mohammadreza shahbazi

Land is one of the most critical inputs in various sectors, including housing, agriculture, industry, and the start of any economic activity, along with capital and labor. Having land for many families to meet the necessary needs of residents and enterprises is considered a production input, and its capital aspect is weak (Ghanbari et al., 2017). In developing economies, including Iran’s economy, investment in fixed assets such as land and housing has a high return, which, despite high inflation, can maintain the purchasing power of families in proportion to inflation as an inflationary shield (Najafi,2013). The exchange rate is among the most important factors influencing Iran’s economy. Considering the dependence of Iran’s economy on the exchange rate, its fluctuations play a fundamental role in economic performance and the price of goods and services. Land is also a durable commodity; its price is determined in the supply and demand market and is not excluded from the effects of the exchange rate. (Tavakoli & Sayah,2010). In the past years, the price of this input has increased due to the increase in the general level of prices and the increase in capital demand for land. Additionally, from this point of view, it has played a significant role in increasing the prices of goods and is considered one of the factors of inflationary stagnation in the economy. Land has the largest share in the price of housing; as a necessary commodity without substitute, it has also caused a sharp increase in the price of housing. Many factors have been involved in increasing the general level of prices and land prices. Due to the dependence of Iran’s economy on the exchange rate, one of the most important factors of inflation is the changes in the exchange rate, which has a strong effect on the increase in the price of goods and services and, consequently, land (Tavakoli & Sayah,2010). The price of land as an input reflects the current cost of financing (sometimes considered equal to the price of capital supply) and expectations about the cost of financing in the future. From the perspective of cost pressures and rising input prices, it can cause or exacerbate inflation.  Various studies have been conducted on the exchange rate and how it affects the economy, as well as land prices and the factors affecting them. However, no one has examined the relationship between exchange rates and land, and how they affect each other is still in question. Since land, in the view of some economists, is considered separately as an important input in the production function, along with capital and labor, it is important to understand the factors affecting it. Since the Iranian economy is heavily affected by the exchange rate, land, in addition to being a production input, is considered a capital and low-risk commodity. Therefore, its level of impact is important. The main goal of the research is to answer the question of how and to what extent the exchange rate affects the price of urban land.

This research aims to investigate how the exchange rate affects the price of urban land as a commodity in the economy. It was conducted using an autoregressive model with distributional lags. It examined the effect of the exchange rate on the urban land price index from 1992 to 2011 in both short-term and long-term terms and achieved valuable results that will be useful to consider in the field of planning and policymaking. This model is beneficial for solving time series problems and can be used both in stationary and once-differentiated conditions. This flexibility of the ARDL model provides a significant advantage in econometric analysis. The ARDL model is designed using a combination of past lags of the dependent variable and explanatory (independent) variables. Among the advantages of the autoregressive model with distributed lags are the lack of the need for the order of cointegration of the variables at the level or first-order difference, the possibility of analyzing short-term and long-term relationships simultaneously, the ability to apply to small samples, and high flexibility in economic issues. Given that the number of observations is (30 years) and the minimum data required for this model is available, this method has been evaluated as appropriate for estimating the relationship between exchange rate growth and urban land price index growth.

The results of the model indicate that the growth of the land price index was a function of the dependent variable itself with a time lag of one and two years. According to the estimate, if the exchange rate increases by one percent, the land price index will grow by 0.70 percent in the same period. The results also indicate that in the long run, the impact of the growth of the urban land price index on the growth of the exchange rate has not been significant. Despite this impact, government intervention is necessary to prevent market failure and control the market, and policies and strategies have been proposed to control and manage the exchange rate and urban land price by implementing which the exchange rate can be controlled and the land market stabilized.

