mohsen zamani

Renewable energy could solve the problems caused by fossil fuels. The Archimedes hydro screw turbine is a potential tool for generating power from river currents. In this paper, a turbine at a scale of 1:6 has been made. It is installed and tested at various flow rates. The system is optimized using a genetic algorithm to achieve maximum efficiency. Due to the limitations that existed for conducting experimental tests at the optimal flow rate, the turbine at optimal flow rate is studied by CFD. In the turbine numerical simulation, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the turbine, such as rotational speed, power, torque, efficiency, and power coefficient are compared in the optimal flow rate (2.6 (lit/s)) and a flow rate of 2.4 (lit/s) (the closest flow rate to the optimal one). The results show that these values are higher in the optimal flow rate. Furthermore, the behavior of the turbine in these two conditions is compared using velocity, vorticity, pressure, and phase contours, which indicates that the velocity and pressure values are higher, and the vorticity and immersion values are lower in the optimal flow rate. Finally, for economic analysis of operating the turbine at the prototype scale as a hydropower plant, the discounted payback period for the turbine is determined, which varies between 2.55 to 5.93 years depending on the discount rate. It is also shown that operating this turbine at the prototype scale as a hydropower plant in Iran leads to currency savings of 1561 $.

This article tried to critically review the methodology of Islamic management articles and introduce and explain a new method in Islamic management research entitled "exploratory text analysis." For this purpose, after a comprehensive and analytical review of prevailing research methods in Islamic management research and identifying the gap in the methodology of this field, the new method of "exploratory text analysis" has been introduced in an eight-step process, initially. Next, its features and differences compared to other methods had explained. Then, a sample of work done with this method, titled "exploration of Imam Ali's leadership model from Malik Ashtar's treaty" and its stages were described. The results of this research showed that the introduced method has a suitable capacity to discover and extract the conceptual pattern hidden in Islamic texts. It provides the possibility to receive the main message and the intention of the author of the text independently and comprehensively and without prejudice.

This research aims to achieve the leadership model of Imam Ali (AS) in the treaty of Malik Ashtar (RA). It seeks to answer the following question: What is the leadership model of Imam Ali (AS) according to the context of the treaty To this end, the authors used exploratory textual analysis. For this purpose, first, the entire text of the treaty was divided into 79 verses according to each section's content and thematic relevance. After that, the conceptual diagram was extracted and drawn through the precise analysis of each phrase. Each diagram indicated the relationship between different concepts and speeches of that phrase. Then by reviewing the entire text several times along with the diagrams of the phrases, the final pattern of the text was extracted, which indicated the leadership model of Imam Ali (AS) in the treaty. Findings of this research show the leadership model of Imam Ali (AS) in the treaty is a comprehensive model according to which the leader's duty starts by obeying God and then leading himself. These two are the starting point when the leader begins to guide others. In this model, the leadership of people and subordinates is done through direct supervision and indirect leadership (through brokers). Also, according to the treaty, the emphasis of Imam Ali (AS) was on explaining the relationship between leader and people; this issue was of particular importance.

Learning Arabic starts with three books under the title of: Arabic the language of Quran. These books has a direct connection with the official religion of Islamic republic of Iran’s official constitution. Considering that all religions are recognized in Iran’s constitution and Arabic textbooks are taught all over Iran, this study attempts at dealing with criticizing how religious identities were represented in these textbooks. Therefore, after reviewing the macro level official documents in Iran and ‘the Fundamental Reform Document’ of the Ministry of Education’, the researchers determined the relevant elements of religious identity. The elements include ‘religious places and cities’, ‘religious rituals’, ‘religious figures’, ‘religious symbols’ and ‘religious sects’. The study enjoyed a critical analysis and a descriptive method of research. The units of analysis were lexical items, illustrations and pictures of the textbooks. The results indicated that some items like ‘religious figures’ representing Islam have been the focus of attention, while minority religions were underestimated. This may be interpreted as deviation from the contents of macro level official documents, which are expected to actualize the national unity among the Iranian communities.

