mohammadreza bemanian

The architectural configuration of high-rise buildings is of crucial importance, given their readability in the urban context. Various factors influence the architectural configuration. Today, taking into account the structural considerations according to regulations and rules, which are the basis for action, leads to buildings with high structural efficiency and low architectural attractiveness that are implicitly incompatible with the vital role of high-rise buildings regarding urban design. Accordingly, many designers of high-rise buildings are prioritizing visual effectiveness, imposing high costs on these projects. The present study has been carried out to offers an approach based on biomimicry principles, which are inspired by nature as a pattern of architectural design and take advantage of the characteristics of an organism (such as sympodial plants or elm trees) to enhance efficiency, as well as the visual attractiveness of high-rise building configurations. This research is an applied-developmental study regarding its objective and a descriptive-quantitative case study concerning its nature. The information was collected using note-taking and observation forms through library and field methods. In this study, the configurations of plants with similar structures to high-rise buildings were investigated, one of the most similar configurations was selected, and its main principles were extracted. Then, the extracted principles were generalized to the structure of a similar high-rise building and converted into a 3D model, along with a control sample with a conventional structural system, using an AutoCAD program 2022. Then, by simulating both models in the SAP software, their structural sections were determined and compared with each other. This procedure revealed that the configurations of high-rise buildings designed with respect to the configurations of sympodial plants and elm trees had optimum structural behavior, as well as proper volumetric compositions.

In recent years, rural houses, like any other phenomenon, have been influenced by internal and external factors, undergoing significant changes and transformations, and have had consequences such as human alienation from the place and a decrease in the sense of place. The sense of belonging to the place is an important factor in forming users' connection with the place and creating a high-quality environment. Therefore, providing suitable rural housing, reconstruction, and renovation, usually followed to achieve a more favorable spatial quality, requires knowledge of the factors affecting the sense of place in its constituent elements. Therefore, the current research aimed to investigate the extent of the impact of the quality of sustainable spatial components in fostering a sense of belonging to rural houses in Tālesh. By obtaining its structural knowledge of these components within the framework of indigenous architecture, which can be transmitted to future generations like other principles, the research aimed to significantly influence the design of contemporary rural structures. For this purpose, the information of this research has been collected based on library studies and field observations. It was descriptive-analytical research, and its data was collected through a survey method using a semantic difference questionnaire. The research sample included 670 residents of rural houses in the Tālesh region, the were selected by quota distribution. After distributing and completing the questionnaires, correlation and regression tests were used in Spss software to check the research data. The findings of this research showed that among the components of the sustainable spatial model, the quality of the eco-territorial variable and its manifestation in the physical environment of Tālesh rural houses had the greatest effect on the sense of belonging of the people using the space with an influence coefficient of 0.834%. Therefore, to increase the sense of place in Tālesh rural houses, its constituent elements should be recreated with shapes and materials compatible with the environment and the place.

In order to achieve a comprehensive and complete definition of architecture to identify the hidden facts in the creation of architectural impact is necessary to do some actions to understand two aspects of architecture based on universe and wisdom understanding. Based on analyzing the Islamic wisdom system thesis presenting a comprehensive meaning of architecture. This article has a kind of descriptive and analytic approach from one side of view and in that way, we use analysing of content. This general approach of the article is qualitative and in various processes of doing this research style of logical-analytic approach of description and theoretical choices on the basis of mind and logic and gathering of experts thoughts were used. Analysis and interpretation of experts and schools in relation to defining the meaning of architecture in the style of understanding the universe and life were checked. This approach of the article is analytic and matching. The results generally show that the present definitions of architecture are facts that were made in a special kind of thinking system. These facts because of looking at details of the thinking system have the necessary comprehensiveness and just include some parts of the wisdom system and can be used as human experience in offering the meaning of architecture. Ranking and leveling of results will show that there is a frequent level of understanding of the universe and a group of wisdom understanding in the creation of architecture which began in scientific life understanding and continued to monotheistic life understanding.