As mentioned in this study, the effect of exchange rate growth on the growth of the urban land price index in the period 1992 to 2021 was evaluated using the autoregressive model method with a wide lag. Land is an essential commodity for every individual as an input for building a place to live. In addition, it is also considered a major and non-renewable resource in sustainable urban development. From these perspectives, it is essential to manage supply and control its price and fair distribution. Given the dependence of the Iranian economy on the exchange rate, its fluctuations play a fundamental role in economic performance and the prices of goods and services. Given that land is also a commodity, its price is determined in the market by supply and demand; it is not exempt from the effects of the exchange rate. This means that in the short term, a one percent increase in the exchange rate leads to a 0.7 percent increase in the urban land price index. The results also indicate that in the long term, the impact of the growth of the urban land price index on the growth of the exchange rate has not been significant.

This scholarly investigation has been conducted with the objective of examining the influence of national television programming on social vitality, specifically within the context of universities located in the Bushehr province.

The methodological approach of this study is characterized as a survey type, and the statistical population encompasses a total of 51,902 students enrolled in universities across Bushehr province, including Islamic Azad Universities, Payam Noor, and Persian Gulf University. From this population, a sample of 384 students was systematically selected through cluster sampling, employing Cochran's formula for accuracy. The instrument utilized for data collection comprised a questionnaire specifically developed by the researcher to assess the impact of national television programs. The reliability coefficient of the test was evaluated utilizing Cronbach's alpha methodology, yielding a reliability score of 0.87 for the emotional dimension, 0.85 for the behavioral dimension, and 0.86 for the cognitive dimension. Overall, the reliability of the national television program assessment was determined to be 0.87. In the context of validity evaluation, it is noteworthy that the questionnaire underwent scrutiny by several esteemed professors in the fields of humanities and sociology, particularly the distinguished supervisors and advisors, who confirmed both content and form validity.

For the purpose of analyzing the data collected, the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were employed, revealing a significant correlation between national television programs and the enhancement of emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions of social vitality among students at Bushehr province universities (p < 0.05).

The findings of this research hold practical implications for the strategic planning of leisure activities for both students and their families.

Inflation has become one of Iran's permanent problems, and unlike many countries in the world, Iran has not been able to keep inflation at low levels. In this research, the factors affecting inflation between 2001 and 2021 were investigated using the quantitative regression approach to compare the intensity of the effects of variables at different levels of inflation. The results show that M2 growth has a positive and significant effect on inflation in all distributional quantiles, but this effect is ascending from the first to the second decile and then goes through a downward trend. The exchange rate coefficient, which was 0.120% in the first decade, reached 0.204% in the last decade and this shows that at low inflation levels, the exchange rate has less impact on inflation, but at higher levels of inflation, the intensity of the effect of the exchange rate on inflation also increases. In Iran's economy, the deficits that have led to the creation of liquidity beyond production have become a factor for excess demand and the formation of pressure to increase prices. In addition to the M2 growth, currency jumps have also played a significant role in Iran's inflation, and in the absence of currency jumps, the inflation rate experienced milder changes.

Tabas coal possesses favorable plastometric properties that make it suitable for use in metallurgical industries as coking coal. However, its high sulfur content, which stands at approximately 2%, poses a significant environmental pollution risk. Additionally, reducing ash content to below 10% is a critical objective of this study to prevent a decline in coal's thermal efficiency in the metallurgical industries. This research work investigates the removal of sulfur and ash from Tabas coal samples using the biological methods including bioflotation and bioleaching. Initially, a combination of mesophilic bacteria including Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and Leptosprillium ferrooxidans were employed in the bioflotation method to detain pyrite sulfur in the Tabas coal samples. The highest reduction percentages of pyrite sulfur and ash were equal to 62% and 54.18%, respectively. In the next stage, bioleaching experiments were conducted, the effect of the test time, percentage of bacteria by volume, percentage of coal solids, and absence of bacteria on the amount of sulfur and ash removal was investigated. The test time emerged as the most critical factor. The best sulfur removal was achieved using bioleaching, with a maximum removal of 72.43%, observed for the PE coal sample. Bioflotation also achieved significant sulfur removal, with a maximum removal of 61% observed for the same sample. On the other hand, the best ash removal was achieved using bioflotation, with a maximum removal of 68.98% observed for the PE coal sample, and a maximum removal of 69.34% observed for the B4B2 coal sample using bioleaching. Finally, this research work conducted a comparison of biological methods to determine the amount of sulfur and ash reduction achieved. The results showed that both bioleaching and bioflotation were effective for coal desulfurization and ash removal, with bioleaching performing slightly better for sulfur removal and bioflotation performing slightly better for ash removal.

