the language of poetry, and mentioning the joy of the enemies and the sorrow of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) in the lamentation of Imam Hossein (as) indicates the discursive confrontation and Imam Riḍā's (as) special concern in commemorating and emphasizing the mourning for Imam Hossein (as) and reviving the culture of ‘Āshūrá. The article analyzes the narrative discourse by applying the method of critical discourse analysis and analyzing the textual structure of the hadith at the level of description, discovering the implications of the cognitive application of the discourse at the level of interpretation, and aspects of the confrontation of Imam Riḍā's (as) discourse against competing discourses at the level of explanation. Based on the results of this research, the Imam's complete mastery of the rival discourse, encouraging Shiites to defend their culture, inventing a true bipolarity against false bipolarity, increasing insight into the plans of the Umayyads and Abbasids, cadre formation of pure Shiites in the position of action, recalling the secret of unity, cohesion, and dynamism of Shia and Islam in light of the mention of the uprising of Imam Hossein (as), etc., are revealed through the discourse analysis of this narrative.

‎‎In this note, we present an equivalent condition for linear preservers of group majorization induced by closed subgroup $G$ of $O(\mathbb{R}^n)$. Moreover, a new concept of majorization  is defined on $\mathbb{R}^3$ as acu-majorization and this is extended for $3 \times m$ matrices. Then we characterize all its linear preservers on $\mathbb{R}^3$ and $M_{3,m}$.

T. Ando characterized linear preservers of majorization in  [Linear Algebra Appl. 118 (1989) 163-248]. In this note, we present a method to state a simple proof of Ando's theorem. By using this method, we state an equivalent condition for matrix representations of linear preservers of $G$-majorization on matrices, where  $G$ is a finite subgroup of orthogonal  group $O(\mathbb{R}^n)$.Moreover, we introduce reflective majorization and characterize all its linear preservers.

This study aims to investigate how a change in the accounting method of calculating bank loan loss provisions affects financial reporting quality of banks. In doing so, the current theoretical literature on the topic of the research has been described and the conflicting arguments in the previous research have been expressed. Subsequently, using the transfer matrix method, loan loss reserves have been calculated for a sample of 17 banks, assuming that the method approved by international accounting standards (expected credit loss model) has been applied. Then, the research variables’ data, spanning from 2017 to 2021, was collected and analyzed under two assumptions: employing the current method and using the expected credit loss model. Then, the research hypothesis was tested using the least squares method. The results of the research show that the relationship between the change in the reporting system and discretionary accruals as an indicator of the financial reporting quality is negative and significant. Therefore, a change in the current accounting methods used for the calculation of loan loss reserves causes reduction in discretionary accruals and improvement of financial reporting quality. On the other hand, the results of this research show that large banks are more interested in using discretionary accruals and applying profit management than small banks, which can be caused by the "political costs theory".

the results of this study showed that poor Individuals suffer from various constraints that therefore aim to identify areas of poverty in the city of tuyserkan and for this purpose all indices extracted from statistical blocks have been used.the results of the integration of the indicators showed that there were very poor zones in central districts of the city in 1390, but in the last year it has formed a cluster in the north, north - west and around the central region. Overall, in 2011, the city of tuyserkan has a very poor, poor, affluent, affluent, affluent area of the city centre, but has been disrupted by the past five years. According to findings of the poverty zone in 1390, it covers about 37/6% percent of the area and 40/47% percent of the population, with an increase in 1395 per year to 54/58% percent, and 68/32% percent of the population. On the other hand, the field of wellbeing is estimated at about 28/75% of the area and 20/98% of the population in 1390, which has decreased to 20/15% per cent and 10/57% per cent in 1395 per year. The Moran's index also showed that spatial autocorrelation was more than 90 in the year 95 and the final pattern of poverty in the city of tuyserkan was in both cluster periods. On the whole, it can be said that the direction and direction of the town of tuyserkan is greater in order to be poor.

Today, the increasing level of urban population and migration has caused new challenges in the structure and performance of cities in environmental, socio-cultural, and economic issues. Urban sustainability is a concept that emerged as a new paradigm in the world following the sustainable development plan, and it is an approach that leads to social justice. It is necessary to provide a suitable basis for evaluating and measuring environmental, economic, and socio-cultural sustainability in urban planning and development. Arak metropolis is one of the most polluted cities in the country. The purpose of the present study is to measure the sustainability of Arak city zones from the citizens' point of view to show the quality of different city zones.