With the development of human societies, the attention of architects, designers and planners to the quality of space and its physical structure has increased and the role of design as a tool to shape the living environment and respond to human expectations and needs has become more important. A person's spatial behavior is influenced by the elements that make up the environment and the physical structure around him, based on the psychological, personality, cultural and social characteristics of a person, which occurs in space. As an ideal and responsive environment, a sustainable place indicates the quality of the environment, and the more capabilities offered in the environment, the more people will establish a more effective relationship with the environment based on perception-cognition processes and internal motivations. In fact, the type and number of spaces is a set consisting of spaces and sub-elements that together form the main element of the design. These elements include: internal and external spaces, location, arrangement,.which physical variables such as sound and light affect the spatial behavior of a person in the environment. and as a result, in the variables of spatial behavior, the highest correlation is between the variables of biological needs and receiving from space, the value of which is 0.895. Also, between the variables of culture and adaptation, behavioral patterns and the relationship between man and the environment, its value is the same, which increases by one unit of each of the mentioned variables to the value of 0.895 of the other variables.

One of the best features of the architecture that is desirable for human beings is to create a sense of awareness and presence in space so that human beings can feel themselves in the presence of God Almighty and see him watching over them. Factors in architecture such as hierarchy can be used to create this sense and help to understand the space and its design. The mosque is one of the most important buildings of the Islamic era, which is important in terms of designing the space for thinking and awareness during worship. Research quantitatively explains the components of hierarchy and their role in increasing the quality of space and the audience of the presence in the space of the four-porch mosques. This article answers the question of how hierarchy creates the presence of sense, and what factor will have the most significant impact on the realization of this sense.For this purpose, the theoretical model has been explained in the theoretical section by studying scientific sources and libraries. Three mosques of Aqa-Noor, Hakim, and Imam of Isfahan from the Safavid period with the same typology were selected for testing. Then, the theoretical model was tested by survey and questioning of 105 architects. By analyzing the data obtained from the questionnaire in SPSS statistical software, the results show that the design of hierarchy with different factors has a direct and positive effect on awareness and avoidance of neglect in space. Therefore, contemporary architects Can use the components introduced in this research and the material structure of architecture to facilitate perception and awareness in space. Among the factors creating and increasing the presence of hierarchy, natural light hierarchy is the most important component for design in mosques.

Architects' most essential design concern from the past to the present is the geometry of the ceiling form. By analyzing the geometry of various curved ceiling forms, one can find a suitable form in terms of heat absorption, sunlight, and sound quality. The geometry of the form is directly affected by the amount of volume, surface area (ratio of span ratio to height), and the equation of fit of its curve. This study examines the types of curved ceilings based on form geometry in terms of sound quality and sunlight. The main question is what effect does the geometry of the curved ceiling types have on sound quality, amount of sunlight, and heat absorption? The present study investigates Reverberation time, speech transfer index, speech clarity, amount of sunlight, and shading of the speech space in different arcs based on the equations of curve fitting and body shape. Each selected sample is drawn algorithmically in Grasshopper and using Odeon for acoustic simulation and Grasshopper to simulate the absorption of radiant energy of sunlight and the amount of shading and using the Energy Plus, Ladybug plugin. Descriptive analysis of forms with scatter matrix diagram and correlation coefficient analysis between architectural, acoustic, and sunlight variables were performed by Pearson method with SPSS22. The analysis shows that by increasing the amount of area, volume and slope of the curve, it reduces the quality of reverberation time and the speech transmission index, and increases the amount of shade performance, sunlight and shade absorption.

The most important design architects have noticed from the past until today is the geometry of the form of the roofs.The suitability of the dome has been investigated from different perspectives. With the help of analyzing and investigating the geometry of the dome types, its possible to understand the acoustics of the lecture halls. The collection of data is based on the data of libraries and simulation domes. Using the combined method (simulation, descriptive analysis), they are placed in the category of applied articles,the research method about the methods of drawing the samples accurately by the method of the masters in an algorithmic way in Grasshoper software, and then calculating the curve fitting with the matrix method.It was paid with SPSS 22 software. After that, acoustic simulation has been done using odeon software. Description of arches with scatter image and correlation analysis of domes between architectural and acoustic changes was done by Spearman method with SPSS 22 software.Domed forms have almost the same volume, area, height to the dome opening and arc length, but they have a lower arc curve slope, they have a higher quality in terms of acoustic components such as Reverberation time and speech transmission index and speech clarity. In this research, the time and reading components, speech transmission indicators and speech presentation of the speech space in dome types are investigated based on the geometrical features of the form.What are the geometric and mathematical factors of dome types on the sound quality components of lecture halls?

Utilizing passive architectural elements to conserve energy and optimize natural lighting is a common solution in traditional Iranian architecture. Various factors such as building shape and orientation, window positioning, use of local materials, and shading devices are recognized as traditional architectural elements in warm and humid climates. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the efficiency and optimize architectural elements in the warm and humid climate of Bushehr city, focusing on energy consumption control and utilization of natural light.