Impressionism, the first modern artistic movement in the 19th century, refers to immediate sensory perception. This movement transformed painting and made its way into literature, offering a brilliant and fragmented representation. Impressionist painters aimed to capture the real world in a specific moment, emphasizing the role of perception in shaping reality. In literature, writers adopted the impressionist approach by expressing their momentary interpretations, presenting realistic mental images, and often eliminating the use of an omniscient narrator. Anton Chekhov is one of the few writers who skillfully incorporated the impressionist style into his works, particularly his plays.This research examines Chekhov’s plays and ascertains how he drew upon impressionist elements to present a comprehensive overview of society and reflect its contemporary cultural and social conditions. The study focuses on Chekhov’s play “Three Sisters” and employs a descriptive-qualitative approach and content analysis. Through theoretical research and extensive examination of literary sources, the impressionistic elements in Chekhov’s works are thoroughly investigated.By presenting a collection of features and characteristics associated with impressionism, the study demonstrates that Chekhov adeptly juxtaposed fragments of the mundane world inhabited by various characters. These fragments include their close relationships, missed opportunities, and the misguided values prevalent in Russian society. Chekhov’s plays present simple yet profound images of people’s lives, which serve as manifestations of impressionistic representations. Consequently, the findings of this research indicate that Chekhov’s prose, particularly his plays, exhibits a discernible influence of impressionism.In conclusion, Chekhov’s plays beautifully embody impressionistic characteristics, providing a nuanced and comprehensive depiction of society while reflecting his time’s cultural and social conditions. Chekhov successfully captures the essence of impressionism through the fragmentation of narrative events and the portrayal of characters’ interconnected lives. His works stand as a testament to his prowess as a writer in the impressionist style, solidifying his position as a prominent figure in literature.This research examines Chekhov's plays and ascertains how he drew upon impressionist elements to present a comprehensive overview of society and reflect its contemporary cultural and social conditions. The study focuses on Chekhov's play "Three Sisters" and employs a descriptive-qualitative approach and content analysis. Through theoretical research and extensive examination of literary sources, the impressionistic elements in Chekhov's works are thoroughly investigated.By presenting a collection of features and characteristics associated with impressionism, the study demonstrates that Chekhov adeptly juxtaposed fragments of the mundane world inhabited by various characters. These fragments include their close relationships, missed opportunities, and the misguided values prevalent in Russian society. Chekhov's plays present simple yet profound images of people's lives, which serve as manifestations of impressionistic representations. Consequently, the findings of this research indicate that Chekhov's prose, particularly his plays, exhibits a discernible influence of impressionism.In conclusion, Chekhov's plays beautifully embody impressionistic characteristics, providing a nuanced and comprehensive depiction of society while reflecting his time's cultural and social conditions. Chekhov successfully captures the essence of impressionism through the fragmentation of narrative events and the portrayal of characters' interconnected lives. His works stand as a testament to his prowess as a writer in the impressionist style, solidifying his position as a prominent figure in literature.

From an economic, technological, and environmental perspective, sulfur removal from coal resources has received increased attention in recent years. The present work investigates the ability of chemical (Meyers and Molten caustic leaching (MCL)) and biological methods for the desulfurization of Tabas coal. Accordingly, in the Meyer process, at 1 M ferric sulfate concentration, during 90 minutes at 90 ° C, 61.78 % of ash and 82% of pyrite, and 51.35% of total sulfur were removed from Tabas coal, respectively. The MCL method was also investigated. Hence, based on the MCL experimental condition of caustic soda /coal ratio of 2, leaching time of 60 minutes, and constant temperature of 180 ° C, 71.82 % of ash, 88% of pyrite sulfur, and 57.85% of total sulfur content were removed from Tabas coal, respectively. Furthermore, biodesulfurization of Tabas coal was conducted using a mixed culture of acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidizing mesophilic bacteria. The effect of time, bacterial medium, solid/liquid (S/L) %, and the absence of bacteria were investigated, and based on the results, time was the most significant parameter. Accordingly, 68.98% of ash, 92% of pyrite sulfur, and 72.43% of total sulfur were removed from Tabas coal with 20% v/v bacterial inoculum during 20 days, respectively.