Iran’s regionalism policy and strategies has different versions during the times. During most of the 20th century, the two successor states of the Ottoman and Persian Empires played only a limited role in Middle Eastern politics. Iran did have foreign policy ambitions, and his impact on the Middle East was felt mostly in the region’s east and in its petro-politics. Iran’s ability to project power and influence in its immediate environment and beyond was constrained by Soviet pressure and domestic problems. Turkey, for its part, was ruled by a secular elite oriented toward Europe. As such, during most of the latter half of the 20th century, the regional politics of the Middle East were shaped mostly by the dynamics of inter-Arab relations and by the Arab-Israeli conflict. Iran’s quest for regional hegemony after 1979 and Turkey’s shift away from Europe to its neighborhood transformed the region. The Middle East was now joined by two, large, powerful Muslim states. One important illustration of the new regional reality is the Astana Forum that since 2017 has been the major arena of the efforts to resolve the Syrian crisis. Not a single Arab state is a participant in that forum. Of the two new actors, Iran is the more ambitious and more active. It is driven by religious zeal; the geopolitical ambitions of a successor state to a great imperial past; and the anxieties of a regime worried by the enmity of the United States and such regional enemies as Israel, Saudi Arabia and, until 2003, Iraq. The Iranian leadership may well see some of its actions as defensive, but they serve in fact to exacerbate the anxieties of its rivals, thus creating a vicious cycle of defensive-offensive action and reaction.

Methodology of this study is descriptive- analytical and required information has been collected through library research. The information gathered from sources such as books, magazines, online articles, etc.

As it marks the 40th anniversary of the Islamic Revolution, Iran finds itself as a major actor in a transformed Middle Eastern system shaped to a considerable extent by its own actions. Forty years after its birth, the Islamic Republic is still fueled by a blend of religious zeal, geopolitical ambitions, and vested interest. The question remains open as to when—as has been the case with other great revolutions—a phase of consolidation and moderation will set in. Revolutions are often defined as mass-based movements that violently, over a relatively short span of time, bring down a regime and often lead to a restructuring of the polity and the transformation of the class structure of a society. As a result, it is commonly assumed that the country's foreign policy will also undergo fundamental changes. Iran has made many mistakes in its long diplomatic history. In the post-revolutionary period, and particularly in the early years of the Islamic revolution, Iran’s foreign policy was often characterized by provocation, agitation and subversion. Yet, while the dominant understanding of revolution is heavily intertwined with change, there has been a good deal of continuity in regional policy when it comes to post-revolutionary Iran. To trace this continuity, it is important to understand the ways in which Iran’s regional policies are viewed by elites in the country. The present paper, actually argues that both domestic and regional changes have combined to make of Iran an exceptional case study of how an Islamic revolutionary state might set about managing the post-cold war order. Accordingly, in the 1990s it was the new geopolitical realities which came to dominate the agenda of the Islamic republic, bringing Iran closer to its Eurasian hinterland (Central Asia and Cuacasia). In the new millennium, however, geopolitical complexities which has emerged as the single most significant source of threat to Iran, as well as to the West's regional interests. Attacks on both the Shi’a communities and the West have made tacit, unacknowledged allies of Iran and the West in containing its impact on the status quo in the Middle East. This has been the case, remarkably, despite the ongoing rift between Iran and the United States. The chapter traces Iran's responses to this dynamic environment and analyzes its impact on Iran's elites, outlook, and policies.

