mojtaba rafieian

Introduction :

The lifestyle in contemporary cities, especially in large urban centers and metropolises, has led to a disconnection between people and nature, including its key elements. Today, with the rapid growth of urban populations and the inefficacy of restrictive policies and regulations, the first and greatest development pressures from unchecked and unplanned constructions are imposed on gardens, green spaces, and agricultural lands located within city boundaries. The Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) approach represents one of the latest strategies aimed at preserving valuable urban lands at risk of degradation, such as urban gardens and green spaces. This approach emerged as a response to the inefficacy and limitations of urban development plans and seeks to preserve such lands by balancing public and private interests. As a market-driven mechanism, TDR attempts to balance conservation and development by employing a zoning system that enables the transfer of development rights from conservation-worthy areas (sending areas) to development-eligible areas (receiving areas) in a mutually beneficial manner. The concept of TDR has been discussed in Iran over the past few decades; however, due to the absence of necessary institutional and legal frameworks, it has remained largely theoretical without practical implementation. The most recent and significant effort to operationalize the TDR approach has been developing guidelines for transferring the property betterment rights mechanism (development rights) in Tehran, which this study addresses. This research formulates an economic model for a TDR program in the Kan neighborhood of Tehran, with the objective of adjusting the economic balance of the TDR program by calculating the market value of development rights per square meter. It aims to establish the most economically viable density system for allocating and implementing within the identified sending and receiving areas.

This study is categorized as descriptive-explanatory research in nature and orientation and applied in terms of objective. For computing and implementing the program, spatial data were described using GIS software, and quantitative analysis of spatial data was conducted by formulating mathematical formulas and calculating the value of each square meter of development rights. In the first step, GIS was utilized to identify and describe the spatial characteristics of the sending and receiving areas, including area measurements and zoning analysis. In the next step, based on the foundational zoning of the detailed plan, guidelines for the transfer of property betterment rights mechanism (development rights), and the program requirements, the base, allowable, and additional densities in both the sending and receiving areas were determined. Subsequently, through supply-demand calculation, loading scenarios for the two regions were formulated, yielding a total of 12 scenarios, of which two were eliminated by balancing supply and demand, leaving the remaining options for economic calculations. In the following step, using residential, commercial, and garden property prices, the market value of each square meter of development rights was calculated by formulating mathematical formulas, and an economic feasibility assessment was conducted using the Cost-Benefit method. For the final evaluation of the options, the Goals-Achievement matrix was applied. The necessary data for calculating this matrix were obtained from the program’s computational steps and by evaluating the achievable demand in the receiving area (Table 4). Ultimately, Scenario 11 was selected as the optimal choice for implementing the Transfer of Development Rights program. It is worth noting that the data used in this research were collected during the period from October to November 2023, and this program’s implementation model was developed based on this data.

According to the implementation model developed in this research and the selected scenario, Scenario 11, the most economically viable density system in the sending area includes a base FAR (Floor Area Ratio) of 30% for gardens under 2,000 square meters, 45% for gardens between 2,000 and 5,000 square meters, and 30% for gardens over 5,000 square meters. The allowable FAR is set at 240% for all gardens, with an additional FAR of 210% for gardens under 2,000 square meters, 195% for gardens between 2,000 and 5,000 square meters, and 210% for gardens over 5,000 square meters in this area. In the receiving area, the base FAR is established at 240% for residential use and 230% for commercial and administrative use. The allowable FAR is 480% for residential use and 430% for commercial and administrative use, with an additional FAR of 240% for residential use and 200% for commercial and administrative use. The selected scenario, with a profit of 128848251.6 million tomans and a profit rate of 36.65%, enables the creation of 11,530 residential units and 775 service units (commercial and administrative) using transferred development rights. Furthermore, it allows for the construction of 5,254 residential units and 353 service units (commercial and administrative) using the surplus demand generated in the receiving area. The generated surplus demand indicates market competitiveness, and the greater the surplus, the higher the program’s likelihood of success. Therefore, Scenario 11 is also the most favorable in terms of competitiveness. Moreover, in this scenario, there is no change in density relative to the base density, and the mandatory base densities align with the detailed plan, meaning that the customary density rights of landowners in both the sending and receiving areas are respected.