Parvadeh IV and East Parvadeh mines are two main coal-producing zones within the Tabas coalfield, east of Iran. Since studies have shown that C1 and B2 are the most important working seams in the Parvadeh IV and east Parvadeh areas, this research work focuses on these two coal seams. Syngenetic pyrite is available as framboids related to macerals. Decreasing the sulfur content is especially hard when the pyrite particles are fine-grained, finely disseminated, and intergrown with the coal maceral structure. The sulfur content measured in C1 and B2 seams varies from 0.98% to 5.57% and from 0.73% to 5.25%, respectively, with an average of 2.39% and 2.5%. We use a method to predict how coal desulfurized the C1 and B2 seams of Parvadeh IV and C1 seams of east Parvadeh mines in the Tabas coalfield. The results have given new proofs for the presence of pyrite and clay minerals within the coalfield zone, and to identify a method to predict coal desulfurization with conventional processing and cost-effective methods. The coal preparation strategy in MEMRADCO, Parvadeh, and Ehyasepahan coal-cleaning plants not as it expels mineral matter and pyrite but too reduces the content of most inorganic components.

In this study, a discrete element method based on linear parallel bond model (LPBM) has been used to investigate the growth path of cracks and the amount of force required to create it. The formation of cracks in this method is due to the breaking of the bond between the particles, which forms macro cracks by joining the microcracks. It was found that the average normal forces for breaking the bond in wing crack are about 11 and 30% in oblique and coplanar cracks by investigate the load on the coal sample containing pre-existing cracks, therefore, the growth of wing tensile cracks in the sample is due to the low value of normal forces. The value of shear force required to overcome the parallel bond of particles in oblique and coplanar cracks is about 7.5 and 3.5 times in wing crack, respectively, in order for crack propagation, it is necessary to break the shear bond between the particles in the oblique and coplanar crack path. The average shear force required to break a bond in the coplanar crack path is about 47% in the oblique crack path, which makes the coplanar crack faster than the oblique crack. The wing crack has the highest value in terms of length compared to other secondary (induced) cracks before the peak point (in stress-strain curve), and this causes the pre-existing cracks in the coal seams to be joined using wing cracks.

petrol consumption in Iran has an average annual growth of 2.8 percent during the years 1988 - 2016.A good understanding of effective factors on petrol consumption in the short - term and long term can pave the way for the adoption of appropriate policies in this area. Promoting performance and modification of consumption patterns is essential to respond to an increasing demand for gasoline consumption, which has been emphasized in the overall policies of the resistance economy.In this paper, the effect of variables of real petrol price, average real household income and car engine efficiency in the form of an econometric model using time series modeling in Iran during the period 1988-2016 has been studied.The model is estimated using the autoregressive model with distributed intervals and the error correction model. The results show that among the variables used, petrol consumption is inversely related to the actual price of gasoline and the efficiency of motor vehicles, and is also directly related to the average real household income. According to the results, the effect of 1% improvement in car engine efficiency in reducing fuel consumption is 17 times more than 1% increase in real petrol price in reducing fuel consumption.