Regionalism and understanding its dimensions and foundations is one of the necessities of achieving an efficient and national interest-based foreign policy. In the geopolitical codes of the First Powers, regionalism is defined as an active strategy and a basis for increasing interaction with the world system. The history of Iranian foreign policy shows that regionalism and its patterns have not been on the agenda of designers and decision makers of Iran's political apparatus before and after Islam. Historically, regionalism has been overlooked as an approach and policy in the various governments ruling Iran. The neglect of geographical approaches and policies is to the extent that even the Achaemenes and Sassanid governments did not feel the need to interact and regionalize with their subordinate countries. However, to achieve its geopolitical goals and interests, the Islamic Republic of Iran has to develop and apply regionalism principles and approaches. In the current situation, the Islamic Republic's insistence on a purely ideological approach to its foreign relations has, to a certain extent, neglected the peripheral realities and depleted its geographical and geopolitical capacities. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical approach and based on a complementary approach, explores the principles and approaches for activating the regionalism approach in the foreign policy structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Caucasus and Central Asia. The results show that among the regionalization approaches, there are three cultural complementarity, civilization complementarity and geo-economic complementarity including the most important approaches and patterns of regionalization of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Caucasus and the Central Asia.

Intuitive multi-page decision making matrix model knows The solutions and the decisions of policy makers in the field of foreign policy decision-making of multiple strategies including optimum strategies (and not always the maximum) at the time of making decisions Design a strategy, a set of practices and procedures which are the decision makers involved in the choice between multiple solutions As well as the decision rule that dictates how the results of the above-mentioned choice used in making real decisions so that policy-makers to apply a two-stage process A preliminary study of the solutions available and choose the best solution from among the list of results first step towards minimizing risk and maximizing profits That's why this model is better than other current models of decision-making in foreign policy decision-making on the nuclear policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran until explain Comprehensive Plan of Action joint

The American effort to quit the nuclear deal, called JCPOA, was a program Donald Trump had been running since the US presidential election. Eventually, the US government officially announced and resumed sanctions and declared readiness to re-negotiate Iran's willingness. The main question of the present article is what factors have contributed to the departure of the United States. The hypothesis is as follows: the Trump Foreign Policy Foundations, the persistence of the threatening nature of Iran after the introduction of the common sense between the United States, Israel and Saudi Arabia over the threat of Iran, its interpretation of the role of progress in strengthening the regional presence of Iran and the ignorance Considering this in the context of the internal and external implications, the post action of the Islamic Republic of Iran should be considered as one of the key variables in the decision of Donald Trump on the withdrawal JCPOA of the United States.

Alienation is one of the most important issues for the contemporary human. Alienation dates back to the mankind creation. Researchers of different fields have presented numerous interpretations for it. In the current century, psychology and sociology have different approaches to alienation. R.K Merton (1910-2003) was an American sociologist that studied alienation in the matrix of social abnormalities. His theory is known as ‘the end-means theory’. On the basis of this theory, Mozafar Navab, an Iraqi contemporary poet, may be claimed to have been somewhat alienated from his society, i.e. both the government and the people, in terms of his approach for reaching his goals. This paper aims to study the following three issues using a descriptive–analysis method 1) Navab’s personality according to Merton’s personality types, 2) the most important tools to overcome his alienation, and 3) the impact of end and means on the idioms and words in his ode. The obtained results clarify that the poet has a nonconformist personality. Also, he believes that social structures are not efficient enough for him to reach his goal. Thus, he wants to use rebellion as an approach against governments which use such means as censorship, demagoguery, and so on to save their domination over Arab nations. The high frequency of informative and subjunctive statements is the prominent feature of his ode. Moreover, the marked words such as, bullet, fire, blood, greif, Hossain, Khaled Eslambooli, emphasize the poet’s nonconformist thoughts against the society and government, along with his revolutionary ideas.

