mohsen kalantari

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are significant vectors of mosquito-borne diseases prevalent across temperate and tropical regions. Understanding the abundance and distribution of these vectors is essential for studying the ecoepidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify mosquito populations (Culicidae) and conduct molecular analysis for Flavivirus infections, explicitly focusing on West Nile Virus (WNV) and Dengue Virus (DENV) in Fars Province, Southern Iran. Mosquitoes were collected from 23 stations across urban and rural areas and migratory bird habitats in five counties, using hand catch with manual aspirators, CDC light traps with CO2, and human and animal bait methods from April to December 2018. Molecular screening for Flavivirus RNA, including WNV and DENV, was performed using a specific PCR technique. 8212 adult mosquitoes were collected, representing four genera and nine species. The most prevalent species were Culex pipiens (54.20%), Culiseta longiareolata (30.40%), and Culex sinaiticus (10.25%). Molecular screening was conducted on the 8212 mosquitoes grouped into 150 pools based on sex, species, and trapping location. None of the pools tested were positive for Flavivirus RNA. This study highlights the importance of monitoring mosquito species distribution and emphasizes the need for enhanced Flavivirus surveillance and long-term monitoring programs in the region to understand the risk of disease transmission better.

Cities are complex and highly interdependent systems that are vulnerable to various risks. Considering the growth of cities and their expansion, the approach of urban resilience is one of the most vital solutions to resolve this vulnerability. This study has been done to investigate urban resilience studies against climate change in Iran using the meta-analysis method. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and its nature is applied-developmental.The statistical population of the research consists of authoritative and approved quarterly journals of the Ministry of Science, internal conferences, and theses from universities. The findings show that since 2013, there has been an increased focus on the issue of urban resilience against climate change, with researchers and geographers paying extra special attention to this topic. The studies reveal that the ecological and environmental dimensions And the identification and discussion of resilience dimensions and indicators are evident in most studies.Case studies in the research have generally focused on large cities in Iran. Due to the impacts of climate change, cities need to be resilient against these challenges, and this research highlights the importance of investigating this issue. The results indicate that cities have visible weaknesses in terms of resilience, particularly in the social and physical dimensions. These weaknesses are more pronounced in larger cities experiencing population growth.This research also shows that many gaps have been identified in this field, and researchers should pay attention to these in their future studies.

The general purpose of this study was to investigate the species diversity and characteristics of the larval habitats of culicids in important tourism centers of Fars province to design a comprehensive program to control them. In a cross-sectional study conducted from April to the end of September 2021, the species diversity of mosquito larvae and the characteristics of larval habitats were investigated. Mosquito larvae were collected using the dipping method and the characteristics of larval habitats such as permanent or temporary habitat, water running, intensity of sunlight, vegetation, habitat floor, turbidity, natural or artificial were recorded according to the hydro ecological characteristics. Totally, 8825 specimens were collected and identified from 9 selected locations in Marvdasht city and 6 selected locations in Maharloo wetland. Collected species were Culex pipiens (39.77%), Culex sinaiticus (3.80%), Culex quinquefasciatus (23.68%), Culiseta longiareolata (17.52%), Uranotaenia unguiculata (9.02%), and Anopheles stephensi (6.21%). Most specimens (79%) were collected from natural habitats. There is a significant difference between the number of collected mosquitoes with the permanent habitat, stagnant water, partial sunlight, vegetation, turbidity, and natural habitat (P<0.0001). The dominant species were Cx. pipiens (39.77%) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (23.68%). These species are potentially involved in the transmission of many pathogens to humans and domestic animals and should be extensively studied. The results of this study suggest that environmental factors play an important role in larvae’s habitat preference.

Nanocomposites are prepared from various materials that may have antibacterial activity. This study aimed to investigate antibacterial and antifungal activityies of nanocomposites of bohemite-gold and bohemite-gold-chitosan by help of aqeous extract of peppermint.

In the current study, the nanocomposites were prepared by exextracellular biosynthesis and antibacterial properties were investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and killing-time curve by classic method of consecutive dilutions by Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute.

The results showed that MIC and MBC were 10 µg/mL and 20 µg/mL for bohemite group, respectively. The results also showed that MIC and MBC were 2.50 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL against Acinetobacter baumannii and 5 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL against Escherichia coli, respectively. The greatest antibacterial activity for of bohemite-gold and bohemite-gold-chitosan was observed for a period of 6 to 24 h. Based on ourfindings, bohemite showed lower antibacterial activity compared with bohemite-gold and bohemite-gold-chitosan against the mentioned bacteria.

The prepared nanocomposites did not show any antifungal activity. Thus, bohemite-gold and bohemite-gold-chitosan nanocomposites have antibacterial activities against bacteria inducing infection in wound.

Smart cities are developed and built as interconnected urban domains where embedded elements can interact with each other and with the users residing in them. In building smart cities, Internet of Things has the potential to collect information about the urban environment, provide new services to citizens, facilitate their daily life and increase the ability to live in the city. In the current research, with the participation of managers, officials and academic experts, the key drivers affecting the smart city based on the Internet of Things have been identified and finally, the scenarios effective on the formation of the smart city based on the Internet of Things have been compiled. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The method of collecting data and information was library, document and survey (interview). The review of scientific sources identified 26 factors affecting the smart city based on the Internet of Things, which were categorized into 6 dimensions, and a total of 25 people, including managers of related organizations and academic experts, were interviewed. Data analysis was based on prospective research technique; Including structure analysis, analysis of mutual effects based on Micmac and Scenario Wizard software. The results showed that there are 8 possible scenarios for the establishment of a smart city based on the Internet of Things, of which 1 scenario is in a strong and stable compatibility mode (zero incompatibility) and 7 scenarios are in a weak compatibility mode. The first scenario, which is a scenario with a positive direction, has an interaction effect score of 123 and a compatibility value of 2, while the second scenario, which seems to be unfavorable conditions for the future of the smart city based on the Internet of Things in Mashhad metropolis, has a total interaction effect score of -20 and the compatibility value is -1. The third scenario also has a compatibility value of -1 and with a total interaction effect score of 27, it can be one of the possible scenarios for the future of the smart city based on the Internet of Things in Mashhad metropolis.