Analysis reveals that the legal framework for urban planning in Iran has yet to establish a stable legal position for Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) programs. The roots of this instability can be traced to legal-property, economic, institutional-social, technical, and regulatory dimensions. Efforts to legislate such programs, specifically the guidelines for the transfer of property betterment rights mechanism (development rights) in Tehran, remain far from full implementation and integration into the urban planning structure of the city. Therefore, to bridge the gap between theory and practice in TDR programs aimed at preserving gardens and green spaces, it is necessary to refine and clarify all these dimensions in an implementation framework for each region within Tehran, ultimately creating comprehensive documentation for the program. With ongoing updates, a comprehensive executive plan for this program can be developed and brought into practice. This study has designed an economic model for the TDR program in the gardens of Kan, Tehran, while future research can explore other program dimensions. In line with the primary research questions, findings indicate that key parameters affecting the valuation of development rights include residential building prices, garden prices, and construction costs. Parameters influencing the economic balance of the program encompass residential and commercial building prices in both sending and receiving areas, property prices, construction costs, and development rights prices. This underscores that property values in a given area play a critical role in determining the economic viability of these programs. Consequently, each square meter of development rights has been valued in such a way that allows garden landowners to gain a similar or comparable profit by selling or transferring their development rights to other areas rather than constructing on their own land. Only under these conditions can landowners be encouraged to participate in the program.

During the 1960s to 1980s, urban planning changed from a completely elitist and value-free perspective to a value-based and participatory model. interactive planning as one of the most important contemporary heritages of urban planning has received the attention of professionals in this field. The research aims to identify interactive planning factors as perceived by professionals in the contemporary period.

The research method has been done in terms of applied type and with a combined (quantitative-qualitative) method. After extracting the indicators by reviewing the sources, 175 questionnaires were completed by Urban planning professionals. Cronbach's alpha of the data was calculated and then the factor analysis method was implemented.

Cronbach's alpha of the data was 0.930, which indicates the high reliability of the research data for further analysis. The research findings after 10 varimax rotations showed 6 factors with a variance close to 60% (58.63) for extraction.

The results of the research indicate that from the point of view of contemporary urban planning professionals. factors such as contributing citizens, giving them the power of citizenship, transparency, and awareness, supporting institutions, pluralism, a sense of belonging, and The responsibility of citizens have an impact on this type of planning. Therefore, it is suggested that managers, planners, designers, and all factors affecting urban planning pay attention to the mentioned factors in order to promote interaction So that interactive planning (one of the contemporary heritages of urban planning) provides the context for participation and interaction and as a result more effectiveness.

Spatiality is one of the most important problems of the urban planning system at any level. In this sense, space is the common source of any planning form. Since space is the context of distributing and redistributing many resources, it is always a field of conflict and contradictions. Therefore, urban planning as a knowledge of the management of space always seeks to resolve some conflicts that appear in the space. Considering such a definition of space and planning system, urban planning is more than ever considered a regulatory rationality.

The present research has analyzed spatial relations and economic and political relations through theoretical explanations and systematic analysis. Obviously, according to the requirements of discourse analysis, some discourse concepts and strategies that lead to regulation in space are analyzed.

The dominant discourse always seeks to stabilize the situation, referred to as the status quo. Against such an encounter, critical reading shows that the concept of space is a social and political construct that is more than ever linked to different aspects of regulation. Understanding the regulatory relationships in space by clarifying the spatialization of policies at different levels can help produce a more justice space.