The decision-making and policy making process and the factors influencing the foreign policy orientation in the Islamic Republic of Iran after JCPOA was an ambiguous and sometimes contradictory and unreliable implementation. This action is most affected by the multiplicity of institutions, the involvement of non-state actors, and the personalities of power relations. Although there is a general consensus with the complexity within the system, the continuation of dual sovereignty and parallel institutions leads to the emergence of a specific, complex and interconnected structure consisting of the leadership, the presidency, the military-security forces and the Supreme National Security Council and the Security Commission National and foreign policy of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Along with them, an informal network based on personal relationships as well as the influence of religious figures has also been effective in the functioning of formal institutions in the field of foreign policy. Despite the definition and clarification of the structure of foreign policy decisions in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the lack of a comprehensive foreign policy decision making structure in which the framework, position and role of each institution, brokerage, and certain individuals The fact is undeniable. Accordingly, the question of the article is whether there is political balance and political consensus between the institutions of power in the major political issues in the field of foreign policy in a political structure called the Islamic Republic of Iran The hypothesis of the article is based on this principle. The Islamic Republic of Iran suffers from a political imbalance and the consensus of power institutions over foreign policy issues, for example, the choice of a kind of national security strategy in the post-JCPOA that has been addressed in this study.

The relations between China and the United States may be the most complex and the most controversial relations among the big powers. These relations are affected by numerous variables and in many cases have been opposite and unpredictable. China is a representative of the newly emerged powers and the United States is the representative of traditional powers. They have been considered as two rival and conflicting powers in world policies of the twenty first century. These complicated relations and China's emerging as a world power and the consequent repercussion of it is important in international system. Understanding the security strategies of these two countries in geostrategic and geopolitical region of the world will guide us about future prospect of international system. The present article tries to use an analytical model that is a moderation of the model of structural realism of Kenneth Waltz and raises this question that "what is China's security strategy against the geopolitical movements of the United States in geostrategic areas" It is seen that China's security strategy is having four behavioral models of hard and soft balance, hard trail and soft trail which is based on relative strength, relative security and relative ideology. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical based on library sources.

From the geopolitical and geopolitical geographic point of view, factors and elements of geography, and in particular geographic regions, play a role in political events and processes. One of these geographic regions is the Persian Gulf, which plays an unparalleled role in global events. This region is of great importance in global equations, due to various reasons, including energy, waterways and strategic passages, and the need to secure it for large powers, consumer markets, and so on. So that the Persian Gulf could be considered the third most important international region of the world at the beginning of the third millennium. In this regard, creating convergence in this geopolitical area and increasing its fields is one of the requirements for the development and development of this geopolitical area. In this descriptive-analytical study, this paper attempts to investigate the factors that determine the potential and actual context of convergence in the geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf. The results of this research show that the most important of these factors are: environmental issues, geochemistry factors, cultural commonality, economic factors, possession of huge hydrocarbon reserves and common interests.

One of the most important and most sensitive issues in the Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy and diplomacy on Iran after the incident, undoubtedly the most important controversial nationalization of the oil industry, the Iranian nuclear crisis major world powers, regional nuclear policy Iran equally affected the nuclear activities of Iran's policies of regional and global,policy Iran equally affected the nuclear activities of Iran's policies of regional and global, so that by highlighting the problem of hot and controversial nuclear Iran, especially in recent decades, conflicts units from time to time as the conflict promotes less violent that the among the negative propaganda of the West and some of the Middle East, extreme sensitivity on the issue Iran's nuclear created a tangible impact access and security policies in the Middle East, creates a hostile reaction in the so that by highlighting the problem of hot and controversial nuclear Iran, especially in recent decades, conflicts units from time to time as the conflict promotes less violent that the among the negative propaganda of the West and some of the M actors Al, a significant change in the political climate - not the Middle East security and "the threat of regional hegemony" has replaced nuclear threat.

In Inventory Routing Problem (IRP), which is one of the most important logistics problems, decisions regarding the distribution and inventory management must be made by an integrated managerial approach. In this type of problems, decision maker usually has the option to use several types of vehicles to form a fleet with appropriate size and composition in order to minimize both inventory and transportation costs. Considering the amount of pollution produced, in this problem, may reduce pollution . This paper proposes a new model for green inventory routing problem with heterogeneous fleet. The objectives of the proposed model are to minimize the emissions, the fleet, routing and inventory costs. Due to the NP-hard nature of the assessed problem, a meta-heuristic algorithm based on Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA) is proposed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, its results are compared with the results of exact method and basic Algorithm. The results of these comparisons indicate the good performance of the proposed algorithm.