The city of Arak, the capital of Markazi Province, has 5 municipal zones and a population of 520,994 in 2016. Regarding geomorphology and geology, Arak is located in a valley surrounded by mountains on three sides and the Miqan desert. With the establishment of several industrial plants, such as machine building and metal industries, in the 1940s, the city became polluted environmentally. The required data and information were collected by secondary and field study using a questionnaire; in order to achieve the objectives of the research, 4 main indicators and 13 sub-indices related to sustainability in Arak were defined from reliable sources in this field and adjusted in the form of a 5-option questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale from very high to very low. The statistical population of the research consists of all the citizens of Arak city who are over 20 years old and have a history of living in Arak city for over 5 years (due to the understanding of the dimensions of the research), which is 384 as sample size. Stratified sampling based on urban neighborhoods were exerted to distribute the questionnaires. In order to measure the validity of the research questionnaire, the opinions of 10 experts commented on the primary version. Also, in order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was exerted, and the reliability coefficient was obtained above 0.70 percent, which confirmed the reliability. Finally, the collected information was analyzed using GIS and SPSS26. To measure indicators for variable, a one-sample t-test and variance test (ANOVA) was used, and Friedman's test was applied to rank indicators and the urban zones. Finally, GIS was applied to display the analysis results in maps regarding the different socio-economic and environmental dimensions.

The research results showed that the average economic sustainability is more than 3, and the upper and lower limits are positive. So, the status of economic sustainability in the 5 zones of Arak is evaluated from medium to high. Also, the average of the variables of environmental and physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability is less than 3, and their lower and upper limits are also negative; Therefore, according to the significance level is less than 0.05, it can be concluded that the average obtained is lower than the value of the test (3) and the status of variables of ecological-environmental sustainability, physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability in the  5 zones of Arak are evaluated as less than average and inappropriate. The finding from the Friedman test revealed that the highest average rating (3.14) is assigned to economic and the lowest average rating (2.05) to physical-infrastructural sustainability.

The theoretical and research background review showed that sustainability is valued concerning economic, social and environmental indicators. Paying attention to sustainability issues as one of the most important factors and drivers for promoting urban development has been the focus of urban planning researchers and city planners in recent years. Environment-friendly policies could strengthen sustainability. The present research showed that the sustainability of the different urban zones of Ark is evident regarding the different dimensions. So, it can be concluded that the following recommendations could improve the situation as strengthening local and indigenous industries compatible with the environment, increasing green space, concerning the limits of factories can reduce pollutants, and closing polluting industries or at least modifying and improving them.

Undeniable effects of banking crisis on economy and need for anticipating the crisis before occurrence, remind necessity of existence of a model for anticipating the banking crisis. The aim of this study is to provide a complete model that includes all of the effective variables on the banking crisis, so we can help better anticipation of banking crisis. For doing this research, the literature was studied and variables that cause banking crisis was identified. Next, research data for 21 banks from 2013 to 2022 was gathered and analyized. The research model was developed by structural equations modeling method. Finally for measuring the models precision, artificial neural networks was employed. The result of the research shows that financial variables, Internal non-financial variables, banking sector variables and macroeconomic variables cause bank distress and most important factors in bank distress anticipation are: human resource, corporate governance, liquidity and capital adequacy. Also, this model could distinguish between distressed bank and healthy one in both train and test groups with precision of 100 percent. With introducing the important factors causing the banking distress, this model can provide a buffer for bank managers and central bank for doing the preventive and corrective actions.

Urban poverty is one of the biggest and most important challenges facing modern society. This phenomenon has negative physical, economic and social consequences for the city and its residents. Therefore, identifying the constituent factors and how they are distributed at the city level is an excellent help for urban management and planning. The research aims to analyze the spatial distribution of poverty indicators at the level of the statistical blocks of Hamadan City. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The poverty indicators were extracted based on the raw data of the statistical blocks of Hamadan City in 2015. The exploratory factor analysis method was used to better identify the effective indicators in urban poverty and form a new structure for it. The result was the reduction of 18 poverty indicators to 4 main factors, which explained 62.8% of the cumulative variance. To perform spatial analysis, the hot spots method was used in the ArcGIS software environment, according to which the most important areas of poverty are concentrated in the northeastern, eastern and western parts of Hamedan, and the prosperous area is concentrated in the central and southwestern parts. In total, the poverty zone occupies 27.36% of the room and 48.84% of the population, the prosperity zone occupies 20.47% of the site and 7.85% of the city's population, and the rest of the city space is located in the middle zone. Also, using Geoda software, the spatial autocorrelation of the city's poverty was investigated at the area level. Moran's statistic with a coefficient of 0.677 showed that the spatial pattern of poverty in Hamedan City has a cluster pattern with high concentration