only be implemented when the aforementioned land uses have balanced distribution across the city. In this regard, the present study is to investigate and evaluate learning land uses from the perspective of spatial justice for attain of the learning city approach in Zanjan; And the main goal of this research is to find out the spatial equilibrium in the distribution of learning land uses of Zanjan city, in order to develop the learning city approach. The research method was descriptive-analytical and data collection has done by using the library-documentary method. In addition, in order to analyze the findings, after describing the basic concepts of the learning city and taking into account the principles and indicators governing it, from two indicators of capacity and social justice have been used in the framework of comparing per capita and desirable levels, Nearest Neighborhood (NN) and entropy techniques. The results of the analysis of the distribution of learning land uses in the current situation indicate that the distribution of these land uses in the city are concentrated and clustered, with spatial imbalances. In such a way they show very high qualitative and quantitative differences between the three urban areas, especially indicated in the eastern margin of district two. Such a problem has hampered the development of the learning city approach in Zanjan and has resulted in the concentration of these services in the center of the city and their shortage in the peripheral areas as made a profound inequalities between the residential areas of the city. Therefore, the results of the research provide suggestions for reorganizing learning land uses to establish a spatial justice approach at the city level.

The concept of a smart city involves utilizing information and communication technology to improve the livability and sustainability of urban areas and unique locations, thereby promoting innovation and entrepreneurship. The extensive use of digital sensors and control systems for managing urban infrastructure has led to the development of various applications with the Internet of Things (IoT) playing a crucial role in enabling new services and enhancing interaction levels. As this technology continues to progress, it holds the potential to transform every aspect of human life. This research aimed to conduct a spatial analysis of smart city indicators, particularly those related to the IoT across 13 regions of Mashhad metropolis. This study took an applied approach with a descriptive-analytical nature by utilizing both documentary (library) and field (questionnaire) data collection methods. The sample consisted of residents from 13 regions within Mashhad metropolis with a sample size of 171 questionnaires determined based on the 2016 population of 3,062,242. The questionnaires were distributed proportionately across each region. The data analysis was conducted by using SPSS software and decision-making methods, such as MEREC and COCOSO. Furthermore, the structural equation modeling approach (Smart PLS) was employed for a comprehensive analysis. The research findings indicated that Regions 9, 1, and 4 showed the highest levels of smart city indicators based on IoT in Mashhad, while Regions 3, 12, and 10 exhibited the lowest levels. According to the results of the PLS structural equation modeling test, the variable of smart governance showed the highest overall impact coefficient (1.523) on the IoT-based smart city followed by smart economy (1.256), smart citizen (0.895), smart environment (0.687), smart mobility (0.622), and smart living (0.160).

A smart city is a sophisticated ecosystem that leverages advanced information and communication technologies to enhance the appeal and sustainability of urban areas and distinctive locations, fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. The widespread adoption of digital sensors and control systems for managing urban infrastructure has facilitated various applications with the Internet of Things (IoT) emerging as a solution for delivering new services and enhancing interactive experiences. In recent years, the concept of smart cities has gained traction in Iran with cities, such as Urmia, Isfahan, Tehran, Mashhad, and Tabriz, being recognized as smart cities. Due to its rapid growth and development, as well as social, economic, and environmental changes in line with new needs, Mashhad City needs to provide services that are suitable and deserving for its residents, especially considering the significant number of domestic and foreign pilgrims, who visit the holy shrine of Imam Reza annually. Therefore, the indigenous capacities of the city alone are not sufficient for its development and the collaboration of various sectors, especially the communication and IT sectors, is necessary to elevate and progress it in new areas. Hence, this paper aimed to examine the distribution status of IoT-based smart city indicators in 13 districts of Mashhad municipality and answer the question of how the current status of IoT-based smart city indicators was in the mentioned districts. 

This research was applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. The data collection method included both documentary (library) and field (questionnaire) researches. The sample consisted of residents from the 13 districts of Mashhad metropolis. Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size for each district, resulting in a total of 171 questionnaires based on a coefficient of 0.075 and population of 3,062,242 in 2016. The questionnaire was designed in a 5-point Likert scale format and distributed and completed across the districts of Mashhad. The questionnaire was validated based on the input from university professors and the necessary modifications were implemented. After collecting the questionnaires and assessing their reliability using the Cronbach's alpha method, the gathered data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics, including the Chi-square test, skewness and kurtosis tests, and one-sample t-test, within the SPSS software environment. Additionally, decision-making methods, such as MEREC and COCOSO, were utilized for data and information analysis. Finally, the Smart PLS software was employed to construct the structural equation model and determine the impact levels of the desired indicators on the IoT-based smart city. 

Upon confirming the normal distribution of the data through skewness and kurtosis tests, the results of the one-sample t-test indicated that all the indicators were significant. Among the IoT-based smart growth indicators, the first factor (smart mobility) exhibited the highest mean of 2.7154, while the component of smart citizen had the lowest score of 2.1287 compared to the other components. Following the weighting of the indicators by using the MEREC method and application of the COCOSO technique for ranking the districts, the results revealed that District 9 secured the 1st rank with a score of 3.412 and District 1 showed the 2nd rank with a score of 3.349 with the remaining districts following in subsequent ranks. Furthermore, the results of the structural equation modeling by using SMART PLS indicated that the variable of smart government exhibited the highest overall influence coefficient of 1.523 followed by smart economy (1.256), smart citizen (0.895), smart environment (0.687), smart mobility (0.622), and smart living (0.160), showcasing their influences in the IoT-based smart city. 