deviation is one of the most effective methods of prominence and abnormal in literature, poetry and prose; this lets to poets and writers to change the system of typical language and express their meanings and concepts in the new form and new expression and absorb.
Jabran Khalil Jabran expressed his implecations in a graceful form with music of arrangement words in different expression using variety of Imaginative and sentiment.
The following research has been studied the deviation in Al-Agnehat Al-Motekassere with the use of Descriptive analytical; and with the help of text samples in three morphologic levels; meaning and Non-linguistic deviation have been investigated. In this research we have concluded that Jabran with the using Imaginative especially simile in word area with offering new compounds from text has been DE familiarized and applied this deviation in better expression of his emotions and his views against social abnormal situation and corrupt religious rulers.

By the triumph of moderates in the eleventh presidential election in Iran, the Iranian foreign policy in general and more specifically its nuclear diplomacy has changed dramatically so that the compromise strategy has overcome the confrontation orientation. The present paper is to explain the factors behinds this dramatic change by applying the decision making theory of James Rosenau. The findings of the paper illustrate that respectively the international system; individual and social factors are more determinant factors and have crucial roles in the Irans nuclear diplomacy since 2013.

In recent years, great efforts have been made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by vehicles. Petroleum products produces greenhouse gas emissions, therefore reducing the use of these products can make a major contribution to reducing pollution. The Fleet Size and Mix Vehicle Routing Problem is one of the most widely used routing branches. In this problem, there are vehicle with different capacities and there is the possibility of choosing vehicles of different types. In this paper, Fleet Size and Mix Vehicle Routing Problem is death considering the reduction of fuel consumption. Since this problem is NP-hard, three novel heuristic methods entitled GROS-I,GROS-II, GGT are presented for the problem. In order to evaluate the proposed heuristics a number of small, medium and large problems are solved. The results show that proposed algorithms have good performance.

In this paper, the authors focuse on jihadists Islamic in Central Asia, called the IMU (Islamic movmentof uzbekistan) Islamic Jihad Union (Islamic jihadism of uzbekistan) believe that these groups have high adaptability in the wake of forced migration in Waziristan, Pakistan, since 2001 have shown. soft structural changes that occurred over the years in these groups. Jihadist groups in Waziristan, Pakistan's relationship with other large decision making power and influence of these groups is increasing. So as to not create a stable political institutions by international forces in Afghanistan, and consequently the weakness and lack of clear strategy in the wake of America's withdrawal from Afghanistan, two factions split between ethnic groups in northern Afghanistan, among them lack of a charismatic leader And on the opposite side of cohesion and solidarity among the Central Asian militant jihadi groups, the pattern of financial support SPIRITUAL iraq sham Islamic state(isis) group the two groups of the Islamic Movement of Islamic Jihad Union is potentially dangerous groups It can be a wake-up call for the region, yet the signs as back to Central Asia in the international forces in Afghanistan opportunity to have the opportunity to provide these groups with a Our hypothesis in this paper is that the Central Asian Islamic fundamentalist group called the Islamic Movement of Islamic Jihad Union serious threats to stability and security in Afghanistan and potentially dangerous groups Countries of the region in the wake of the withdrawal of international forces since 2014 This paper measures the probability of the hypothesis that dangrous or not these groups

This paper, developed by documentary research method, studies Molavi’s opinion on martyrdom. Studies have shown that Molavi considers martyrdom a conscious and optional death of man for proximity to the source of Divine light and existence. He regards martyr as a lover of high rank who gives his life for the Holy Cause. Wisdom and faith germinate love in man and love creates courage and courage finally makes the lover give his life for his beloved. The real beloved welcomes the lives of his lovers who undertake all hardships and calamities for their union. According to him, the value of sacrifice and self-devotion depends upon the value of the one for whom the lover sacrifices himself. He says the excellence and value of the lover is the same as that of the beloved. Therefore, since the beloved of the martyr is the Most Valuable Being, martyr deserves a high and noble status. In view of the sage of Balkh, he who kills his whims either in the course of lesser jihad or in the greater jihad, he shall be recognized as martyr. This is because in both cases the lover has met his beloved after his death and while freeing himself of material pains, he enjoys a good and pleasurable life and time in God’s presence.