Literature of resistance in a specific meaning is one of the literary genres that is kind of new in Iran with many stories and novels in which the author has employed allegory and symbol to express himself and create his work. Symbol and allegory include something vague, unknown or hidden from us known as a code in the new era and stylistic criticism of a work that can even include an author's style. Layered stylistics, which is a modern method of stylistics, considers situational context as the macro layer, fragmenting the text into micro layers. Then, exploring those layers, it searches the features and frequent traits, ultimately leading to the discovery of ideology.
In this descriptive-content analysis study, first, according to the situational context, the novel of Romances of Jonah in the belly of the whale byJamshid Khanian, an allegorical work in the literature of resistance, was fragmented into lexical, syntactic and rhetorical micro layers, and then analyzed stylistically.The findings suggest that the ideology of the author lies in the syntactic layer since this is an allegorical story and allegory usually reflects in the syntactic layer. Presenting a perfect example, the author introduces the journey from an earthly love to the heavenly love as the best type of love; then, employing the code and allegory, makes the audience interprete and think, creating an allegorical style for his novel

The topic of adaptation of historical and other texts has been one of the important topics amongs critics. This kind of adaptation is a way to create new texts, to the extent that some critics believe that there is no text that does not refer to another text in history; In fact, in the literary circle, thinkers and writers keep refering to other works produced in the past. Thus, history can also be considered as a reliable source for adoption of works both in the past and future. Here, intertextuality stands for the shaping of a text's meaning by another text; it plays important role in establishing relationship between tha past history and the modern dramatic texts. An attempt is made by the authors in this article to focus on the theories of such theoricians like Kristava, Hucheon, Barthes, and the the theory of anxiety of Bloom. The methodology used in this article is descriptive- analytical, and library- based. The authors have attepted to answer the question of how a new historical perspective has appeared with the creation of the play, A Man for All Seasons. The results indicate that in this kind of dramatic adaptation from history, Robert Bolt has been able to represent the new perspective in history.

During the concequens years and centuries, Iranian classical literature led to world literature evolution and always has been accepted and adapted by famous and notable writers around the world. According to intertextuylity theory the texts do not seprate from their past and they engage by the litratural and cultural relations. In the other words the text does not created in the hollow and it should be examined in the broader context. In this regard Iranian literature study has been introduced as a pattern in structur and content. This research has been done by descriptive- qualitive and content analysis methods. this article attemps to examine the role of Iranain classical litrature on the Shakespeare thought and writing method and tries to show the way that he affected by Iranian stories in writing Merchant of Veniz according to historical and cultural records. The findings show that Shakespeare has adapted his Merchant of Veniz from, Ghazi Hams and Divan-E-Balkh, Iranian oral stories that have been written by Sobhi Mahtadi there after.

Objectives With the increasing aging population, attention to their problems in society has found vast and new dimensions. The professional rehabilitation teams in day-care centers have aimed at providing services to the elderly to prevent their admission into residential boarding centers. To this end, the Welfare Organization has designed a special service package for the day-care centers. The main objective of this study was to compare the quality of life of older adults in a day center before and after receiving the rehabilitation module of the Welfare Organization.
Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-analytic study with 2 groups and pretest/posttest design. The study population consisted of all older adults referred to day-care centers for older adults. The study sample comprised 50 older adults in the Kahrizak Rehabilitation Center No.2, located in Mohammad Shahr Karaj, Iran in 2014-2015. They were selected through the convenient sampling method and by following the inclusion criteria. They were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups with 25 older adults in each group. To observe the research ethics, the control group was put on the waiting list for receiving the services. The research instruments included SF-36 quality of life and demographic questionnaires. The SF-36 questionnaire was implemented before, 1 month, and 3 months after receiving the services in both groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS-20. Data analysis was performed using 1-way ANOVA with repeated measures.
Results In this study, the mean age of the control and experimental groups were 66.43 and 68.1 years, respectively. T-test showed that there was no significant difference between the control and experimental groups with regard to their ages (P=0.722). Furthermore, there were no significant differences between 2 groups with regard to sex, education degrees, and history of hospitalization. The mean scores of quality of life in the intervention group at baseline, 1 month and 3 months after the study were 43.95, 56.30, and 74.38, respectively. The values for the same parameters in the control group were 44.74, 49.79, and 57.82, respectively. The lowest score in the quality of life questionnaire was 24.72, and the highest was 86.11. In addition, there was no significant difference between 2 groups with regard to mean scores of their quality of life at baseline (P=0.816); however, there were significant differences for 1 and 3 months after the study (respectively, PConclusion The results showed that the day-care services significantly increased the quality of lives of older people. Therefore, it is hoped that these services can be used along with other conventional services as an effective method. Furthermore, the non-pharmaceutical interventional module can be used in promoting the quality of lives of older people. Rehabilitation services designed by the Welfare Organization for use in the day-care centers for older adults have a positive impact on the elder's quality of lives, and it can be considered as an efficient intervention in rehabilitating older adults.