A smart city represents a comprehensive framework that assesses various facets of intelligent initiatives, empowering cities to leverage urban networks, bolster their economic prowess, and establish more efficient systems. This network relies on wireless networks, broadcasting networks, internet networks, telecommunication networks, and sensor networks with the Internet of Things (IoT) at its core. The research findings were consistent with the conclusions of other researchers, such as Mafi and Gholizadeh (2015), Amelifar et al. (2022), and Sudeep et al. (2018), highlighting the impact of IoT in urban settings, resulting in savings in time, cost, energy, materials, and human resources, and ultimately enhancing the quality of urban life. The high rankings of Regions 9 and 1 in Mashhad metropolis in terms of smart city indicators validated this assertion as evidenced by the high quality of urban life in these areas and the residents' preference to live there.

Introduction Urban design solutions to reduce crimes have been repeatedly tested, but less effort has been made to test and adapt these ideas to the special conditions of Iranian cities. Among different urban tissues, worn-out tissues are a more suitable platform for the growth and formation of crime-prone places. One of the efficient techniques for analyzing urban textures is the theory of space syntax, which seeks to discover the relationship between the man-made environment and the social life of residents; Cited. Therefore, by using this technique, it is possible to recognize some of the behavioral patterns in urban spaces and provide urban plans compatible with these patterns. Research related to security using the space syntax technique is based on the assumption that, by increasing “natural surveillance” in public spaces, the probability of crime can be reduced. Among the metropolises of Iran, because of its rapid physical growth, Karaj has serious weaknesses in its urban structure. These physical and spatial weaknesses are more visible in the worn-out tissues of this city. Therefore, the worn-out fabric of the Qalamestan neighborhood has been chosen as one of the old neighborhoods of this city for study and analysis. In this research, an attempt has been made to provide plans to improve security by measuring the spatial configuration of the Qalamestan Karaj neighborhood recognizing its physical and spatial characteristics, and predicting the effectiveness of these plans in improving the security of the neighborhood by using the space syntax technique.Materials and MethodsThe current research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The method of data collection is a field. The assessment of road safety is based on a checklist, filling out a questionnaire, and taking pictures. The scope of the study is the worn-out texture of the Qalamestan neighborhood in the city center. Qalamestan neighborhood is one of the old districts of Karaj city. The analysis of the weathered texture of Qalemastan has been carried out by UCL.Depthmap software. The statistical sample has been selected in two stages of the research. In both stages, Cochran’s formula with an error coefficient of 0.05 was used to determine the sample size. Questionnaire which was distributed among 348 people of Qalamistan. The total number of streets in the neighborhood is 102 and with the same error coefficient, the sample size is 43. The data of checklists and questionnaires were analyzed using the MOD method. After removing inconsistent data, to analyze the relationship between variables, a correlation test was used in Spss software environment version 23. After presenting the design suggestions based on the analysis, and finally, the presented designs were measured again with the method of space layout and twelve main components of the checklist.FindingsThe data extracted from the questionnaire showed that the feeling of security of the citizens of the Qalamestan neighborhood is equal to 57.25%. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the level of security and the level of connection is 0.784; Therefore, there is a significant relationship between the percentage of security and connection. This means that the level of security of the roads will also increase with the increase in the level of connection between the roads of the Qalamestan neighborhood. Also, there is a significant relationship between the percentage of security and the amount of depth. This relationship, according to the negative Pearson correlation coefficient, means that with the increase in the depth of the roads in the Qalamestan neighborhood, the safety level of the roads decreases.ConclusionThe changes in the components of the spatial syntax in the proposed plans show the positive changes in security on the roads of Qalamestan. The proposed reforms have been performed to improve the roads with severe weakness, and regarding the non-change of the hierarchy of importance of the roads, besides maintaining the relative coherence of the fabric, it has improved the components that are effective in security. In these plans, the amount of security has increased by an average of 22.37. The increase in the level of security is confirmed after performing physical reforms within the specified limits, and the occurrence of insecurity and crime can be reduced by a physical reform in urban spaces in worn-out contexts.

Scorpions, as a group of venomous invertebrates, are distributed worldwide including the Middle East. These arthropods are distributed throughout Iran, are dangerous to humans and animals, and can cause severe damages and even death. In this cross-sectional study, scorpions were collected from different parts in southern Iran such as Kohgiluyeh and Fars provinces using hand catch method with U.V torch. Morphological identification of scorpion specimens was done using specific keys. Besides different species of scorpions, Hottentotta jayakari Pocock, was identified in Amir Oncology Hospital, Shiraz city, Fars province, South of Iran, 1895. Hottentotta jayakari is endemic in tropical regions and its existence in Shiraz with a mild climate seems unexpected. In addition, Amir Hospital is an oncology treatment center and this scorpion was caught on the hospital grounds. It is possible that more species can be identified in this province by conducting more studies.

Spatial court in the city, management, distribution and distribution of space services and urban possibilities, special attention e-mail. In the discussion of equality and equality, none of the urban groups and classes of residents have a tendency to oppose each other and they provide equal treatment for everyone, regardless of social and economic status, for access to general urban services. For this reason, this topic, as it prevents the accumulation of possibilities and urban services in one area, the polarization of the city space and social inequalities, it makes access to the possibilities in the city for everyone. In accordance with this, the present research is aimed at assessing the spatial justice in the distribution of services and urban possibilities in the palaces of eight Shahr, Tehran.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library and documentation methods. The data used in this research are the data that have been extracted from urban areas. In order to analyze the information, in the first stage, using the entropy scale, balance (equality) or disequilibrium (inequality), each of the uses has been analyzed and then proceeded to rank the 13 palaces, regions. And the level of utilization of urban services and possibilities using the Cocoso model has been used for ranking the regions .