To create justice spatial relationships in the field of policy-making, planning, and management, it is necessary to move from the form-centered reductionist reading of the concept of space to a constructionist reading. It is in such an understanding of space that it is finally possible to resolve some spatial contradictions and conflicts.Innovation: Formulating spatial relations from the perspective of economic and political discourse can provide grounds for discourse creation in the policy field to achieve justice in the production of space.

Iran’s General Housing Policies (2009) emphasize the provision of affordable housing for low-income groups, support for professional, mass, and industrial housing construction, and the preservation of cultural values and family dignity in housing design. In this context, the Mehr Housing Project (MHP) was initiated by the Ninth Administration to address the growing demand for affordable housing. Evaluating the outcomes of such large-scale housing initiatives and assessing resident satisfaction is crucial for urban planners and policymakers. This study conducts a meta-analysis of research on resident satisfaction with MHP. To this end, studies published between 2012 and 2021 were collected, and 22 articles that utilized a five-point Likert scale were selected for analysis. After a content review, four key dimensions of housing satisfaction were identified: housing quality, socio-economic characteristics, physical-spatial attributes, and environmental features of the neighborhood. The overall satisfaction score was estimated using CMA software. The results indicate that the average resident satisfaction level, within a 95% confidence interval, was 2.87—below the theoretical mean of 3. Satisfaction scores for housing quality, physical-spatial attributes, socio-economic factors, and environmental characteristics were 2.87, 2.88, 2.93, and 3.22, respectively. These findings suggest that MHP falls short of optimal housing satisfaction, particularly in terms of housing quality and physical-spatial attributes. Housing provision should not be limited to construction alone; rather, resident satisfaction factors must be integrated into housing policies and development programs.

Bicycle-sharing is a relatively new idea, but concerns about its popularity, benefits, and potential harms behind it have sparked heated debate in the public and academic circles. However, there is still a gap between describing the phenomenon and evaluating its effectiveness. Therefore, a correct understanding of the decision-making processes in the adoption and use of shared bicycle systems can enable operators to plan their services in a more optimal way. The bicycle distribution system, if planned well, can play a complementary role in the existing transportation infrastructure. Due to the recent growth of bicycle sharing systems in large countries such as China, Europe, and the United States, there is a great interest in identifying factors influencing this system to encourage people using it. Therefore, one of the most important challenges in this field is the factors affecting the level of user satisfaction, and better identification and understanding of these factors can help improve the user experience and increase the use of this system. So far, many researches have been conducted on the components affecting the functional stability of the shared bicycles system, for example Si et al. in 2020 found that factors of efficiency, economic benefits, environmental awareness, and infrastructure incentives influence the willingness to use the shared bicycle system. Also, other studies in this field have found factors such as mental norms, behavioural norms, appearance quality, ease of use, flexibility, and safety to be effective on the willingness to use the shared bicycle system (X. Li et al., 2022; Shao et al., 2020; Zhou & Zhang; 2018). But this issue has not been fully investigated yet. Dockless Bicycle Sharing system (DBSS) with different brand names such as: Mobicycle, Ofo, Youbicycle, etc., and recently with Bidood brand, have been expanded in Iran. Therefore, according to the issues and needs raised, as well as the few studies that have been conducted in the field of investigating the efficiency and use of shared bicycles in Iran, especially in the metropolis of Tehran, the current research seeks to identify the factors affecting the use of the bicycle sharing system in Tehran in the field of urban planning and policy making, to provide guidance for city managers and operators of the shared bicycle system.

In the current research, structural equation modelling (SEM) has been used to analyse latent variables, their relationships and test hypotheses according to the conceptual model of the research. It used the simple random sampling method and the required data was collected through a questionnaire, the items of which were mainly obtained from the review of the literature related to shared bicycles, its mechanism, and the presented conceptual model. A questionnaire was distributed both face-to-face and non-face-to-face (through virtual platforms such as Eitaa etc.). To check the validity and reliability of the measurement tool, improve the questions, format and scales, a pilot study of potential participants was conducted. Finally, 270 questionnaires were collected, and after screening the data, 248 questionnaires were approved. Descriptive analysis of collected data was done through SPSS version 26.0, such as data screening, frequencies, percentages and reliability analysis, and AMOS version 26.0 software was used for modelling, model analysis and hypothesis testing.

