mohammadhosein asadi

Studies examining scientific output provide valuable insights into the development and growth of research activities. The primary objective of this article is to evaluate graduate theses in the field of the history of medicine in Iran from 2001 to 2021, with a particular focus on research trends, the contributions of universities and academic institutions, and patterns of scholarly activity.

This research is of an applied type and was conducted using the quantitative content analysis method. The statistical population of the research consisted of 558 theses published in universities and scientific centers of the country. Data were collected using a structured content analysis checklist and subsequently analyzed employing descriptive statistical methods.

The research findings indicate that Tehran University produced the highest number of theses with 66, followed by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with 49, and Payame Noor University with 36. The highest number of theses were written in 2017 (9.67%), and the lowest number was in 2003. Moreover, the history, professional doctorate, and Persian language and literature departments published the highest number of theses, with 160, 78, and 46, respectively.

The results of this research show that the history of medicine in Iran has experienced significant growth in the past two decades. This growth is evident in the increasing number of theses and the increased participation of universities and scientific centers.

The medical history of Iran, particularly in Gilan, has a long-standing tradition. Hakim Sadr al-Din Ali Gilani Hindi, a renowned scholar and physician of the 11th century Hijri (962-1018 AH), migrated to India during the Safavid era. This research aims to study his life, thoughts and scientific works.

In this descriptive research, data collection was carried out using a library method and by studying historical texts and sources

 In this research, the ethical aspects of library study including the authenticity of the text, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed

The findings indicate that Hakim Gilani, after completing his preliminary medical education under Hakim-al-Mulk Shams al-Din Gilani and Hakim Lotfollah Shirazi, migrated to India by Akbarshah’s invitation. There, he served as a physician, advisor, and politician in the imperial court. His mastery of various sciences, such as medicine, mathematics, physics and mechanics, established him as one of the most prominent scientific figures of his era. The titles "Galen of the Age" and "Second Plato", which were attributed to him, attest to this claim. Hakim Gilani left behind valuable works in the field of medicine, among which can be mentioned "Risalah fi al-Tib" (Treatise on Medicine), "Mujarrabat" (Experiments) and "Sharh Kulliyat al-Qanun".

Hakim Gilani, a prominent physician and scholar from Gilan, took a significant step in the development and advancement of medical knowledge through his writings and scientific activities. This research revealed that he was not only a skilled physician but also a multifaceted thinker and scientist. Studying the life and achievements of this distinguished sage can contribute to a better understanding of the history of medicine, scientific and cultural exchanges among civilizations, as well as the importance of preserving and developing traditional medicine.

God Almighty has given each organ of the body a temperament that is best for performing its duties. Understanding the temperament of the uterus is crucial in Iranian medicine for preventing diseases, diagnosing, and treating uterine disorders. Many uterine disorders, including infertility, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and hypermenorrhea, are related to uterine dysfunctions, and the correct treatment of these disorders depends on diagnosing the temperament of the uterus. The present study aimed to understand the symptoms of uterine dysfunctions and the disorders caused by them in the context of Avicenna's view.

The present work is a review conducted using a library research method. The keywords uterine dysfunction, menstruation, Avicenna, etc., were searched in reputable scientific databases, Noor software, and Al-Qunun fi l-tibb book. Finally, the data was collected and analyzed.

When the uterus has a predominance of one of the phlegms and deviates from its original temperament, its function is affected, and various uterine dysfunctions are developed. The uterus is one of the important organs of the body, and its dysfunctions can be the foundation of various uterine diseases and, consequently, other diseases in the entire body. Various dietary measures, drug treatments, and medicinal practices are part of the treatments for these dysfunctions.

Any dysfunction developed in the uterus can cause disorders in menstruation, fertility, and miscarriage, and have a significant impact on women's quality of life. The measures suggested by Iranian medicine men, including Abu Ali Sina, can be effective in the rapid and inexpensive diagnosis and treatment of many of these disorders.

Anatomical sciences are considered as the foundation of the medical education. Previously, the anatomy in medical educational environments was based on the lecture presentation and corpus dissection. Then, the newer protocols, such as teaching methods using human models, imaging, simulation, and internet-based webinars, were widely used in academic schools. In this era, the medical curriculums focused less on corpse dissection. Medical learning in the field of anatomy was basically based on the traditional approaches and presentation-based learning using the students under the teacher’s supervision. The teacher, as the class manager, can design the curriculum contents using clinical applications along with knowledge assessment. This procedure can be achieved through planning for the future and the plans ensuring the persistent development of anatomy as a relevant clinical subject in any medical curriculum.