Understanding the spatial development of urban systems is a complex and controversial issue. The physical growth of cities creates different spatial patterns which could lead to economic, social, and ecological effects. The purpose of this study is to identify and model the factors affecting the building density of Hamadan. The present study has analyzed the changes in density types and their spatial changes in the neighborhoods of Hamadan with a descriptive-exploratory and survey approach. According to the results of spatial concentration, residential densities and population are seen as scattered spots in the city, especially in the western and southeastern parts. The pattern of spatial concentration of building density in the city of Hamedan is a cluster that is mostly seen as a semicircle on the southern edge of the central core. The entropy coefficient obtained for all indicators and variables shows their almost balanced distribution in urban neighborhoods, which is less observed in the building density index. The slope of the line has also been decreasing for both building and population densities, that is, their values are decreasing with the distance from the city center. Also, using Geographical Weight Regression (GWR) analysis, the effect of each of the independent variables in building density modeling in different parts of the city has been determined.

The purpose of this study is spatial analysis of urban poverty at the level of statistical blocks of Bijar city. The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied according to its purpose. Data were extracted from the statistical blocks of the Statistics Center and Gis software was used to classify the data. Also, due to the fact that the studied indicators were negative and positive, depending on the direction of each indicator, the positive or negative relationship of the fuzzy scaling method in Excel software was used. First, 12 indicators of economic poverty were scaled by fuzzy method and called in Gis software environment and spatially analyzed by hot spot method and Moran autocorrelation. According to the zoning map produced, it can be said that 259 urban blocks, which account for 27.80% of the city's population, are located in a very prosperous urban area, 279 blocks with 33.16% of the urban population in the area Prosperous, 497 blocks and 37.31 percent of the population in the middle zone and finally the poor and very poor zone with a total of 274 blocks and 1.7 percent of the population. Based on the results of Moran's autocorrelation method, it can be said that the distribution of poverty indicators is a cluster pattern, so that strong areas of urban poverty have shifted to the northeast.

The Kujujis were one of the ancient families of Tabriz who served in the Safavid Diwani organization after adopting Shiite religion. This research has used a descriptive-analytical method based on sources and manuscripts and is aimed to examine the lineage and the role and position of this family in the Safavid court organization. The findings show that the Kujujis played a significant role in directing and drawing the attention of Ismail Safavi for invasion and occupation of Azerbaijan, as well as the final defeat of the Sufis. They also contributed to the transfer and continuation of Diwani traditions to the Safavid era and obtained high positions in the Safavid Diwani organization until the early reign of Shah Abbas, despite their tumultuous relationship with the kings, however, they were subsequently excluded from all Diwani arenas. Strangely, the Kujujis did not claim sovereignty before the Safavid era, but in early Safavid sources they were referred to as the Sadats who were descended from the fourth Imam of the Shiites, and some of them tended to do so from the late eleventh century bearing the title of “Sadat Hosseini”.

In this paper, we consider the class of 4-convex functions and we obtain some inequalities related to 4-convex functions. Moreover, for k ≤ n, we present a majorization ≺k on Rn and we give some equivalent conditions for ≺4 on R4.

Poverty is one of the most important challenges of urbanization today. The fuzzy method was used to scale the indicators, the factor analysis method was used to measure poverty and the Moran spatial correlation method was used for spatial analysis. According to the results, the situation of some indicators such as livelihood burden, dependency burden, total unemployment, rented housing, aging rate, and divorce ratio has worsened compared to before. In the zoning of 1390, about 32.52% of the population and 26.12% of the area were in the poverty zone, while in 2016, this amount increased to 75.44% of the population and 48.22% of the area. Also, the growth of the number of blocks, area, population, and household in very poor and impoverished areas has been more than affluent and very affluent areas. A comparison of the percentage change of each of the four variables shows that the largest change is primarily related to the household variable and the population in the very poor area, which grew by 201 and 183%, respectively, and secondly by the household and population located in It is a poor area that grew by 163 and 135 percent, respectively. According to the results of the Moran model, urban poverty in both 1390 and 1395 in Gorgan has a pattern of cluster distribution and spatial correlation.