Based on findings, the five components defined in the conceptual model, including quality and performance, distribution and parking, comfort and flexibility, safety and environment, and the usefulness of services, affect the satisfaction and use of users of the shared bicycle system. The results of the squared multiple correlations, which express the degree of explanation of the data variance by the model, showed that the five variables in question constitute 64% of the variance of the satisfaction variable (R2 = 0.64), with comfort and flexibility having the greatest impact on the satisfaction and use of the shared bicycle system. After that, quality and performance, service desirability, safety and environment, and distribution and parking have the most impact respectively. The findings indicate that the better the quality and performance, the conditions of distribution and parking, and the comfort and flexibility of the shared bicycle system, the greater the satisfaction and the amount of usage. In the same way, the more the shared bicycle system has higher safety and provides better services to users (have more safety and desirability), the more satisfaction and the amount of usage will be. The findings from the descriptive statistics showed that the quality and performance of bicycle sharing in terms of lightness and easy portability of bodies, beautiful design and lock function, the condition of distribution and parking of shared bicycles, the ease of access and parking, the number of bicycles, the method of deployment and management, the comfort and flexibility of bicycle sharing in terms of ease of movement in traffic, the freedom of action in choosing the route and ease of access to public transportation, and the safety of bicycles and cycling paths are not at acceptable levels. On the other hand the bicycle sharing system was considered acceptable by respondents in terms of environmental (low pollution and reduction of carbon consumption). The service quality of the bicycle sharing system was found not at a suitable level in terms of rental cost, reasonable deposit, application performance and QR sensitivity. In terms of the compatibility of the application (APP) with the mobile operating system and the ease of the registration process, however they were found at a relatively favourable level. The findings of the descriptive statistics from the satisfaction variable showed that the overall satisfaction of the users (tendency to reuse and recommend this system to others) is at a very low level, but if the services is improved, they will accept this green transportation system.The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the use of shared bicycle systems in Tehran metropolis, to provide guidance for city managers and relevant operators in the field of planning, decision-making and policy making. The results of this research showed that 5 components: quality and performance, distribution and parking, comfort and flexibility, safety and environment, and the desirability of service influence the satisfaction and use of the shared bicycle system. Therefore, it is necessary for managers and urban planners and policymakers to take measures to improve the performance level of the five components proposed in this research, including the integration of shared bicycle system with public transportation, better management of distribution and parking of bicycles, increase safety of bicycles and improvement of servic

The expansion of the Dockless bike sharing system has created a new development trend for public transportation services. This study has investigated the factors affecting users' preferences in choosing the shared bicycle system as their mode of transportation. Using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping, the present study has investigated the direct and indirect effects of performance and quality, distribution and parking conditions, Convenience and flexibility, safety and environmental friendliness, and service desirability on users' preferences in Tehran. The mediating role of satisfaction on the relationships between the five constructs and users' preferences in choosing a shared bike system has also been investigated. 270 questionnaires were randomly distributed, of which 248 questionnaires were returned. The results showed that quality and performance, Convenience and flexibility, safety and environmental friendliness, and service desirability have a direct and indirect effect on users' preferences. But the research findings did not confirm the effect of distribution and parking conditions on users' preferences. Also, the findings of the research showed that Convenience and flexibility construct has the greatest effect on the users' preferences, and there is a need to take measures in this regard, such as the integration of the shared bicycle system with public transportation, changing the location of the stations, and improving training at the stations.