When subjected to a magnetic field, the hydrogen bonds between water molecules become weakened, and the water molecule clusters break down into smaller ones. This allows for the water to more easily penetrate into cement particles, causing a faster and more effective hydration process. In order to assess the effect of magnetic water on curing and workability of cement past and wet concrete, also the compressive strength of condensed cement as well as concrete, first, a magnetic treatment device was designed and built in this study. The magnetic water produced was mixed with cement to make cement pastes with different water-to-cement (w/c) ratios. Curing time, workability, and compressive strength of such cement pastes were investigated. Then, using well balanced aggregates, magnetic water, cement with different proportions, and micro-silica, concrete with different mix designs were made and tested. Among the results from this study are: 1) The optimized magnetic field intensity for producing magnetic water is 0.8 to 1.0 tesla. 2) Magnetic water reduces the primary and secondary curing of cement by 50% and 19%, respectively. 3) The best compressive strengths are obtained if the water is circulated through the magnetic field for about 15 minutes, and the best workability is obtained if this time is about 65 minutes. 4) For higher proportions of cement in mix design and the application of magnetic water, the resulted concrete compressive strength may be increased by 20% and even higher. 5) In addition to enhancing the level of cement hydration, application of magnetic water takes more advantage of micro-silica in improving concrete strength. For example, the simultaneous application of micro-silica and magnetic water increases the 7-day-strength by 46% and the 28-day-strength by 39%. It is noteworthy that if one were to choose either application of micro-silica or the magnetic water for enhancing the concrete compressive strength, results here show that the application of micro-silica is slightly more effective. In general, the application of magnetic water increases the speed of concrete strengthening and/or the hydration process. In fact the rate of this strengthening for the 7-day-concrete is much more than that for the 28-day-concrete.

The Ashoora and its corollaries, as soon as the event occurred, turned into dominant motifs in the Shiite ritual poetry. Sharif Morteza, one of the Abbasid Shiite thinkers and poets, has portrayed the different aspects of this crucial event in his poetry. Employing a descriptive-analytic method and selecting a number of his poems on the Ashoora, this study attempts to analyze the content and motifs of Seyed Morteza's poems as well as elaborate on their rhetorical and literary aspects. A close investigation of Seyed Morteza’s poetry indicates that his Ashoora poems not only convey the ethos of the Ashoora and evoke the audience’s emotions, but also underline Shiite principles such as the leadership-status of the Holy Prophet’s Family (Ahl al-Bayt), the position of the Ashoora in history, particularly the history of Islam, the causes of the catastrophe, the oppressed rights of Ahl al-Bayt, and the true legacy of Imam Hossein and Ahl al-Bayt’s religious leadership (Imamah).

The present paper is an attempt to study consolidation of democracy in Turkish political system within the framework of the transition to democracy and hence the democratic mechanisms and their instruments in the new developments inTurkeyare analyzed. TheRepublicofTurkeyhas experienced a fragile and tumultuous democracy. The main focus of the present paper is not to study the transition ofTurkeyto democracy sinceTurkeyexperienced transition to democracy in 1950s, rather attempts have been made to study its focal point, i.e. consolidation and stabilization of democracy in this country. In fact, Turkish democracy has always been instable and fragile. The main question of the present paper is: given the victory of the Justice and Development Islamist Party, which is considered a new phase in democracy inTurkey, what is the future orientation of political developments inTurkey The hypothesis of this paper is: democracy inTurkeymoves towards consolidation and stabilization, while the major structural developments and modern balance of power in political arena ofTurkeyprepares the grounds for this consolidation.