One of the basic and common needs of human beings is the formation of a stable neighborhood system. Because the development of urbanization and the trend of increasing urban population has caused issues such as improper use of resources, environmental pollution, increasing social anomalies and economic and physical problems at the level of urban communities. Since the neighborhoods of Bojnourd city do not show a good situation of sustainability, the present study has been formed with the aim of measuring and comparing the level of sustainability of Bojnourd neighborhoods. To assess the sustainability of the city, indicators related to sustainability in the fields of population, social, economic, cultural and physical were used. Then, in order to evaluate more accurately and reduce the number of indicators, factor analysis was used and the map of neighborhoods in terms of stability and instability was drawn in Arc Map. The results showed that neighborhoods with more unstable levels are located in the northeastern, northwestern, southern and southwestern parts of the city, these neighborhoods with 48% of the city area, about 42% of the population. In contrast, sustainable neighborhoods are mostly formed in the central part of the city, which also covers about 45% of the population with 31% of the area. The neglect of urban management to the considerations of sustainable urban development and the lack of organization of dysfunctional and worn-out structures are the most important reasons for this significant difference.

the present study has identified different areas of poverty in Rasht. For this purpose, 23 indices extracted from statistical blocks were used. The results of the combination of indicators showed that poverty zones are concentrated phenomena, almost in the north, west and east of the city. And in contrast to the welfare zones in the central and southern parts of the city and concentrated throughout the city. Also, based on the other results of the study, we can conclude that overall poverty zone 61.21% of households, 61.46% The percentage of population and 34.11% of the total area of the city. The welfare zone covers 10.66 percent of the household, 10.43 percent of the population, and 23.2 percent of the city's area. Finally, using the Moran index available in Geoda software, the spatial autocorrelation of urban poverty in the study area was determined and the value of Moran's statistic (0.79) is indicative of the cluster pattern of poverty in Rasht. The results show that the increase in poverty reflects the growth of poor performance in the region. As class distances have increased, poverty is widened and class conflicts are more severe, social injustice is more severe and the mass of the unemployed is high, however, the fact is that urban areas are very diverse and there are significant differences in different viewing areas. The results show that government investment in specific areas has been influencing the rise of urban poverty in other areas.

Assessing the reduction of syndesmosis is highly recommended due to the complications occurring after the malreduction of the syndesmosis. This study evaluated the post-operative Computed Tomography (CT) scans and standard plain radiographs for assessing the reduction of syndesmosis post-operatively.

Evaluating the radiologic assessments of post-operative reduction of syndesmosis.

In this retrospective cohort study, 45 patients presented with ankle fractures and syndesmosis failure to the emergency department of our hospital between 2015 and 2019 were evaluated by post-operative CT scans and plain radiographs.

Diastasis was demonstrated in 18 patients (40%) in plain radiographs, in 4 patients (8%) by tibial clear space, in 5 patients (11%) by medial clear space, in 10 patients (22%) by AP tibiofibular overlap, and in patients 8 (17%) by mortise tibiofibular overlap. Diastasis was demonstrated in 24 patients (53%) in CT scans, of whom 18 patients had abnormal radiographic parameters, while 6 patients had normal radiographic parameters.

We found a post-operative CT scan more useful than standard plain radiographic measurement for assessing the reduction of the syndesmosis. We suggest the use of post-operative CT scan as a routine to evaluate the syndesmosis reduction.

Increased urbanization, population growth and socio-economic and environmental problems besides growth and development of ICT at the global level are the sign of the 21st century. The contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection, encountering ultra-modern citizens with industrial cities and lack of responsibility to current citizens has led to a smart sustainable city that thanks to ICT such as IoT following to solve mentioned problems. This paper beside introducing smart sustainable approach as a counterpoint to Neoliberal approach, assessing emergence, evolution, aspects, indices, and differences between similar approaches like smart city. This research from the view of aim is basic research and from the view of nature and research method is descriptive analytic one. The results of the research indicate that also there is no universal definition of smart sustainable city, but there is an agreement on the final goal to obtain sustainable development. The reason for this necessity is the third wave of sustainability and crisis of social, economic and environmental challenges in the context of the cities. Also, primary focus of these definitions is equity and social inclusiveness, quality of life, efficiency, flexible infrastructure, ICT and environment protection. Furthermore, there was such a futuristic gap in the definition of smart sustainable city that a new definition presented based on future study approach. In contrast to similar approaches, the core of the smart sustainable city is ICT and environment protection. Also, results shows that for implementation of this aprroah inaddtion to use theory of change, future study and systems theory, should consider the slogan of “think globaly and act localy” and localization of smart sustainable approach based on social, economic, political and futuristic condition of Iranian metropolises.