Firstly, through documentary resources, the residential architectural patterns of Bushehr were identified. Then, using the Rhinoceros software environment and Grasshopper plugin, selected variables were parametrically modeled, and quantitative data analysis was conducted using energy tools and radiation analysis. Finally, optimal patterns were selected using a genetic algorithm, and the final response was presented with an annual performance analysis.

By optimizing passive strategies, UDI could be increased up to 96%, and energy consumption could be reduced up to 174.1 kWh/m2. In hot and humid climates, paying attention to the minimum absorption of sunlight is essential, in addition to the importance of using natural ventilation.

Using passive architectural elements such as the use of Shenashir, the proportions of the room and the window-to-wall ratio increases the performance of the building. The conclusion emphasizes the pivotal role of the contemporization of traditional houses in resolving contemporary architectural challenges, especially high energy consumption and environmental regulation.

Today, one of the most important things in a successful educational system is to create a suitable environment for the realization of learning goals. Environmental knowledge, including architecture, plays a significant role in achieving effective learning with the proper foundation of the environment. In addition to formal education, one of the capabilities of universities is to provide a platform for informal education in open and closed spaces. The social life of students in all formal and informal spaces of the college can widely affect the learning process. The current research aims to investigate and analyze the qualitative components of the interaction between inside and outside space in the informal spaces of architecture schools. The relationship between open and closed space (outside and inside) not only creates a discourse for architectural space, but also commits to creating a discourse between students in informal learning spaces. How the informal spaces of architecture schools provide the necessary opportunities for the most effective form of learning by using the qualitative components of interaction between inside and outside space. The main goal is to provide effective spatial indicators for learning in informal spaces. The question raised in this research; What effect does paying attention to the principle of interaction between inside and outside in informal spaces have on the design of architecture schools? In order to answer the research question, while collecting the researchers' statements about the role of the built environment in informal learning, an attempt has been made to investigate the interaction between inside and outside (space open and closed) and influential environmental factors in facilitating or creating restrictions for informal learning. Then, according to the variables obtained in the qualitative analysis, a questionnaire was prepared according to the purpose of the research and 70 architecture students were asked to answer this questionnaire. Finally, quantitative analysis of findings was done using SPSS software. The results of the research have shown that in the architecture of the campus of fine arts, more attention is paid to visual-perceptual transparency and in the architecture of the high school of management, more attention is paid to semantic-conceptual transparency.

Improper design and construction, non-standard materials and equipment, materials used in buildings and improper choice of building coatings such as walls, windows and insulation system are the most important factors of high energy consumption in buildings. Improving the above measures reduces the share of internal energy losses from each of the building shell components. The increasing advancement of technology and the need of the industry to use it has made building information modeling as one of the new technologies in the construction industry is growing and has attracted the attention of researchers for its use and how to develop it. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy efficiency patterns of the exterior wall of a high-rise residential building using building information modeling. For this purpose, in this study, the use of different materials in the construction of external walls of the building based on a case study and using the facilities of a building information modeling, has been investigated in terms of energy consumption. The materials studied in this research are clay block, pumice cement block, foamed cement block, Iranwall block, fan block, and wallcrete. Cement block with pumice and foamed cement block with about 10% savings in fuel consumption and 8.3% savings in electrical energy, was selected as the best wall.