Since the globalization of cities and the urbanization of the world is the most prominent feature of the twenty-first century. Especially fortunately, the growth of urbanization in the majority of cities in the developing countries is more rapid. Various (housing, traffic, pollution, urban identity, commercial land, unsustainable land use, etc.) have been faced.Land, as a limited, scarce and non-renewable commodity, in the face of rapid urban development and increasing collective demand, is transformed into an expensive and profitable commodity, as a result of which it is considered as a means of commerce for the purpose of securing profit and general welfare and improving the standard of living. Special groups are declared and cause many social, economic and environmental problems.Based on these problems and difficulties of the current urbanization in this research with a radical and critical approach based on theories related to justice and spatial equality, after identifying and analyzing urban land use conditions, types and programs derived from them, the percentage of their realization. Reasons and forces influencing their realization or non-realization, as well as the space produced, the positive or negative spatial-spatial effects resulting from them. Perhaps the most important concern that prompted me to address this matter is the chaotic and confused situation in the suburbs of the three districts and the palaces of the third district of the eight city of Tehran in recent years.The conditions are not improving, they are getting worse day by day. The situation of overcrowding and non-distribution of inappropriate uses, which have arisen due to major reasons, have led this region to a state of chaos. The urban land has been transformed into a bubble with the expansion of the stock market, the dimensions of which are getting bigger and bigger every day. Since the use of urban land is the core of urban planning, based on this assumption, it is possible to understand the root problems and spatial problems of the current urban area.

The results obtained indicate the imbalance in the distribution of spatial services and urban possibilities. Based on the results of the entropy method, cultural quality with a weight of 0.463 has won the first rank. Sports quality with a weight of 0.255 has won the second rank and green space quality with a weight of 0.153 has won the third rank. According to the Cocoso  model and according to the results, Kerman district has won the first rank, Fadak has won the second rank and Wahidiya has won the third rank. Therefore, the eastern region and its palaces, which are located in District 1 and part of District Two, are in a better condition than the western region, where the palaces of District Three are located.

The prevalence of arboviruses is increasing worldwide. Their vectors are widely distributed in different continents of the world. Despite the importance of the phleboviruses, unfortunately data about the spread of the viruses in human and animal communities is very limited.

This study is a systematic review of phlebovirus and its vectors worldwide, with emphasis on Middle East countries including Iran. Accordingly, all English language articles which were conducted up to the end of 2020 were found by searching the databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus. Furthermore, the authors used the Strobe checklist to evaluate the quality of the articles.

Phlebotomus perniciosus was the main vector of the Tosca virus in the Mediterranean regions such as Italy, France, and Greece. In African counties, Aedes species were more important vectors of phleboviruses, especially Rift Valley fever. As these diseases can easily spread to even uninfected areas of Asia, permanent monitoring is needed to control phleboviruses.

Practical methods have been used to control the vectors and hosts of phleboviruses. Some important methods are listed as follows: impregnated bed nets/curtains, residual spraying, repellents, establishment of the robust surveillance of animal and their products, and limited movement of livestock during outbreak time. These methods can minimize the risk of transmission of phleboviral diseases, especially RVF infection.

This paper assessed the sensitivity of seismic losses to the geographic resolution of building exposure model. One of the key steps of seismic risk assessment is providing an accurate and reliable building inventory. Generally, building exposure model is derived from various sources of information with different degrees of quality and accuracy. Therefore, compilation of exposure model is a complex process that is associated with uncertainties. In this regard, selecting the most appropriate geographic resolution of building exposure model is a challenge. There is a trade-off between the accuracy of ground motion values in the centroid of grid cells and computation efficiency. On the one hand, selecting a higher resolution will result in less efficient computing. Increased grid cell size, on the other hand, will impose uncertainty on the results due to inaccuracy in estimating ground motion values in the proper location of buildings. The purpose of this study is to address this question “what is the impact of geographic resolution of exposure model on the seismic risk assessment?”. To do so, a sensitivity analysis with three distinct levels of resolution was performed in Tehran, Iran, as a case study, to evaluate the impact of exposure model resolution on estimated losses. The results showed that total damage over the region is almost insensitive to the resolution of exposure models; while, a more accurate damage map with lower standard deviation is achieved by refining resolutions. This is an important outcome that will assist researchers performing seismic risk assessment in large geographic areas, like countries or provinces, to be aware of the effects of geographic resolution of exposure model on results.

Introduction :

The increase in population in urban centers requires the provision of sufficient services and infrastructure to meet the needs of city residents. Furthermore, this population density in highly populated cities poses challenges in terms of governance, economic growth, environmental sustainability, quality of life, transportation, electricity, water consumption, and other issues. Smart cities are typically created with advanced infrastructure and modern information and communication technologies, and the Internet of Things (IoT) provides intelligent solutions for future cities by connecting smart devices and utilizing big data analytics. This allows city management and residents to access a wealth of real-time information about the urban environment and make decisions, take actions, and plan for the future based on that information. Given its current and future population attraction and potential, the city of Mashhad requires synchronization with modern developments to optimize the use of resources and facilities and create the necessary foundations to meet future needs. Therefore, this research aims to identify the key factors and drivers for Mashhad City to achieve a smart city model based on the Internet of Things in the future. Accordingly, the research question of this study is: What are the key drivers influencing the formation of an IoT-based smart city in the city of Mashhad in the future (by 2033)?

In the present study, the research method was a mixed approach in terms of objective and application and a combination of descriptive-analytical and future-oriented approaches in explaining the structure. Accordingly, the most influential factors in the formation of an IoT-based smart city in Mashhad were examined. Data collection was carried out through documentary methods (library sources and scientific journals) and field methods (using a questionnaire tool). In this research, the statistical population consisted of 25 experts, professionals, and urban stakeholders available, including city managers (mayors of districts, deputies, heads of organizations, and managers of urban areas, especially the Municipality of Mashhad), members of the Islamic City Council (especially the Research Center of the Islamic City Council of Mashhad), urban experts in the Mashhad County Governorate and the Office of Urban Affairs and Provincial Councils of Khorasan Razavi, the General Directorate of Roads and Urban Development of Khorasan Razavi, professors at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Azad University (Mashhad Branch), Payame Noor University, and non-profit higher education institutions located in Mashhad, as well as specialists in the urban field. In this study, structured interviews were conducted with several stakeholders in urban planning and information technology using the Delphi method to identify key factors. Then, by synthesizing the factors obtained from the interviews and studying the documents in the research background, the validity and reliability of the variables were confirmed by experts. Ultimately, the factors were evaluated in the form of a future-oriented questionnaire.

