mojtaba davarpanah

Dust is a disastrous weather problem that can cause serious environmental hazards and adverse consequences on agriculture, industry and people's daily life. The intensity of these winds is such that by creating the concentration of dust in the sky and the influx of quicksands on the surface of the earth, they deprive people of any activity and create disturbances in the general situation. To the extent that these strong winds today have covered the fields that were used as wheat storage for several millennia with sand dunes, and the drought has progressed to the extent that it has completely dried up an area of 4,000 square kilometers. Successive droughts caused the Hamon wetland to dry up and the bed of that spring became dusty. As a result of the 120-day winds of Sistan, fine dust particles spread for kilometers and create a basic problem for the residents of Sistan in Iran and parts of Afghanistan. The amount of water that enters the wetland through the Hirmand River every year, if it is spread on its bed, it can stabilize the soil particles to some extent and cause plants to grow in the Hamon bed, which is very effective in stabilizing the soil and preventing the spread of dust. However, the spread of floods in the Hamon bed is in conflict with the interests of some wetland beneficiaries such as nomads, fishermen, boatmen and farmers of the Hamon bed. Their interests will be secured if the small amount of water entered into the wetland is concentrated in some places and not spread over a wide area. for this reason The movement of quicksand caused by sandstorms in Sistan region irreparable damage to the economic life of cities and especially villages, including communication roads, agricultural fields, aqueducts and irrigation canals and houses. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of estimating the economic losses of the effects of dust on the beneficiaries of the Hamon wetland.

The statistical population of this research is all the beneficiaries of the wetland (fishermen, boatmen, farmers of the wetland bed and nomads) and residents of Sistan region, of which 292 people were randomly selected. In this research, two library-documentary and field methods were used to collect information. To determine the model to measure the willingness to pay, it is assumed that the person accepts the proposed cost for the green and prosperous Hamon wetland based on maximizing his utility under conditions or rejects the proposed cost. The dual questionnaire form in cv survey has a dependent variable with a double choice, which requires a selective qualitative model. Usually, logit and probit models are used for qualitative selection methods, due to the abundant and common use of logit model in calculation, this model was used in this research. The average method of partial willingness to pay is better for calculating the amount of willingness to pay because this method preserves the stability and consistency of the limits with the theory, statistical efficiency and the ability to accumulate; Therefore, the average willingness to pay was used in this research. The parameters of the logit model are estimated using the maximum likelihood method, which is the only technique for estimating the logit model (Hanemann, 1984). Then, the expected value of the willingness to pay is calculated by numerical integration in the range of zero to the highest offer (A) in the form of the following equation. Research data was collected using designed questionnaires that were prepared separately for each department. Users were interviewed in person and in different parts of the lagoon. The willingness to pay method was used to calculate the average willingness to pay of Hamon lagoon users and it was used to calculate the expected value of willingness to pay by numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum offer. Also, Excel software was used to analyze the variables and mathematical calculations, and SPSS software was used to estimate the parameters of the logit model.

The results of surveying the education level of the respondents showed that 28.1% of people had less than middle school literacy and 20.5% of them were illiterate. Examining the results of people's income status showed that 49.3 percent of users had monthly income between 1-3 million tomans, 26 percent of them had income less than 1 million tomans. The values of Cox and Nel and Nigel Kirk statistics are equal to 0.095 and 0.133, which means that six independent variables (gender, income, education, number of children and occupation) have been able to account for between 10 and 13 percent of the changes in the damage variable Explain the cause of dust. After estimating the parameters of the logit model using the maximum likelihood method, by means of numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum damage amount (15000000 Rials), the expected value of WTP was calculated, and the average dust damage to the users was 11237600 Rials per year. According to the total population of users (11172 people) of Hamon lagoon, the total value of dust damage to users is 125546467200 rials per year. The average amount of users' willingness to pay is 286,950 rials per year. Considering the total population of users and tourists of Hamon Wetland, the total value of the proposed amount for the restoration of Hamon Wetland is 45,354,350,800 Rials per year, which can be used to preserve and restore natural resources or to invest in the direct values of the wetland in terms of tourism, etc. .

Since the recent droughts in the Sistan region have endangered the life of the Hamoun wetland and led to the employment of a large part of the residents of rural areas who used to earn a living in this way, it is necessary to develop effective strategies for the establishment of non-agricultural industries in order to create employment. We are the residents of the region that if this is not fulfilled, we will witness the depopulation of a huge part of the rural and border areas in the Sistan region.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between the hidden curriculum and environmental protection from the perspective of the students of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Jiroft University in the year 2021-2022 in Jiroft city. The number of members of the statistical population in this research was 606, and 235 of them were selected by simple random method by referring to the Karjesi-Morgan table. After answering, 195 questionnaires (110 girls and 85 boys) were returned. Finally, 195 questionnaires were subjected to final analysis. The data collection tool of this study was two researcher-made questionnaires. The validity of two questionnaires was used through face and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure their reliability, which was 0.86 for the hidden curriculum variable and 0.84 for the environment preservation variable. The results showed that out of The components of the hidden curriculum have the highest mean of the "interaction of students with each other" component and the lowest mean of the "organizational climate" component; Also, among the environmental protection components, the highest average was assigned to the "pollution reduction" component, and the lowest average was assigned to the "human-environment relationship".