The Arbaeen pilgrimage, a remarkable display of cultural-religious beliefs intertwined with time and space, embodies the essence of human faith in action. This research delves into the aesthetic aspects of this momentous journey, exploring its positive and negative components and proposing solutions for enhancement and rectification. Assessing aesthetic perception and judgment is a complex endeavor that necessitates empirical studies, conceptualizing, and evaluating human emotions. Measuring emotional concepts extends beyond the artistic realm, encompassing design, environment, nature, and even cognitive frameworks. This study aims to evaluate the aesthetic emotions of pilgrims during the Arbaeen pilgrimage, addressing objectives such as the factors influencing aesthetic emotions, the impact of the environment on aesthetic emotions during Arbaeen, the effect of emotions on individual satisfaction, and providing recommendations for environmental improvement and enhanced pilgrim aesthetic experiences. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Data was gathered through a specialized questionnaire based on the Neuroscience Aesthetics Scale, interviews, and field observations conducted by the researchers during the Arbaeen pilgrimage. The target population comprised 200 participants in the Arbaeen pilgrimage in 1401 AH (2022 CE), including 100 men and 100 women aged 20 to 50 years. The questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS software, and the interviews were reviewed. Based on the comprehensive data, appropriate solutions were proposed to improve the conditions and enhance the environmental quality. The target population consisted of 200 participants in the Arbaeen pilgrimage in 1401 AH (2022 CE), including 100 men and 100 women aged 20 to 50 years. The questionnaire data was analyzed using SPSS software, and the interviews were reviewed. Finally, based on all the collected data, appropriate solutions were proposed to improve the conditions and increase the environmental quality. The results indicated that the aesthetic experiences of the pilgrims were influenced by three main factors: management, infrastructure, and cultural-religious aspects. These factors can be further classified into 15 sub-components. The findings of this study suggest that by improving the three areas of management, infrastructure, and cultural-religious aspects, the quality of the aesthetic experience of the pilgrims in the Arbaeen pilgrimage can be enhanced. This can be achieved through various measures, including cultural training, improved infrastructure, appropriate planning, coordination between organizations, the use of technology, monitoring, and evaluation.

The problem Statement: Despite various estimates that have been made about the effective strategies in creating natural light and visual comfort in the structure of traditional Iranian houses, a precise quantitative evaluation of their efficiency and quality has not been determined. Main question: What strategies were used in Qajar architecture to make the most use of natural daylight and how much was this important in traditional residential buildings of Tehran city due to the fluctuation of radiation intensity and the possibility of glare?

This research aims to investigate and identify the effective strategies on the desirability of benefiting from natural daylight and visual comfort in traditional houses of Qajar period in Oudlajan neighborhood of Tehran.

The present paper is based on a quantitative paradigm and a simulation strategy that uses Rhino software and evidence derived from reading the physical structure of traditional houses of Tehran city in Qajar period by non-random sampling for its calculations.

The results showed that the daylight autonomy of the space in the majority of the rooms under study was at an acceptable level (more than 50%) and therefore these rooms were well lit by natural light. In addition, the comparison of the data of these analyses shows that the ratio used in the light-receiving surfaces was about 19.20% of the floor area of the room and the dominant direction of the light-receiving was from the south front. Also, all the rooms are in the acceptable level of glare probability mentioned in the lighting standards.

In this paper yazdibandi, a type of ornamental vaulting, mostly known to be Qajarid, is investigated. Primarily, it is introduced on the basis of what two masters of Iranian traditional architecture, Ostad Asqar Sha’rbaf and Ostad Husayn Lurzadeh, have defined. Then according to the criteria they offer, the method to distinguish between yazdibandi and other types of Persian vaulting has been further discussed, along with terminology for its elements and parts. Literature of the subject is reviewed to show the state of this study among others. Afterwards, a historic search is carried out to find the origin of yazdibandi and, the first building or buildings made of this ornament, as well as the way it was invented and extended to other areas. It is the first time that such a study is done. The study has looked into numerous examples of yazdibandi and presents new findings. Considering construction, yazdibandi is closer to muqarnas, but its appearance is more like rasmibandi (revolved intersecting arches). Yet, unlike rasmibandi it is not statically self-standing, usually hanging from an upper structure or vault. The empty space between these two layers is usually deeper in muqarnas and smaller in the case of yazdibandi. In most of yazdibandies the lower surface would totally touch the upper supporting vault, conforming to its shape. These factors cause yazdibandi to have several constructional advantages. It would have a free plan layout, and since it is not structural and it depends on structures primarily erected, it is easier and faster to be built. It is also cheaper than both muqarnas and rasmibandi. Yazdibandi was quite common during the Qajar period, but according to the findings of this paper it was first designed in the Safavid period, more accurately during the reign of Shah Abbas. Earliest examples among the ones investigated in this paper could be the ones built in the entrance of Ganj’ali-Khan, Kerman bathhouse and inside the tomb of Sheikh Jebre’il, Ardabil. Of these two, the Kermani one is probably older. It was built in 1020 A.H. This paper also discusses the term “yazdibandi”. Yazd is a city in central Iran and yazdibandi could be translated roughly to “the vault from yazd city”. Rather surprisingly, it is very rare in Yazd for one to see any examples, but one can see many of them in Kashan, Qom, and Tehran, cities with major Qajar constructions. Therefore, it is natural to question the origin of the term. The name of the architect who built Ganj’ali-Khan bathhouse is Muhammad Soltani-ye Yazdi, and since his surname is Yazdi, he or his family probably were originally from Yazd. But the buildings we know he made are in Kerman, the name of the vault could point to his name. In this way, instead of saying “the vault from Yazd city”, yazdibandi should be translated to “the vault first designed by an architect named Yazdi”. This paper in the end gives criteria to categorize different types of yazdibandi. Many of the findings of the paper are based upon examples which are listed in the appendix. This list specially would be helpful for future studies.