Using field studies and library research, the most influential factors in the formation of an IoT-based smart city in Mashhad were identified. Then, using the quantitative method of future-oriented analysis and the Micmac software, the level of influence or susceptibility of the identified factors was determined. Therefore, the research findings indicate that among the 26 key factors influencing the formation of an IoT-based smart city, after examining the indicators and extracting the influential key factors (direct and indirect), 7 key drivers have had the greatest impact on the formation of an IoT-based smart city in Mashhad. These drivers include government policies in the field of information technology, improving the level of information literacy and scientific capabilities of citizens, investing in the development of communication and information technology infrastructure, creating a platform for citizen participation in urban development, raising awareness of the benefits and advantages of smart facilities through collective knowledge and culture-building, establishing and strengthening advanced infrastructure based on a smart city, and extensive use of information and communication technology (ICT).

In a summary of the research results, it can be mentioned that government policies in the field of information technology can have significant effects on the deployment of IoT-based smart cities in the short-term ten-year planning horizon. Furthermore, improving the level of information literacy and scientific capabilities of citizens can provide a suitable platform for this in Mashhad, as harnessing relevant knowledge and information is essential for the application of science and new trends in society. Additionally, investment in the development of communication and information technology infrastructure holds special importance. By allocating more capital to this area, the foundation for the formation of a more advanced and better smart city, considering IoT technology, will be established. It should be noted that the use of a new phenomenon requires awareness. Therefore, raising awareness among citizens and officials about the benefits and advantages of replacing conventional facilities with the utilization of collective knowledge and culture-building is crucial. Moreover, by creating and strengthening advanced infrastructure based on a smart city, progress can be made towards achieving the ultimate goals, ultimately leading to the realization of those goals through extensive use of information and communication technology.

Cities manifesting the world's most consuming ecosystem are responsible for a large part of the world's environmental problems. Knowledge of the ecological conditions prevailing in any regions is essential for achieving development. Ecological Footprint Index (EFI) is of great interest for assessing urban communities as a way to measure the levels of sustainability. In this research, the ecological footprint method, which is a quantitative model, was used to analyze the data and measure the sustainability of urban areas. To this goal, an attempt was made to study the EFI and biological capacity of the urban ecosystem of Sari City by using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources. Ecological footprint in the consumption sector, including housing, services, and transportation, was calculated in 4 areas of Sari City. According to the results of data analysis, the ecological footprint of consumption in the mentioned city was equal to 0.94 global hectares and its biological capacity was 0.59 global hectares per person. Comparison of the biological capacity and ecological footprint of this city showed that it had an ecological deficit and was thus ecologically unstable. Among the footprints calculated in the consumption sector, transportation with the ecological footprint of 46.46969 ha had the most ecological footprint. Also, analyses of the ecological footprints in the 4 regions of Sari City showed that Region 1 had a more footprint than other regions, indicating that it followed a higher consumption pattern, but in general, all areas of Sari City were in an ecologically unstable situation according to the research results.

Due to the outbreak of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), a disease caused by Leishmania major and mainly transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi, in Damghan City, Semnan Province, the probable vectors of the disease were investigated in the city from 20 March 2016 to 20 January 2018.

Sand flies were collected from indoors and outdoors biweekly by sticky traps in different parts of the city. The trapped sand flies were stored in 70% ethanol. They were identified and checked for Leishmania infections using nested-PCR method and specific primers; CSB1XR, CSB2XF, LiR, and 13Z. 

Overall, 1862 phlebotomine sand flies of Ph. papatasi (48.8%), Ph. andrejevi (8.3%), Ph. caucasicus (7.7), Ph. mongolensis (2%), Ph. sergenti (1.2%), Ph. alexandri (0.7%), Sergentomyia murgabiensis sintoni (29.3%), and Se. sumbarica (2%) were collected indoors (31.1%) and outdoors (68.9%). The highest and lowest numbers of collected sand flies were belonging to Ph. papatasi (48.8%) and Ph. alexandri (0.7%) respectively. 2.2% of the examined sand flies were shown to be infected with L. major and all were belonging to Ph. papatasi.

This study confirms the report of Ph. papatasi infection with L. major and also the existence of Ph. sergenti and Ph. alexandri, the potential vectors of L. tropica and L. infantum respectively, in Damghan City. According to the findings, it is necessary for health officials to plan and take action to prevent the occurrence of ZCL epidemic in the city as well as the occurrence of other forms of leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis, as a neglected health issue, is spreading in most parts of the world. It is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in Iran. Bee venom has shown a wide range of medicinal properties. The present study aimed to survey the effect of venom and propolis of Apis mellifera on Leishmania major in different environments, including in vivo and in vitro. In this experimental study, bee venom was extracted using the modified Benton method, and propolis was prepared by the soxhletation method. The promastigotes of L. major were exposed to the different doses of the venom (0.03125-1 μg/ml) and propolis (2.5-80 μg/ml) and then evaluated by MTT assay and Flowcytometry after 24 hours. In vivo phases, 107 promastigotes of the L. major in stationary phase were intradermally inoculated into 48 mice based on the study design. After appearance of the wounds, the mice were topically treated with the lotion containing different doses (5 and 10 μg/ml) of the venom and propolis. The size of the ulcers was measured for four weeks. The results showed that propolis and BV had no significant effects on the vitality of Leishmania promastigotes. However, they had a high mortality effect on macrophages. The highest mortality belonged to propolis (78.39 %). In vivo results showed significant differences between some treated and control groups in terms of the mean ulcer size. It seems that a combination of honeybee venom and propolis in a particular dosage can prevent the development of the ulcers caused by L. major. More studies are needed to evaluate the effects of their constituent compounds precisely.