Objectives This study aimed to assess disability and its relationship with depression, cognitive status, and morale in older people.
Methods & Materials This descriptive-analytic research was conducted in a day-care rehabilitation center of Kahrizak charity foundation. A total of 90 older adults were selected by total enumeration sampling method. For the evaluation of study participants, we used The World Health Organization Disability Assessment 2.0 (WHODAS II) (36 items). This questionnaire examines the person’s disability in 6 domains of cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along, life activities, and social participation. The depression status was determined by Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), cognitive status by Abbreviated Mental test (AMT), and morale of older people by Lawton’s Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. The Chisquare test, Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and the Spearman correlation coefficient were carried out to analyze the data in SPSS version 16.
Results About 34% (n=31) of the participants were male and 65.6% (n=59) were females. The mean (SD) age of the sample was 72.39 (6.75) years. There were significant differences between men and women with regard to age, marital status (PConclusion Disability in older people had a significant relationship with their depression, cognitive status, and morale. Thus, the degree of their disability can be lowered by prevention and early treatment of depression, promotion of memory, delaying cognitive disorders, as well as providing morale enhancement programs, creating a positive attitude toward old age, and increasing life satisfaction in older people.

Biography writing or translations is an important branch of Islamic history. This topic has been always attention to Islamic history scholars. Various styles had been used in this context. Understanding these styles and their resources, to find biographies of various people and use of these resources is important. This article, in is trying to define the "biography writing", and explain its important styles, and refer to the some its important resources, and also mention some of its tips and Problems.

According to recent studies، academic dishonesty is increasing in educational center and universities. The purpose of this study was to examine college academic integrity policies and practices، and level of students’ academic misconducts. Research method was descriptive / co- relational and statistical population included all Master students at Shiraz University. Using stepwise clustered sampling method، 319 individuals were selected from Shiraz University Master students’ population. The Academic Integrity Scale Instrument (Academic Integrity Institution، 2008) was adapted and verified by Cranach’s alpha. The collected data was analyzed via descriptive statistics - t test، one way ANOVA and Scheffe’s follow-up test. The result showed that 95% of students admitted engaging in academic misconduct at least once. Additionally، there was a significant difference between graduate students'' perceptions of academic integrity policies and practices with students’ gender and academic majors.

The purpose of this study is to assess disability among older persons, 60 years old or older, helping policy makers and program planners concerned elderly issues to provide proper services.Methods & Materials: The study included 600participants were chosen in a systemic classified cluster using 36-Item Interviewer Administered, without day codes version of world health organization disability schedule II (WHODAS II). It was assessed by comparing the converted points of the initial five scale points into one hundred scale points as the algorithm method presented by the WHO. Data analyzed by SPSS 11.5 with Chi- square, Mann- Whitney and Kruskal- Walis tests. Mean score of disability among older persons was 33.3(SD=25.9), men 33.0(SD=28.1) and women 33.6(SD=23.8). There was no significant difference on mean scores between men and women (P>0.05), but there was significant difference between age groups (P<0.05). Mean scores increased dramatically with increasing age groups. The greatest scores belonged to domains; Getting around, Life activities and Participation in society respectively. In comparison with other research the mean score of disability among older persons who lived in Tehran was high, especially in domains has mentioned above. Therefore it is necessary to pay more attention to prevention and treatment of diseases, disorders and impairments which caused disability on the right time. Also it is required to provide aid equipments and physical adaptation to decrease disability in the elderly.