Neurulation, as the formation of the basis of the nervous system, is the earliest and crucial stage of embryonic development, affecting the development of other parts of the embryonic body. During neurulation, the neural plate is formed through morphological changes. At the end of this stage, the neural tube is established and the central nervous system could be formed in the future. Although this embryonic process occurs morphologically, the precise study of nervous system evolution can be considered by different gene mutations in rodent embryos. Genetic assessments of embryos can finally cause the accurate discovery of the role of genes in embryo development, the stages of nervous system development, and possible associated diseases. Explanation of new findings in the field of neurulation with emphasis on genetics can be helpful in future embryonic studies, abnormalities, and treatments. Thus, the study of neural plate formation can play an important role in increasing the insight of embryological researchers in this field. In this review article, we aimed to collect basic embryonic data in rodent neurulation to provide important information for more laboratory investigations in this field.

This research examines the intergenerational social capital among men and women in Tuyserkan. The method is survey and the population includes men and women over 15 years old in 2020. According to Morgan and Karjesi, 392 people were selected by cluster sampling and have answered the researcher-made questionnaire. Validity by experts' agreement, formal, and structural methods are estimated 0.75, 0.76, and 0.84, respectively. Also, reliability by the internal consistency method is obtained 0.82. The data is analyzed by SPSS-26 software and with ANOVA and independent T-test. The results show there is difference among all three generations and between men and women in terms of social capital. The older generation has more social capital. There is relationship among intergenerational variables, gender, age groups, income, type of job, marital status, education, place of residence, age of marriage, presence in the community, and social capital variable. There are differences among different generations in terms of presence in society, individual and social freedoms, social trust, and social mobility. Also, there is difference between men and women in terms of variables of social mobility and presence in the community. Therefore, paying attention to the generation gap in the light of social capital is particularly important.

The traditional experiences of families in the field of infant care are in many cases equivalent to the teachings of traditional medicine, but it is not clear to what extent these experiences are rooted in the written works of traditional medicine.

In this study, content related to neonatal care was extracted from the book Summary of Experiences, and then by searching for relevant articles in traditional Persian medicine and modern medicine from the databases of pubmed, google scholar, iran magazine, etc., the content was categorized and finally compared  with Baha’ al-Dawlah Razi views.

In the book “Summary of Experiences”, there are solutions for caring for infants both in the field of prevention of the occurrence of complications in childhood and in the field of treatment and elimination of these complications, through which Baha’ al-Dawlah Razi, like other scholars before him,  how to bathe the baby, how to breastfeed the baby properly, how to swaddle, and also by determining the criteria of a suitable environment in terms of light, sound and temperature, as well as in the field of Mann has suggested some of the complications of childhood, such as earache, insomnia, and crying in infants.

Due to the high similarity of the recommendations of Baha’ al-Dawlah Razi with the recommendations of other Iranian physicians before him, the book "Summary of Experiences "can be considered as a complete example of the recommendations of Iranian physicians in the field of infant care.

 Among the Setah Zaroriah, psychological events, they produce very fast and powerful effect on the human body. The most important factor to maintaining  health or creating disease is mediation spirits that is created from steamy, very delicate, and fluid, which influences to power and verbs fastly.

 In this review study, available resources related to the subject of research from in Iranian physicans Mohammad ebn Zakaria Razi, Ali ebn Abbas Ahwazi, boAli Sina  and Seyed Esmaeel Jorjani was investigated. Therefore, the vocabulary related to the psychological events were searched from the books of such writers such as al-Hawi, tebe rohani, Kamel Alsanaa Altabyh, Ghanoun fe alteb and Zakhireye Kharazmshahy 

 Zakari Razi has written an independent book called , Tebe Rohani. Ali ebn Abbas Ahwazi has studied all branches of medicine in al-Sinachr (‘39’)a al-Tebeye. Al-Qanoonchr (‘39’)s book is the most systematic book writed to temperamental medicine, and the book of  Zakhireye Kharazmshahy is a comprehensive medical book, which is Aaraze Nafsani the most important part of these books.

 The scientific scholars of Iranian medicine have considered is Aaraze Nafsani and to treat the illnesses caused by this Aaraze Nafsani differently from the treatment Physical illnesses. Aaraze Nafsani are signs of peoplechr (‘39’)s appearance, and these signs are some of a sign of health and some signs of a disease. Must be strengthened his strength, he must be strengthened by forces hemfar off the patient from Aaraze Nafsani.

Infantile colic is a common condition among neonates; however, its etiology is not fully identified. Thisstudy aimed to evaluate this complication and search for treatments by investigating the experiences of Iranianphysicians.

In this review study, the infantile colic was initially studied in modern medicine. To this end, an electronicsearch was performed in databases, such as Web of Science, Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, EBASE, UpToDate(International databases), Magiran, SID, Irandoc, IranMedex (National databases), and the Google Scholar searchengines. Subsequently, this complication was investigated in the original references of Persian medicine. In this regard,the words related to the subject matter of the research were taken from the original books of Iranian medicine,including Al-Mansouri Fi Al-Tibb, Canon, Kholasatol Hekmah, and Kholasat Al-Tajarob.