Problem statement: 

The question of the quality and the meaning of home is a profound question, which is as old as human life. In this connection, the wide gap in research between home architecture and the texture called home in today’s life requires investigating the relationship between these two areas. A relationship also involves the missing link between the position of residents and their understanding of what they experience by staying in homes. How can the architectural patterns of apartment homes and the main spaces constituting them be improved to meet residents’ needs based on how they define the meaning of home? How can these patterns be converted into generalizable patterns of various forms?

The goal of this study was to understand the core criteria underlying the meaning of home from the views of residents, represent this meaning in home architecture, and then develop patterns for improving the existing situation of apartments based on residents’ parameters for approaching life-centered environments. 

The present study used a qualitative approach and had an applied goal. This study also fell under descriptive-analytical methods and data were collected from library sources and field surveys. Also, data were analyzed by using the Grounded Theory method. Here, to collect data, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 42 residents of apartment homes located in the middle texture of the city of Kermanshah, Iran. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Also, field observation and surveys of existing spaces were carried out. 

The repetitive and uniformity of architectural forms of various scales cannot turn a living place into being home; rather, it is the patterns that function to turn living places into being home. In this connection, three patterns of various scales were examined within six main spaces of apartment homes; personal rooms, private rooms, collective spaces, semi-open spaces, entrances, and kitchens. The layering of pre- and post-spaces beyond interior spaces, broken patterns in spaces with private-public accessibilities, and middle spaces were found to be the main optimal patterns in all spaces.

Examining housing indicators is one of the different means and methods of knowing the characteristics of housing, with the help of which one can know the effective parameters in housing and facilitate any planning and decision-making about housing. The ever-increasing demand for housing has led to more attention being directed towards the quantitative aspects of housing. As a result, quality indicators of housing have received less attention. While the qualitative indicators of housing play a more colorful role than the quantitative dimensions due to responding to the social-cultural needs of the people of the society. In the reasonableness of housing, attention should first be paid to qualitative indicators such as content, meaning and concept, and then to quantitative indicators such as form. The residence or living space should be efficient in terms of quality indicators. The stated qualitative indicators include material and spiritual aspects. The material aspect is defined and formed by creating an environment with appropriate access and facilities, temperature, humidity and light, etc. The spiritual aspect is formed in order to respond to the spiritual needs of the users and is created through the creation of spaces in accordance with the way of life of the people of the society, which is derived from their culture and social customs.This research has been studied with descriptive analytical research method. The results show that the recognition and reference to the basic concepts and principles of sustainable and native house building and the correct application of their principles on the one hand and the use of new knowledge such as the genetic algorithm to facilitate access to the architectural genome of native and sustainable houses on the one hand On the other hand, the main solutions are to get rid of problems and weaknesses in this field.

Personalization in housing means that the residents are able to put their own stamp on the place and make it their own and personal. The approach of data collection was the attitude measurement of the residents and its method was a questionnaire with closed (Likert scale) and open questions. The size of the statistical population was 378 inhabited residential units, and using Cochran's formula, 190 residential units were selected as a sample community. In order to analyze the data, frequency and Pearson's correlation were used with the help of spss analysis software. The lowest level of satisfaction of the residents is related to the similarity of the shape of the units (0.7) and the dimensions of the spaces (1.2) and the most personalization concern is related to the change The dimensions of the spaces were (4.3) and the change and beautification of the block was (3.3). Pearson's correlation tests show that as we move from more public spaces to more private spaces, the mental concern and willingness to participate for change and personalization increases. In public spaces (open spaces and lobbies), the level of participation in personalization is a function of people's satisfaction with the spaces and is very low; In fact, the attraction of space prompts them to participate. This is despite the fact that in private spaces (inside the units), despite the high dissatisfaction with the house, the residents have a great desire to make personal changes in the environment.