Phlebotomus and Sergentomya are distributed in the old-world regions and transmit leishmaniases through mammalian and reptile hosts. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important diseases in Iran. Iranian sand flies belong to three Oriental, Palearctic, and Afrotropical Regions. Fars Province is located in Palearctic, but southern parts are affected Oriental region situations on phglebotomine population variety. Therefore, a comprehensive study was required on the vectors of the disease in this Province.

Regarding the approved role of the environmental factors in creating the fauna and distribution of living crea-tures, the “de martonne climate method” was used, and the climate was noticed as an important environmental factor for the determination of vector distribution. Accordingly, 14 sampling sites were selected from 10 foci in different climates of Fars Province. 19648 sand flies were collected from the studied areas in this Province during 2016.

Phlebotomus papatasi and Se. antennata were the most frequent species, which were caught from in/outdoor areas. Phlebotomus sergenti and Ph. alexandri were caught from both Palearctic and Oriental zones but were more prevalent in the cold semi-arid climate of the Palearctic zone. Moreover, they were not caught from the hot desert and summer Mediterranean climates of the Oriental zone.

It seems that Ph. papatasi as the main vector of CL could be well distributed in different climates in Fars. Moreover, some species like Ph. sergenti preferred especial climates in the Palearctic zone. Therefore, these data could be helpful to control leishmaniases more efficiently.

It has been a long time since the city became a tool for capital accumulation, and this accumulation with the built environment management has brought about an open competition for the conquest of space in a fundamental and totalitarian manner. For this reason, the interpretation of urban processes in the context of capital has become a leftist discourse which considers the transformation of the conventional accumulation regime as its goal. The main critique of the political economy of space or the current regime of accumulation is based on the problem of the complete transformation of the living of citizens through the artificial environment, which is considered to be the direct space representation. In this regard, this study tries to challenge the accumulation space in District three of Tehran, establish its nature by Grounded theory and conduct semi-structured interviews. The results of the research, which was extracted based on 17 interviews and a review of 37 articles, show that the consequences of capital space at both micro and macro levels have a special tendency towards generalization and universality, and the division of space is evident. In fact, the structure of capital space in the stage of spatial action began with unequal competition for the conquest of space, and its performance is completely dependent on the structure, according to experts.

A high number of human breast cancers overexpress the murine double minute (MDM2) gene which blocks the p53 protein which plays an important role in arresting the cell growth. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of siRNA specific MDM2 in knocking down MDM2 and its subsequent effects on p53 to exert antiproliferative effects on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells. In this in vitro study, we used the specific siRNA of the MDM2 gene to knock down the expression of the MDM2 protein in the MCF-7 cell line. The expression of MDM2, BCL2-associated X (BAX), BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (BID), and B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) genes was evaluated using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The apoptosis level was also assessed using the flow cytometry technique by the Annexin V test. The results showed that the entry of MDM2 siRNA into MCF-7 cells significantly reduced the mRNA expression of MDM2 gene (P-value < 0.05). Besides, the expression of the antiapoptotic gene of BCL2 significantly decreased (P-value < 0.05) in transfected MCF-7 cells, while that of BAX and BID genes increased (P-value < 0.05). Based on the results, MDM2 inhibition is conducive to prevent cancer metastasis by the induction of cancer cell apoptosis. Moreover, it can be considered in cancer therapy along with chemotherapy.

The present study is aimed at explaining the spatial organization of the Khuzestan province system Settlement with emphasis on the role of oil. Oil has been the primary mechanism of formation of the Khuzestan Space organization for the last hundred years and has influenced other mechanisms. It is seen primarily as urbanization and polarization of population and activity. In the analytical field, firstly, using the spatial organization analysis models such as the class difference model and the nearest neighborhood model as well as the first urban indicators, the spatial organization of Khuzestan province is examined, and then to measure the impact of oil on the spatial organization. Housing System of Khuzestan Province Indicators their spatial distribution maps were prepared and analyzed in the form of three selected economic, social and physical variables. A system of information flows and communications and services and population movements under the influence of state bureaucracy have divided the province into the eastern and western or the oil and non-oil divisions. Spatial disequilibrium patterns in the Khuzestan province's oil-affected Settlement system in urban areas, severe imbalances in urban hierarchies, the weak role of middle cities, and thus the concentration of services commensurate with the distribution of deprived and marginalized populations of marginal and marginal cities. The spatial balance in the villages is the emptying of the villages in the eastern half of the province and the concentration of large villages in the western half.

Good local government is the closest, most realistic, and popular example of good governance, in which the participation of the people is confirmed, the supervision is objective and tangible, and it forms the culture of democracy and good governance at the national level. However, strong local government and solid local democracy are necessary for each other. In our country, limited plans and programs have been considered to achieve proper governance of the city, and one of its components is institutional participation and decentralization. The Islamic Council of Tehran approved the plan of the neighborhood council and its implementation to attract the maximum participation of citizens in the administration of urban affairs. After that, Tehran Municipality implemented the neighborhood management plan to complete and strengthen the neighborhood council association, decentralization, and promote neighborhood-based management. However, after several years of approval and implementation of this plan, there has been no positive feedback in line with governance. In the present study, while identifying the most critical challenges and problems of this project from the perspective of good governance, the essential strategies to improve the performance of neighborhood management are presented.