Energy consumption in Iran is currently very high and the energy efficiency of cities is low. Therefore, it seems necessary to prepare urban rules and regulations at the most executive level of urban policy making to increase energy efficiency in zoning as the main output of detailed plans. This research was conducted with the aim of exploring and measuring energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations with an emphasis on the zoning model. This research tried to see the relationship between the concepts of urban rules and regulations and energy efficiency and determine what parameters impact upon energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations. It also tried to examine the energy efficiency evaluation framework in urban zoning rules and regulations, their criteria, indicators, and final weights and to see how the energy efficiency of the existing urban fabric and the rule-based simulated urban fabric can be evaluated and compared.

This applied, descriptive-analytical research used a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative methods. To carry out this research, library and field studies, including questionnaire and secondary data analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used. GIS software and Expert Choice software were also used for this purpose. District 6 of Tehran city was selected as the case to be studied in this study.

The results showed that the energy efficiency evaluation criteria in urban rules and regulations that emphasize on the zoning model are as follow in terms of priority, importance, and weight obtained from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP): Land use zoning, passive urban design for making thermal comfort, compactness, and connected network.

Exploring energy efficiency in both scenarios (the current situation and the simulated context based on the implementation of the zoning rules and regulations of the detailed plan) and comparing them showed that since there is not any rules and regulations pertaining to the main criteria of this study (passive urban design for the creation of thermal comfort and connected network in the zoning of the detailed plan of 2019 of District 6 of Tehran city), the two criteria have been considered to be fixed in both scenarios. So, if we suppose that zoning rules and regulations are fully executed, no change will happen in the status quo of the scenarios. That is, both criteria have similar energy efficiency in both scenarios.
Moreover, the energy efficiency based on the density criterion in the simulated scenario has increased by 39.85% compared to the existing scenario. This means that regarding this criterion, implementing zoning rules and regulations (including employment level and building density) have increased the density of the fabric compared. The zoning rules and regulations of the detailed plan in District 6 of Tehran, based on the density criterion, have played an effective role in increasing the energy efficiency of the simulated scenario. Moreover, comparing the status-quo scenario and the detailed plan zoning scenario regarding the other variable criterion (that is, land use zoning, which is also considered the most significant criterion of this research) showed that energy efficiency decreased when zoning rules and regulations have been implemented. The issue, in turn, clearly shows that the rules and regulations do not guarantee energy efficiency based on land use zoning indicators (such as green and open spaces, mixed areas, and housing type). Comparing the scenarios clearly showed that the energy efficiency based on land use zoning criteria in the zoning scenario of the detailed plan has decreased by 45.55% compared to the existing scenario.
The most significant finding of this study clearly showed that the energy efficiency has decreased by 22.25%, considering the weighted overlap of criteria in District 6 of Tehran in the zoning scenario and assuming the application of the related urban criteria. Considering this decrease, one can conclude that the urban rules and regulations are not effective in terms of energy efficiency. That is, if the rules are executed, they will increase energy consumption in urban areas and make worse the environmental consequences.
Taking account the findings, it is suggested that when establishing zoning laws and regulations, which is a criterion for the implementation of all future constructions, their undeniable role in energy efficiency be considered, and then all decisions be made based on criteria related to energy efficiency. This study evaluated the energy efficiency in urban rules and regulations with an emphasis on zoning in District 6 of Tehran. Considering the results, the following suggestions are made: The establishment of zoning rules and regulations that are compatible with various types of climates in Iran, and considering such applied factors as population density, density of residential units, general pattern of road network, the size of urban blocks, the length of urban blocks, the orientation of main streets, the orientation of buildings, and types of houses. The final aim is to improve energy efficiency.