Statement of the ProblemOne of the main architectural issues is the assessing of post-housing construction life that determines the success of an architectural work in the views of residents. Now, if this assessment is performed on house components, repeated as patterns in various eras, it can help housing processes in the formation of houses that are more harmonious with its residents in the future. AimsAn assessment of inconsistencies in components constituting houses through detailed research within the real process of life by comparing the status quo and the desired state of housing from the view of residentsMethodology The present study fell under descriptive-analytical, as well as applied research. Data were collected through library studies and field surveys. To collect data, questionnaires were used. The statistical population consisted of 950 families residing in the middle texture of the city of Kermanshah. According to the Cochran formula, 273 people were selected as the sample volume, who were residing in this region in the summer of 2021. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. important findings the Sample T-Test, significance values, and the average frequency of data on comparing the status quo and the desired state indicated that there were inconsistencies within house components, which were different in various decades. As well, residents’ views suggested that a house may be regarded as desirable for its residents due to its integrity, even if its components were undesirable. ConclusionThe comparison of house components in various decades led to 11 criteria of inconsistencies of space creation without seeing residents’ behaviors, the lack of valuation for space, the removal of intermediate spaces, complexity, the lack of permanence, the lack of a bond with the context, weak control, the removal of views, the reduction of spatial diversity, the reduction of houses diversity and economic issues.

Evacuation modelling is a tool for measuring the performance of building design for safe evacuation of occupants during emergencies such as fires. The first evacuation modelling efforts date back to the mid-70s. To date, a wide range of evacuation models have been developed, with numerous problems having been studied in various scientific disciplines. In the present study, a database of 152 original papers was developed through a systematic search in the field of evacuation modelling, and their data was used to answer three key questions. The first question was that of the role of architectural design in the entire body of research. Architectural design issues are one of the five fields in evacuation modelling research being considered in a variety of scales in the design process. The second question was that of important elements of evacuation modelling. This was answered by data analysis. From the perspective of variables and their relationship, it was found that several elements have been considered as independent variables in evacuation modelling, with their design features being considered as measures to explain other dependent parameters. The third question was that of the relationship between architectural elements and other modelling parameters. When a modelling is aimed at evaluation of a design, the results can cause significant changes in the original design.Modelling methods are also relevant to the levels of design development. In early stages, macroscopic modelling can lead to the rejection or acceptance of a design alternative or schema, or demonstrate whether or not the design conforms to the required performance criteria. In more advanced stages, microscopic modelling is applied as a tool to make fine tunings of dimensions, configuration details and layouts of columns and furniture. The results showed that the swarm intelligence-based methods are the emerging field among microscopic models that can result in lower computational cost and more accurate results.

The purpose of the current research is to analyze the effect of the audiences' cognitive perceptions on the readability of the environment in Sattar Khan St., from the first to the second floors of Sadeghieh, Tehran. The research method is qualitative-quantitative with correlational strategy and descriptive-analytical approach. In this research, 3 main components "the quality of the structural elements of the path (walls, sidewalks and squares)", "the level and function of behavioral-functional stations" and "the components of the feeling of satisfaction with the environment" and 27 quantitative-qualitative variables in order to read the readability of the path were used The first floor to the second floor of Sadeghieh in Tehran have been analyzed. The reliability of the tool was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The research samples were selected using a simple random sampling method from among people living-working or traveling in the study area. The sample size was determined to be 200 people based on Cochran's formula. The innovation of the research is in the analysis of readability components in an urban platform from the point of view of the users of that space. Finally, by examining the scope of the study according to readability variables. It was found that this path is an important functional path among the audience. But in terms of readability components, it has an average and average to low score, and it has only displayed a forced and tasteful look.

Proportions can be called a mathematical concept that creates a good relationship between the components of the work in architecture and likewise a sense of order among the parts of a visual composition in the audience. Proportions not only can can make building component arrengment regular but also it can it can create a sense of aesthetics. Traditional Iranian artists and architects have been interested in geometric proportions and divisions due to their hidden relationships, and have used these proportions in their works. The present study is an attempt to find traces of proportions in Iranian mosques as one of the most prominent elements in Islamic architecture, which has explored the height proportions of four-aisled mosques through descriptive, analytical and library and field studies. An attempt has been made to extract a height or a connection pattern between the components of each of the eight mosques so that a hierarchy of height design can be imagined. In the end, by examining the proportions and height patterns, it was found that in 8 analyzed samples, all the elevation elements of the research were obtained from the height of the courtyard facade and the shortest porch of the complex with golden and Islamic-Iranian proportions. In all the studied samples, the shortest porch of the complex with the height of the courtyard facade has proportions close to the Golden Ratio. In Goharshad, Zavareh, Isfahan and Imam Boroujerd mosques, there is a similar pattern in the view of the south porch, so that the height of this porch is almost twice the height of the courtyard view in these four mosques.