The approach of this research is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose and is a method of collecting documentary and survey information. The data collection tool was both survey and documentary in such a way that the documentary data were used for conducting background studies and theoretical foundations. Survey data and questionnaire tools were used to obtain the findings and perform the analysis. It should be noted that the questionnaire was closed and in the form of a Likert scale. The study’s statistical population was selected based on purposive non-probabilistic sampling, including 40 councilors and district managers with expertise and experience. Data analysis in this research was done in two stages. In the first stage, the subject was studied,  and the second stage was done through surveys, interviews, and questionnaires, by which the research indicators and its proposed solutions were questioned. In the analysis section, using the SWOT analysis method in terms of importance and weighting of experts in the form of analytical matrices, the performance of neighborhood management is evaluated with emphasis on Tehran city councils, and solutions are presented.

The research findings also indicate that the council of potential neighborhoods is the center of proper communication between citizens and city managers. However, councils have many dysfunctions and have not been able to be as effective as they should be. The survey results show that the neighborhood residents have little knowledge of the council’s activities. Also, the councilors acknowledge the ignorance of the residents about their activities. They believe this is because their position is not properly defined, and on the other hand, they have a weak relationship with the municipal institution. The uniformity of urban management at the neighborhood level is also remarkable. There is no difference between the management of densely populated and sparsely populated neighborhoods in Tehran, while the appointment of neighborhood managers is another shortcoming in this regard. According to the sixth principle of the Iranian constitution, the country’s affairs must be governed by popular vote and through elections. They capture and manage the affairs of the country. Given the existence of local councils in the constitution, it should be said that the duties and powers of the councils are advisory, and councilors do not interfere directly in the affairs of districts and urban areas. In contrast, good local community governance requires people to interfere in matters related to themselves and their community. With participation, firm ground for citizens is provided.

Neighborhood management in the true sense depends on people’s intervention, their participation in the management of neighborhood affairs, and the creation of an intra-local self-government system with the necessary authority and power to bargain, make decisions and oversee local affairs. This perception is in the form of the Einstein model (ladder of citizenship participation), the expansion of citizenship power, which is reflected in decisions related to the distribution of resources. In this view, the goal of neighborhood management is to decentralize power (distribute decision-making power to be closer to the people). Neighborhood management means local community development. This perception is more of the councilors’ view of the issue and is focused on developing the neighborhood and solving its problems in various areas of planning and implementation. Neighborhood management means managing neighborhood services, manifested in the form of neighborhood houses. In this view, the goal is to decentralize the responsibility of distributing and managing services rather than decentralizing power. The goal is also to hand over costly and unnecessary matters in the areas of administration and services to the people, which in no way means increasing their citizenship power. This perception is mainly related to the municipality’s middle managers regarding the neighborhood’s management. However, what currently exists in the municipality of Tehran as neighborhood management which is guided by the concept of organizing social participation in the neighborhoods of Tehran, has more capacity than the concept of “neighborhood service management”(Services to be provided by the municipality in the neighborhoods). The conceptual problem stems from the fact that senior municipal managers have articulated the meaning of local government in a process that is, at its best, the service manager at the neighborhood level. However, studies show that neighborhood management in the current situation, focusing on neighborhood housing, is like “neighborhood service management”.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is still widespread in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The vector of the disease is a sandfly, when infected with Leishmania parasite, can transmit the parasite from humans to other vertebrates. As knowledge about causative agents, vectors, and reservoirs of VL in Iran is necessary to control the disease, the present review study has focused on the disease elimination status from a health perspective in the country.

In a recent review, various databases, such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Google Scholar, MEDLIB, Irandoc, Magiran, and SID were searched using the keywords “visceral leishmaniasis”, “VL”, “kala-azar”, “causative agent”, “parasite”, “vector”, “reservoir”, and “Iran”, and the retrieved data were extracted and reviewed independently during 2001-2019.

475 published studies were recorded about VL in Iran from 2001 to 2021. 68 articles were later excluded from the study due to duplication after the initial review. Leishmania infantum and L. tropica were the causative agents, and dogs and humans were the reservoirs. The most common vectors were Phlebotomus major, P. kandelakii, P. keshishiani, P. alexandri, P. perfiliewi, and P. tobbi in different country regions.

The prospect of eliminating VL in Iran is inadequate. Based on the findings, L. infantum and L. tropica were the causative agents, and humans and the Caninae subfamily were the VL reservoirs in the country. These findings can be added to the literature when health policymakers target preventive measures for VL in Iran.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between drug abuse and socioeconomic factors in Dizaj Abad village of Zanjan township. Type of research is applied and its nature and method is Descriptive-Analysis. Data collection method is library and fieldwork (Observations, interviews and questionnaires). The questionnaire is basically composed of closed questions and answers in the Likert scale (five scale). The formal validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. Cronbach's alpha has been used to measure the reliability of the indices, which is 0.784%, indicating their suitable value. Data were analyzed using Correlation tests, Mann-Whitney and t-test. In Arc GIS software, hot spot analysis tests and Anselin Local Moran's index and Geographic weighted regression was used for cluster analysis and weighting. The results of the tests show that people with low education have higher addiction than other people and income level has no significant relationship with addiction and drug abuse. according to Z statistic, Level of education items (-4.688) and with significance level of 0.000 had the most significant relationship with drug addiction and abuse and job items with -0.730 and significance level of -0.465, income level of -0.594 and level of significance 0.553 had no significant relationship with addiction and drug abuse.