Urban planning has evolved significantly in response to changing socio-economic and political realities, particularly as cities enter the 21st century. The multiplicity of societal interests and conflicting preferences has made conflict an integral part of urban planning processes. Planners, now more than ever, must grapple with these conflicts, as they can significantly impact the success or failure of urban policies and initiatives.
Although the discussion surrounding conflict in urban planning has existed for decades, it gained momentum in the 1970s and became especially prevalent in the 1980s with the rise of participatory planning approaches. As participatory models developed, urban theorists began paying more attention to conflicts as an inherent part of urban governance. However, the literature surrounding conflict in urban planning remains fragmented, with differing theoretical and practical approaches. This study aims to bridge this gap by systematically classifying conflicts based on the dominant theoretical, philosophical, and contextual frameworks present in planning theory.
Theoretical Framework: Understanding and managing conflict in urban planning requires a systematic typology that reflects the nature of these disputes in different contexts. Conflict typologies in urban planning research generally fall into two major categories: managerial and theoretical. The managerial approach focuses on decision-making processes, conflict resolution techniques, impact assessments, and institutional analysis. This approach aligns with organizational and management studies and seeks to devise strategies for managing conflicts effectively.
In contrast, the theoretical approach seeks to understand the root causes of conflicts, emphasizing the philosophical and epistemological underpinnings of urban planning. Theoretical perspectives examine conflicts through lenses such as power dynamics, the role of planning theory, and the influence of political institutions. These two broad approaches—the managerial and the theoretical—are frequently applied within a third situational context, which examines specific urban conflicts tied to space, land use, urban development, regeneration projects, and large-scale initiatives.

This research employs a systematic review methodology to analyze the evolution of conflict and conflict management in urban planning. The data collection involved a meta-analysis and qualitative content analysis of 139 English-language articles found in the Scopus database. Following the content analysis, an in-depth review of 46 additional sources helped trace the historical development of conflict theories and practices in urban planning.
The meta-analysis allowed the study to categorize the diverse approaches to conflict in urban planning into three main paradigms: positivist, post-positivist, and critical. Each of these paradigms brings a unique perspective to conflict management. For example, the positivist paradigm seeks guided consensus, while the post-positivist paradigm looks to resolve conflicts through consensus based on discourse ethics. The critical paradigm, on the other hand, challenges consensus-building as a form of hegemony, arguing that conflicts are constantly reproduced within the structures of urban governance.

The systematic review revealed that conflicts in urban planning can be broadly classified into three key approaches: managerial, theoretical, and situational. These approaches intersect in different ways, depending on the specific context in which the conflict arises. For example, situational conflicts often arise in areas related to spatial patterns, land use, ownership disputes, and urban regeneration projects. Managerial conflicts are tied to the processes of decision-making, institutional design, and conflict resolution strategies. Theoretical conflicts explore deeper issues, such as the role of power in planning and the underlying philosophies that guide urban policy.
In terms of paradigmatic shifts, the evolution of conflict management in urban planning has seen a movement from positivist approaches, which aimed to engineer consensus, to post-positivist approaches that emphasized the ethics of discourse and negotiation. More recently, critical theorists have argued that consensus itself is a mechanism for maintaining power imbalances and that conflicts are never fully resolved but continually reproduced within urban planning processes. This shift reflects a broader political turn in the field of urban planning, where conflicts are understood not just as problems to be solved but as symptoms of deeper systemic issues.

The evolution of conflict in urban planning reflects broader ideological and political shifts in the discipline. While early approaches sought to manage conflict through structured consensus-building, more recent perspectives recognize the inherent power dynamics at play in urban governance. Planners today must move beyond traditional regulatory roles and contribute to rethinking urban policy and transforming the symbolic and physical dimensions of urban spaces. However, the effectiveness of planners' roles in conflict management largely depends on the structural contexts and political cultures of the institutions within which they operate. Understanding and addressing these conflicts requires a multifaceted approach that considers both managerial and theoretical perspectives.