Problem statement:

Changes in lifestyle and moving to apartment living, the gradual elimination of yards, Eyvan and semi open spaces, the diminishing importance of the indoor and outdoor communication and the lack of attention to the need for outdoor and green spaces have caused incompatibilities in livability spaces

The purpose of the present research is to express the importance and attention of this kind of relationship by emphasizing the psychological and semantic aspects of life and the influence of middle space on this quality of part. And evaluating the principles of meaning changes in the ratio of inside and outside affect or are affected by these meanings.

The research method is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative paradigm and its strategy is logical reasoning. In this way the method of data gathering is based on the study of library resources and field surveys. Firstly, the theorists' criteria regarding the characteristics of Mashrabiya and its role on quality of life. Secondly, it tested by referring to the residents of houses in the city of Kermanshah and new data are obtained. Accordingly, the method of data analysis to describe the view of homeowners relies on grounded theory.

By examining and analyzing 16 examples of balconies in contemporary homes in Kermanshah, in comparison with Mashrabiya as practical elements in Islamic civilization and based on the main category of the study "Meaning of life at home", six concepts were obtained. Accordingly, residents' priorities were "privacy and vision control", "protection", "multifunctionality and flexibility", "control of light, heat and ventilation", "3 to 2 ratios and right angles" and "belonging and attachment". At the end of the research, the model of communication theory will be explained between the components of the realization of semantic quality and meaning in the middle spaces.

The house is an essential human need; over time, its spaces have taken on a different structure due to the conditions and external changes. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the rural settlements in Talesh to extract the patterns of evolution. To recognize the properties of the changes, we can use the design of rustic housing patterns. Data collection tools were library research and observation. The research method was a mixed study (qualitative and quantitative). In this research, using mathematical formulations, the goal of the study could be achieved. In the quantitative stage, 150 rural houses, selected purposefully from different Talesh regions, were analyzed using data mining and Python scripting language methods. The results indicated that in the Talesh region, the shape of a rectangle, east-west orientation, and the orientation of the veranda toward the south are common features in all of the areas found in the region. But the porch, which is a semi-open space, has played an influential role in constructing the form and improving the function of the spaces over time. Its area has been reduced, and moving it to the middle of the building has caused the formation of the houses to be more closed than before. Also, the examination of the pattern of traditional houses showed that the function of closed spaces has increased by separating different spaces due to their absence in the past.

Bazaars, as one of the key urban spaces, have always played a significant role in the formation of cities, therefore, for a deeper understanding of traditional bazaars by people, visual perception as the most basic perceptual dimension can be effective and in order to achieve this goal. The principles and rules hidden in the architecture of spaces should be identified. What can be seen in urban spaces today is the effect of various personal and environmental factors on the level of visual perception of people, and the lack of research that deals with the effect of these factors is considered as one of the necessities of research and in this regard, the traditional bazaar of Tehran was chosen as a case study and one of the historical and ancient textures of Tehran. In this research, based on a combined method and with an exploratory approach, information related to the environmental and physical indicators of the spatial structure of spaces such as timchehs, seras, mosques, squares, etc., in the Tehran bazaar, to investigate the components that affect people's visual perception, such as natural landscapes and artificial lights and shadows and views and the types of colors and decorations used in them, the quality of surfaces such as floors, walls and ceilings and the proportions including the placement and geometry and the movement of people or vehicles that have been obtained received by the sense of sight and has influenced the level of visual perception of people from the environment. In the next step, to evaluate people's visual perception, a questionnaire was prepared in the form of a checklist for the key areas of the bazaar, where each question in the questionnaire covered one component. Therefore, the statistical population of the research, which included 120 people from businesses, buyers or passers-by who were willing to participate and had a high level of perceptual and cognitive performance, were asked to determine the influential components based on their perception and feeling in 5 index spaces according to differences in use and structural features and importance and their relative knowledge in the bazaar environment, Then, using Kolmogorov tests, Spearman correlation test, Kruskal-Wallis and U-Man-Whitney tests, the data of the qualitative stage was analyzed by SPSS software. The results of the analysis showed that in traditional bazaars, the sense of sight creates a double relationship between the structure and spatial elements and people's perception, and the components affecting visual perception are different in each space, and users who were unfamiliar or had limited familiarity, had the ability to better evaluate the components and were responsible for recognizing the spaces, but the number of visits of people did not have much effect on their visual perception, and factors such as the duration of the business activity, gender, and the level of education of the people participating in the research had a positive and significant effect on the visual perceptions of the people, and between the index spaces of the study In the bazaar of Tehran, Imam Mosque had the highest amount of visual perception and Amir sera has the lowest amount.