As an interconnected whole, the city needs a strong organization with integrated management. With the entry of the private sector and volunteer groups into policy and government, we can see a more desirable form of city administration. Cities have found no way to govern and manage themselves except laying the groundwork for the development of democracy, all of which implies a new way of governing cities called good urban governance. This model is defined as a participatory development process in which all stakeholders, including the government, the private sector, and civil society, provide a way to solve the problems of the rapid urbanization process. This paper aimed to identify the influential and prominent factors in good governance of Urmiā. It is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the research method. The nature of the data is qualitative and quantitative, and the method of data collection is the library research and field (interaction questionnaire). The research sample included 35 experts of urban planning, city managers, and researchers (22 managers and experts and 13 researchers) who were selected by the Delphi method and snowball. The prominent and influential factors have been analyzed in the Maxtor software environment, and the degree of competitiveness, convergence, and agreement among the main factors have been determined. Twelve prominent and influential factors in the good governance of Urmiā were examined. The results showed that direct and indirect effects among the factors represent the highest number of effects for a provincial factor with 187 effects. The highest level of competitiveness was related to the social networks, with a rate of 1.83. Road development, housing, and an urban management organization with 12 events per goal have been identified.Highlight-Identifying and examining actors, creates benefits and capacities for managers and planners of Urmia city that can be fully synchronized with facilitating the principles of good urban governance.-The classification of the governing actors of Urmia city in the diagram of influence and effectiveness indicates the existence of a vicious cycle in the interactions between the effective actors in the management process of the city.Extended Abstract Introduction The city needs a strong organization with integrated management as an interconnected whole. With the entry of the private sector and volunteer groups into policy and government, we can see a more desirable form of the city administration. Cities have found no way to govern and manage themselves except by laying the groundwork for the development of democracy, all of which implies a new way of governing cities called good urban governance. This model is defined as a participatory development process in which all stakeholders, including the government, the private sector, and civil society, provide a way to solve the problems of the rapid urbanization process. The question that arises in this paper is who are the role-playing actors, influential people, and prominent forces in governing the city of Urmiā? Efforts are made to explain better the various dimensions of a better understanding of the conditions of urban managers and policymakers and their position in the city of Urmiā to be understood from the citizens' perspective. This can be an effective step to eliminate the deficiencies and shortcomings in the structural and executive body.The literature review (identification of the main actors of urban governance) indicated that there is no research on the subject under study. Therefore, this research is a step towards advancing this important issue for the city of Urmiā. Also, the subject's methodology under investigation is another novelty aspect. Mactor software examines and analyzes the actors influential in realizing good governance in the city of Urmiā. This study tried to provide a model to improve the current process of developing urban governance programs. On the one hand, the prepared projects meet the needs of the people and the urban system and, on the other hand, provide a suitable platform for improving the feasibility of urban spatial development plans.Methodology This paper aimed to identify the influential and prominent factors in good governance of Urmiā. It is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the research method. The nature of the data is qualitative and quantitative, and the method of data collection is the library research and field (interaction questionnaire). The data analysis method is quantitative-qualitative (mixed method) in this research. According to the needs of this research, the sample population includes experts and elites who have the necessary and sufficient expertise in the field of integrated urban management and good governance in the studied city. The research sample included 35 experts, specialists, and elites selected by the snowball method. We asked the experts to introduce the next person to us. Hidden and overt actors in urban management and good urban governance were extracted through an open questionnaire and the Delphi method. After gathering the actors and goals, the matrix of works was formed in two stages, so that the indicators are placed in its rows and columns. Excel and Mactor software were used to convert indicators and variables After gathering the actors and goals, the interaction matrix was formed in two steps, in a way that the indicators are located in rows and columns. Excel and Mactor software were used to convert indexes and variables. The research method is done in 8 steps; the first step is to identify the actors and the goals, the second step is the interaction of the actors with each other, the third step is the effects of the actors and the goals on each other, the fourth step is the analysis of the actors' performance, the fifth step is the competitiveness of the actors; the sixth step is the position of the maximum matrix of the actors, the seventh step, is the degree of convergence and divergence among the actors, the eighth and the final step agreement of the actors between the goals. Twelve prominent and influential factors in the good governance of Urmiā were examined.Results and discussionFindings showed that direct and indirect effects among actors represent the highest number of influences for governorship with 187 effects. Social networks were the most competitive with 1.83%. Twelve events per goal have determined the purpose of developing roads, housing, and organizing urban management. According to the results, to achieve good governance for the city of Urmiā, the participatory planning system should be improved, and the transfer of management of local affairs in the areas of administration, coordination, supervision, and regulation should be established.ConclusionThe present study has tried to analyze the impact, effectiveness, convergence, divergence, agreement of actors and goals by identifying the influential actors in good governance of Urmiā from the experts' viewpoint in the field of urban planning and urban management. The classification of the governing actors of Urmiā in the chart of influence and effectiveness indicates the existence of a vicious cycle in the interactions among the influential actors in the management process of the city. The most influential and effective actors are the governmental organizations and institutions, but the actors and public stakeholders such as universities and consulting engineers and the engineering system that should be part of the influential group are practically in the lower category of influence and effectiveness. Also, the convergence and divergence among the actors over their goals showed that the greatest convergence is among public actors. However, according to the city's ultimate goal of good governance, it should be among the government institutions. Regarding the poor coordination among the urban management institutions, the power of government-affiliated actors (governorate, management organization, road, and urban development, etc.) has been more than the total weight of private and public actors. Such a situation can be considered one of the reasons for the lack of proper management of a city, which necessitates paying more attention to the actors and stakeholders in the management process and the city's governance.Funding There is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the workConflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest.Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

Undefended spaces are one of the most important factors inducing a sense of insecurity in urban spaces, which leads to a decrease in the mental peace of citizens and increasement in criminal conduct for crime in these spaces. With proper control and use of physical and social factors, these spaces are improved physically and meaningfully and prevent the adverse effects that lead to the occurrence of various types of violence. This research, by examining the defenseless urban spaces of one area of Tabriz city, tries to provide a model for improving and improving the security of these spaces based on the perspective of the dynamics of urban spaces. The type of research is based on the purpose, applied and based on the nature and descriptive-analytical method which is based on documentary and field data. The statistical population is the neighborhoods of one city of Tabriz, and VIKOR technique and IPA importance-performance analysis have been used in the data analysis. The findings show that eastern neighborhoods have the least and western neighborhoods have the most defenseless spaces in the studied area. Also, the results of the importance-performance quadrant matrix indicate that permeability and visual and functional comfort; promotion of social security and tourism capabilities; The use of new technologies and the response of the space to different social groups are the components that have the highest priority in the dynamization of defenseless urban spaces.