The results of this study indicated that factors, such as maternal mood during pregnancy, inappropriatematernal nutrition, gastrointestinal problems, and infantile cerebral problems are some of the causes that have beenmentioned regarding infantile colic in modern and Persian medicine. Other causes, such as spinal nerve stimulation,insomnia, and sleep apnea are also raised in Persian medicine. Almost all of these causes are due to poor digestion ofmilk and pneuma in the gastrointestinal tract. Iranian physicians have considered solutions, such as massage withspecial oils, nutrition modification, and the use of hypnotics to reduce pneuma production in the gastrointestinal tractas well as its side effects. The application of these recommendations together can help better treat infantile colic. Inthis regard, the data were categorized by reviewing the works of Iranian scholars, as well as combining modernmedical findings and Iranian experience. Accordingly, a new definition of colic can be provided and some newtreatments are added for infantile colic based on modern and traditional medicine

Since the positive role of some measures, such as massage and swaddling in modern medicine isconfirmed, the investigation and recommendations of Iranian physicians in the field of infantile colic seem to be able tocompensate for the gap in identification, prevention, and treatment of this complication.

Sella turcica is one of the most important orthodontic landmarks in a key point in lateral cephalometric analysis of the patients who need orthodontic treatment. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship the dimensions of Sella Turcica with the vertical skeletal pattern of the face on cone beam computed tomography images in an Iranian population.

In this descriptive analytical research, the samples were evaluated in a total of all available CBCTs of the patients referred to Tabriz Dentistry Faculty. In selected CBCT (in sagittal sections), the length and height of Sella Turcica was measured. By evaluating the angle between the two lines Go-Me and S-N as the well as the S-Go/N-Me ratio, the short, long or normal facial skeleton was examined. The data obtained from CBCT were entered in the related software and the images were reviewed by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists and the agreement between two observer results was measured by Kappa coefficient. data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis statistical test and p<0.05 was considered.

For three types of vertical face growth (normal, long and short) the length and height of Sella Turcica were similar. For all types of vertical facial growth, the height and length of Sella Turcica were similar in men and women and had no significant relationship with age.

Based on the results of current study, it seems there are no relationship between dimensions of Sella Turcica and vertical skeletal growth pattern.

There are controversial views on the advantages and disadvantages of swaddling. Perhaps an explaination on how to swaddle according to the teachings of traditional Persian Medicine will make it easier to have a better judgment of this kind of treatment.
This study was based on the books of famous Persian Traditional Medical scholars as well as modern medical literature, published or in databases.
The study showed that nowadays, the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), and hip joint dislocation were considered as the disadvantages of swaddling while baby''s better sleep was believed to be its advantage. However, in Persian traditional medicine, swaddling was known as a treatment for joint dislocation during labor or a means of preventing the dislocations which might occur while carrying the infant. Based on this aim, a careful method for swaddling was proposed which not only diminished the above mentioned disadvantages but also, provided positive side effects like better sleep and preserved body temperature for the newborn baby.
There is a big difference between the ideas of traditional medical scholars and those of people on swaddling. Therefore, by reviewing the works of Iranian scholars and combining modern medical findings and Iranian experience, we can provide a different definition of swaddling. By teaching it to physicians, nurses and mothers, it can be considered as a treatment in the neonatal complications of childbirth. It is used during childbirth, and taking advantage of other benefits of this practice, also prevents its harm.

Althoughroutinely applied in assisted reproductive technology, human sperm cryopreservation is not a completely successful procedure. Adverse effects of cryopreservation on the fertilization capacity, motility, morphology, and viability of spermatozoa have been proven; cryopreservation has also shown a role in sperm DNA fragmentation and infertility. The post-thaw survival of spermatozoa improved after addition of supplementation of antioxidant molecules to freezing media. Nerve growth factor (NGF) as one of the prosurvival substances has gained great attention in recent years. The aim of this study was the usage of NGF as prosurvival factor after cryopreservation process of human semen samples to assess the motility and viability of sperm, nitric oxide (NO) concentration, and DNA fragmentation in normozoospermic men. Semen samples were collected from 25 normozoospermic men and were divided into fresh semen samples as control group, frozen–thawed semen samples without addition of exogenous NGF, and three groups of semen samples cryopreserved with addition of exogenous NGF (0.5, 1, and 5 ng/ml) in freezing medium. Viability was assessed by eosin-negrosin staining technique. Motility was evaluated with inverted microscope. NO concentration and apoptosis content were measured with flow cytometry. Results showed that exogenous NGF at 0.5 ng/ml could significantly (P-value <0.05) influence viability, motility, nitric oxide, and DNA fragmentation content. Exogenous NGF as cryoprotectant improved sperm viability and motility, increased intracellular NO concentration, and decreased apoptosis content in normal human spermatozoa.