Determining the relative advantage of producing agricultural products in different regions is one of the important aspects of agricultural policy and planning, based on which an appropriate pattern of production and cultivation can be achieved in different regions according to the existing conditions in each region. The present study aimed to prioritize the sugar beet producing provinces in the country based on the indices of physical advantage of production and their fluctuation coefficient within the period of 1983-2019 using numerical taxonomy method. Results showed that during a period of 36 years, the provinces of South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and West Azerbaijan had the highest average of scale advantage index (SAI), and the highest average of efficiency advantage index (EAI) was achieved in the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Ardabil as 2.90, 2.20, and 1.80, respectively. Based on the results of collective advantage (AAI), the provinces of West Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi and Isfahan with 0.10, 0.22 and 0.33 had the lowest coefficient of fluctuation of the collective index and with 1.93, 14.14 and 1.74, respectively had the highest average of collective advantage among all the provinces of the country.

The utilization of new irrigation technologies is a solution that serves farmers to manage production risk (yield) through the optimal storage and allocation of resources. This study was conducted to predict the factors affecting the adoption of new irrigation technologies among farmers in the Sistan region using the logit model. Sampling in this study was a random cluster method in which 100 farmers were selected from the villages in which the pressurized irrigation project was implemented. The required data were collected using a questionnaire from farmers in the crop year 2019-2020 and were analyzed by SPSS24 software using the logit model. The results of logit regression showed that age, education, ownership, the area under cultivation, and income explain between 71 to 94.6% of the changes in the adoption and non- adoption of pressurized irrigation and social and economic factors have been able to change between 69% to 92% of changes in technology acceptance. only economic factors such as low-interest rates on bank facilities, sufficient amount of bank facilities, farmer investment capacity, etc. had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on the adoption of pressurized irrigation technology by farmers. Therefore, appropriate mechanisms should be provided to eliminate these restrictions according to the conditions of farmers and use scientific and practical training to encourage farmers to accept this technology, on the other hand, due to the hot and dry climate of the region should be suitable crops and gardens with this method, pressurized and environmentally friendly irrigation methods that are more economically efficient and effective, should be introduced to farmers.

Rural entrepreneurship is a strategy for empowerment and capacity building of villagers and an important tool in achieving sustainable rural development that prevents migration and stabilizes the rural population. The aim of this study was to analyze the barriers to rural entrepreneurship in Zabol city. The statistical population of this study includes rural households in the central part of Zabol city. The research tool is a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed based on the opinions of university professors and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's coefficient of 0.823. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24 and exploratory factor analysis method, development barriers, technical barriers, social barriers and instrumental barriers, which are 56 explained the percentage of total variance. The most effective barriers are weakness in the marketing network (with an average of 4.82), investment insecurity in the area (with an average of 4.74), distance from the center of attention (with an average of 4.49), overhead costs due to the large dimension Distance to supply raw materials (with an average of 4.47), distance from the main markets (with an average of 4.18), lack of production infrastructure (with an average of 4.13) and weakness of educational centers in the development of science and technology (with an average of 4.08). Therefore, in order to use the existing capacities, with the help of universities and scientific elites of the region, it is possible to meet the scientific and educational needs in the field of entrepreneurship related to the region's businesses.

Increase of unemployment has pushed millions of people around the world toward entrepreneurship and knowing opportunities for new businesses. The research was accomplished aiming to survey the attitude to entrepreneurship in agricultural quick-impact companies in the city of Birjand. The present research is considered practical in terms of purpose and of non-experimental kind in terms of method how to control the variables. The statistical society of the research has included founder company-owners, agricultural quick-impact companies. Also, it has been selected 130 company-owners by proportionate assignment in random sampling in 2016. In the present research, in order to measure the reliability of measurement tool, it was distributed the designed questionnaire among 30 company-owners and it was analyzed using SPSS20 computer software after filling out. The findings from t-test represent that there's a positive and significant relationship between the variable of attitude to entrepreneurship and the variables of experience of attending in motivation and purposefulness and entrepreneurship training classes. Also, the results of one-way analysis of variance test (F) which has been accomplished by grouping using LSD and Duncan's test represent that there's a significant difference in terms of attitude to entrepreneurship among various age groups. As the age category under 30 years (young) and the age category from 31-40 years include more attitude to entrepreneurship than the age category more than 41 year.