Urban landscape, as the consequence of the human perception of diverse dimensions of the city, the physical form, action, and meaning, is an objective-subjective phenomenon. Different human senses, including sight, get information about the urban scene as a perceived reality. “Seeing” is a large aspect of how humans get environmental information as part of their perceptual process. Everything seen in space forms the visual system of the urban landscape which makes sense when it is combined with information received through other senses and interplay with the subjective aspect (one’s understanding based on experiences, memories, conditions, and personal-social characteristics), and the urban landscape. Many studies on the visual system of the urban landscape have focused on the “physical form,” its characteristics, and the way its components are organized, rather than the “activity”, which is part of the urban environment as experienced by humans. As a result, the function of activity in forming the visual system of the urban landscape should be addressed. The present study aims to understand the notion of a visual system in the urban landscape by describing its parts and the types of their correlations, which is accomplished through studying the theoretical relationship between the idea of the urban landscape and its components, as well as explaining perception by highlighting the information obtained through the sense of sight. The data of this descriptive and interpretive study were analyzed using documentary and bibliographic analysis and then were categorized and interpreted using logical reasoning. Findings demonstrate that the components of the urban landscape visual system can be explained in terms of visual elements (such as physical form and activity) and visual values (elements and their correlations quality, including the nine qualities of naturalness, sociability, readability, vitality, and dynamism, beauty, coherence and continuity, sense of identity, complexity, diversity, and contextualism) which are conducted through the research.

This research aims to answer the fundamental question of how environmental factors are perceived by COVID-19 patients in hospitals and through what mechanisms. In other words, from the perspective of patients hospitalized in the country's hospitals, what environmental factors have the greatest impact on their perception and therefore, the improvement of their physical immune system in the face of the coronavirus? By evaluating these factors, strategies can be developed to improve the quality of environmental and physical factors in hospitalization wards and potentially enhance the patient's condition.

The present study is a descriptive survey type in terms of its objective, applicability, and execution method. The statistical population of the research consisted of private hospitals in the city of Karaj, including five hospitals which had 138 recovered patients from the COVID-19 ward in the fourth peak of the coronavirus pandemic. Using the cluster random sampling method and the Cochran's formula, 102 individuals were selected as the sample. The reason for using quantitative methods instead of qualitative ones was the better generalizability of the research results and the research objective, which was to evaluate the effective environmental and physical factors on the perception of COVID-19 patients from the perspective of those who had firsthand experience in the hospitalization ward. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 6 dimensions, which was validated and its reliability was confirmed by content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software version25 and the model was fitted using Smartpls software version 2.

The research findings showed that environmental and physical factors that affect the perception of COVID-19 patients can be classified into 6 categories: "facilities and equipment, visual attractions, thermal quality, air and lighting quality, sound quality, comfort, and accessibility".
According to the findings, the level of impact of sound quality factors had the highest potential with a coefficient of 84.2% in explaining the changes in patients' perception of environmental and physical factors. Thermal quality with a coefficient of 83.6% indicated that the cooling and heating temperatures of the room and corridor were in a desirable state. The level of comfort and ease of accessibility had a potential of 60.7%. The facilities and hospital room environment factor had a coefficient of 31.4%, and visual attractions had the least potential in explaining the variance of patients' perception of environmental and physical factors with a potential of 14.6%.

Based on the results of the present study, with environmental and physical interventions and attention to these factors in hospital design, steps can be taken towards changing and improving these variables and providing a faster improvement for these patients, as well as improving mental imagery content by increasing the readability and clarity of the environment through changes in the presentation of spaces and defining the boundaries and scope of each activity. One of the limitations of this study was the difficult access to recovering COVID-19 patients. The results obtained in this study can be a prelude to the definition and design of future research.