The money market has an undeniable role in the economy of Iran. The financial distress in this market can effect whole countries economic system. Anticipation of this situation for confronting and reducing the impact of the banking crises is required. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between capital and liquidity measures and probability of financial distress and possibility of its anticipation in banking sector. For doing this study, we used of capital and liquidity measures defined by Basel Committee as capital and liquidity indexes and of altman Z score as criterion of the financial distress. A sample of 16 banks listed on Tehran stock exchange and Iran OTC was chosen. Their data was examined for the period from 2012 to 2017 by logit regression model. The results of study showed that it is a negative relationship between capital measures and probability of financial distress, but we did not find relationship between liquidity measures and probability of financial distress.

one of the problems in developing cities is developing a class of poor human societies. the poverty phenomenon in cities has negative effects on physical, economic, social, city, and residents. therefore, recognition of the poverty distribution pattern will help managers and urban planners and prevent it from spreading. the purpose of this study is to identify the area of poverty and its spatial in Khorramabad city. the present study is applicable in terms of practical purpose and terms of the descriptive-analytical method. The research indices are extracted from the data of the statistical blocks from Khorramabad city in the 2016 Iran Statistical Center. to scale the indicators, the fuzzy method has been used to measure the poverty situation by factor analysis method. first, the indexes of poverty were calculated and then used to reduce the number of indexes in poverty and form a new structure for them from exploratory factor analysis. Hot spots were used to perform spatial analysis. using the Moran index in Geoda software, the spatial correlation of the city poverty was determined in the study area. the results showed that in the total area of poverty 57.57% of urban blocks, 55.68% of the urban area and 65.58% of population and Welfare zones has covered 11.15% of urban blocks, 10.93% of urban areas, and 4.85% of the Khorramabad population.

One of the foundations of the Muqāwamah economy is to have a people-based economy; therefore it is necessary to provide a specific model of this foundation and its dimensions. By relying on this model, Imam Khomeini was able to flourish the capacity of the people in some social areas and to help them achieve the goals of the Islamic Revolution. It is, therefore, necessary to refer to Imam Khomeini’s thought to understand and design the aforementioned pattern. This article seeks to answer the question of what is the pattern of people's participation in the economy based on Imam Khomeini's thought. To answer this question, his statements in the book “Sahifeyeh Noor” were examined using the "data theorization" method. After analyzing and coding the data from his statements, the model was presented as a visual model with emphasis on axial category, causal, contextual and confounding conditions, strategic areas and consequences. According to this model, for the participation of the people in the economy, while being aware of the enemy's conspiracies, the causal conditions of the people's participation in the economy must be strengthened and the underlying conditions must be provided for the process of people's participation in the economy to be realized.

Snakebite is one of the most common health problems in endemic regions such as Iran. Due to the potential lifethreatening impact of snake envenomation and biodiversity of snakes, it seems that epidemiological studies are required, as the primary step to design standard and local therapeutic protocols, regarding the national and regional facilities and therapeutic needs.
This investigation was conducted with a retrospective design, by studying all the records of patients affected by snakebite and hospitalized in Sina Hospital during 2006 to 2011. Epidemiological data and also the outcomes of patients (including side effects and survivals) were collected. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 18, using descriptive statistics and Chi-Square test. P A total of 287 snakebite patients were studied. 73.5% of patients were men and most of them belonged to the age group of 15-34 years. Most common complaints of patients once admitted were pain (74.6%) and edema (43.9%). 96.5% of the patients received 5-10 vials of anti-venom. The most prevalent side effect observed was coagulopathy 70.7%). A significant relationship was found between the anti-venom onset after the bite and the rate of coagulopathy occurrence (p=0.035). Three deaths had occurred in general.
Early referral to medical centers and administration of anti-venom has been accompanied by significant improvement in outcomes, and would reduce the hematological side effects, need for administrating blood products, and probably the need for administration higher anti-venom doses.

The present study was conducted to determine the quality of mineral ground waters and analyze their spatial distribution in Ardabil Province of Iran. This descriptive analytical study was carried out on natural mineral water wells in Ardabil Province over one year. Samples of water were taken from a total of 44 wells in this province every season, from April 2016 to February 2017. They were then transferred to Khak Azmay-e Moghan Laboratory and their Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, sodium and bicarbonate were measured based on the instructions presented in Standard Methods. The Ground Water Quality Index (GWQI) was then determined based on the measured parameters. The spatial distribution of the ground waters based on the GWQI was then also determined in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The GWQI varied extensively in the natural mineral water wells of Ardabil Province, from 24.88 to 312.58. The best physicochemical quality based on the GWQI was observed in Hammam-e Sangi and the poorest quality in Saghezji-Mardaneh. According to the index, 2.5% of the wells were of very good quality, 30% were of good quality, 32% of moderate quality, 13.5% of poor quality and 22% were of inappropriate quality. According to the results, the most important quality problems included high levels of TDS, chlorine and sulfate and low pH values. Considering that these wells supply people’s drinking water in this region, consumers should be warned of their water quality, and purification procedures should also be carried out to allow the hygienic use of these valuable resources.