The criteria and indicators affecting the behavior of urban entrepreneurial places and the policies of forming such places should be derived from the change in the structure of plans and strategies of urban places and spaces. However, these changes have been faced only with regard to previous approaches and past experiences without interacting with the main approaches affecting behavioral roots in the formation of urban entrepreneur places. Therefore, realistic studies and policy-making with regard to modern global systems on places and spaces that are prone to development and progress, as well as places that have the ability to be improved and revitalized, are imagined more than ever. Therefore, in line with its goals, this research has provided a tool for developing a conceptual framework based on the interaction of two approaches "innovation ecosystem and natural urban ecosystem" with the help of metacombination method, the results of which is the emergence of new knowledge in creating entrepreneurial places in interaction with urban regeneration. . The findings of this article, by focusing on the concepts and criteria obtained from the two approaches, led to the extraction of 4 components, the extracted components integrate records of interventions, characteristics, mutual relationships, resources, views, policies and concepts of the two approaches and The solution has presented the fields of change in the behavior of formation and creation of dynamic and efficient places. The results of socio-cultural communication, the promotion and development of the welfare of the civil society, the impact of intelligent systems on the civil and economic society, and finally the positive impact of knowledge and education on human and cultural behaviors have been presented. Therefore, this research can be considered as a tested example for the foundation of conducting research in the future.

During the last half-century, the rapid growth of urbanization has exceeded the possibilities and measures of urban development in Iran, creating extensive social, economic, environmental and physical problems. Facing the challenges of the current cities of the country requires the transformation of the current dominant routine and the use of a new approach in urban planning. The inefficiency of the country's urban planning system has caused cities to be caught in the cycle of underdevelopment for several reasons. Planning in worn-out urban areas has always been the most significant urban planning issue. Recently, many policies and programs have been implemented to improve the quality and re-creation of disordered urban textures. The worn-out and disordered texture of Kermanshah city covers 1228 hectares, about 12.33% of the total texture of Kermanshah. The problem of this research is the instability and poverty in the disorganized and inferior textures, which are associated with challenges and problems of livability, poverty and deprivation in all dimensions, decline of human dignity, identity crisis, lack of access to urban services, degradation of the quality of life, the crisis of security and resilience, insecurity and social anomalies, crimes and delinquency, and the lack of citizenship rights. Therefore, the main question is as following:-Why have the policies and measures of urban management and urban development plans not improved the quality of urban life in these neighborhoods?

In terms of subject and purpose, the current research is of applied-developmental type of research. In terms of analysis, it is placed in the framework of explanatory and descriptive-analytical research methods. In order to collect and analyze data, survey, documentary and analytical methods have been exerted. The research method is mixed (quantitative and qualitative). In this research, the data analysis and modelling method has been used according to the goals and possibilities. In order to analyze the collected data, the statistical techniques of path analysis, SPSS, and PLS have been exploited. According to the level of analysis (neighborhoods of disordered tissues in Kermanshah city), it is necessary to distribute the designed questionnaire according to the population of each neighborhood. In general, 92,033 households with a population of 290,214 people live in the chaotic neighborhoods of Kermanshah, which are located in the form of 4 types of textures. Cronbach's alpha statistic and factor analysis were used to measure the internal relationships and validity and reliability of the questionnaire and its items, the results of which are as follows:-Cronbach's alpha value of all dimensions is more than 0.5, which means that the scale in question has high validity.

The direct and indirect effects of the dimensions of sustainable regeneration are as the social dimension with a direct effect of 0.76, the physical dimension with a direct effect of 0.51 and an indirect effect of 0.21 and a total effect of 0.72, the economic dimension with a direct effect of 0.41 and an indirect effect of 0.30 with the effect total 0.71, the cultural dimension with direct effect 0.21 and indirect effect 0.45 and total effect 0.66, the management dimension with direct effect 0.25 and indirect effect0.27 with total effect 0.52, and the environmental dimension with direct effect 0.17 and indirect effect 0.10 with total effect 0.27.In the quality of urban life component, the direct and indirect effects are as follows: the physical-infrastructure dimension with a direct effect of 0.66 has the highest effect, the social-cultural dimension with a direct effect of 0.42 and an indirect effect of 0.28 and a total effect of 0.70, the well-being dimension with a direct effect of 0.39 and Indirect effect 0.19 and overall effect 0.58, health and environment dimension with direct effect 0.21 and indirect effect 0.37 with overall effect 0.58, economic dimension with direct effect 0.20 and indirect effect 0.53 with overall effect 0.73 and managerial-institutional dimension with direct effect 0.18 and indirect effect of 0.42 with a total effect of 0.59. The physical-infrastructural dimension has the most direct effect, and the economic dimension has the most overall effect in the form of direct and indirect effects on the quality of urban life. The overall effect of all dimensions of sustainable regeneration on urban well-being is 0.594, and its R2 value is equal to 0.352, which shows that with an increase of one standard deviation in sustainable urban regeneration, the quality of urban life increases by 0.352 standard deviations. Therefore, sustainable regeneration significantly improves the quality of urban life in the chaotic texture of Kermanshah.