In this paper, wind energy resources in west Iran have been analyzed and estimated. Along with intense economic development and increasing energy consumption, clean, domestic and renewable energy can be the best option for future plans. The most important barrier for a wider deployment of renewable resources in Iran is the fossil fuel price which is the lowest in the world. Recently, government have decided to remove subsides for fossils, Therefore fossil fuel priceswill increase and this causes green energy price to be feasible. Wind power energy due to better economic conditions and very low environmental pollution today is very attractive. In this study we have used Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the potential of wind energy resources in the west of Iranand explain the Multiple Criteria Decision Making method and site selection Criteria for wind resources assessment. In this research the desired criteria with equal importance have been investigated, these criteria include technical, environmental, economic and geographic standards. The results of this study are favorable for electricity production from wind, according to international standards in three states of west of Iran. Results have shown that 3% of study area has capacity for installing large wind turbines. Assuming that use of Gamesa G58 turbine model we can produce up to 1897 megawatts of wind power, which is26% of electrical supply region in 2026.

Searching about Nationalism in dramatic literature of Iran, cause us to consider two special eras in the one hundred and fifty year old dramatic history of Iran: First Pahlavi and the time of war between Iran and Iraq which has allocated a lot of artistic works under the name of Defa’e Moghadas to itself. But the main aspect of this research is introducing and surveying Sho’bie Movement – the first Iranian Nationalism movement – as the historical prelude of nationalism in First Pahlavi era in which has been represented the effects of the first movement. Sho’bie was formed against the Arabic cultural invasion. When Sassanian army had been broken down by Arabs who had been newly Muslims, they lost their independence, their kingdom and also government. But Arab Muslims started to dominate Iran by establishing a tyrannical government in Iran. Iranians who were disgusted with this new religion, Islam -which was supposed to bring them equity and brotherhood but it didn’t- were forced to fight against it. So Sho’bie Movement was born to stop Arabs destroying their history, culture and customs. There were three different wings in this movement; political wing, literary wing and cultural- scientific one. While Sho’bie is the first organized nationalist movement in this country and also effective in the dramatic literature of First Pahlavi, it is so significant for this research. Also both of them have many things in common. At the last years of Qajar dynasty, there were a lot of domestic riots in different parts of Iran. Also, Russian forces were in north of Iran and British ones in south. Constitutions who wanted to set up a limited monarchy couldn’t succeed after sixteen years struggling. Finally Reza Shah became the king of Iran by a coup. The conditions of society motivated intellectuals to be interested in nationalism. The government also supported these kinds of nationalist thoughts and activities, because they could have benefited by them. Reza Shah was also interested in founding a modern nationalist society and his points of view were somehow similar to the opinions of Earnest Gleaner- a theoretician of modern nationalism. Returning to brilliant historical time of Iran and encouraging national emotions of nation was two most important things that Reza Shah used them to reach his desire. Writers who were motivated and supported by the government, started to write plays in which nationalism were represented as well as the brilliant history of Acheamenian and Sassanidae Emperorship. In a comparison with Sho’bie movement, it seems that nationalism in dramatic literature of First pahlavi has mostly followed the patterns of literary and cultural- scientific wings of Sho’bie movement. Obviously there are some differences between these two movements because there is a long distance - more than one thousand years - between them but there are many considerable similarities between the patterns of thought and campaign in Sho’bie and the patterns of thought and campaign in First Pahlavi era which are detectable and have been represented in this research as the main purpose.

There are two approaches to semantics of proper names, Millian and descriptive theory. Each one satisfies some of our linguistics intuitions and does not satisfy others. Avoiding problems of those theories, Sainsbury has developed a hybrid theory, which is called "Reference without Referent" (henceforth: RWR). Firstly, I mention some motivations of suggesting RWR (solving some problems in modal context, providing an acceptable semantics for empty names and committing to Davidson's theory of meaning). Then I illustrate and criticize this theory. In last section I attempt to solve some puzzle which Millian theory comes from with them. Because RWR is more close to Millian theory rather descriptive theory, enabling to solve those problems shows that RWR can satisfy our linguistics intuitions better than two other alternatives.