sustainable urban welfare-oriented regeneration with a comprehensive and integrated approach in procedural dimensions (discursive, communication-network, and local governance) and content (strategic, integrated, comprehensive, and neighborhood-oriented) and policies to empower and support worn-out and disordered neighborhoods With a participatory, endogenous approach, community-oriented development and the right to the city in the chaotic textures of Kermanshah, it is a suitable model for the realization of urban welfare. No development of welfare will happen in the environment unless the residents of the worn-out and disordered texture are empowered. Also, in addition to the basic needs, attention should be paid to the emotional and psychological needs of the citizens. Changing the approach in urban plans will undoubtedly be the basis for valuable measures to improve citizens' quality of life and urban welfare. If the approach to regeneration is humane, community-oriented, integrated, comprehensive and strategic, collaborative, city-oriented and discursive, then a sustainable welfare-oriented regeneration approach will be achieved by itself.

The growth and expansion of metropolitan areas as a global phenomenon is becoming the dominant form of urbanization, especially in developing countries. Despite the increasing importance of this form of urban growth, not many studies have been carried out regarding the multidimensional dynamics of the factors and mechanisms that stimulate urban-regional sprawl. In the current research, the structures and mechanisms affecting the informal processes that generate spatial expansion of the Tehran metropolitan region have been analyzed. This research is qualitative and in-depth semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. The data analysis was based on the constructivist Grounded Theory approach. Research participants included university professors, city managers, and experts from the municipalities, governorships, road and urban development departments, National Land and Housing Organization, Agriculture-Jahad, Natural Resources departments, etc. The sampling method was targeted non-random and based on snowball sampling. According to the results, 289 key phrases were identified in the initial coding, 130 concepts were identified in the centralized coding, 64 subcategories were identified in the axial coding, and finally, 34 broad main categories were identified in the theoretical coding. In total, according to the output of theoretical coding, all broad main categories in the form of 7 integrated main categories formed the theoretical model of the research. According to data analysis, economic and political economy structures, fundamental structures, legal structures, and judicial structures at the macro level and organizational-institutional structures and private and social sectors at the middle level affect the informal processes underlying land acquisition and the spatial expansion of the Tehran metropolitan region.

Currently, urban and regional planners in developing countries are facing many challenges in controlling urban sprawl. Metropolises and metropolitan regions are complex, diverse environments where wealth and capital accumulate on a national scale, and this feature increases the possibility of forming corruption networks with the aim of achieving more profit and benefit in these regions. In such a situation, it is essential to understand the formation process of these networks and measure and evaluate the structures that drive informal processes. This research seeks to measure and evaluate the regional coalitions that stimulate the growth and spatial expansion of the Tehran metropolitan region. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and a Likert-scale questionnaire was used to collect information, which was completed by 252 participants. The results show that compared to the other two sectors of the coalition regime, the private sector has played a more significant role in the land occupation network of the Tehran metropolitan region, and to be more precise, it has created informal processes that create urban sprawl. The lowest share across all three areas of power, influence and interest is related to the public with a weighted average score of 2.09, 1.92 and 2.58 respectively. Measuring and evaluating the effects of organizational-institutional structures shows the unique role of commission institutions in the process of land occupations in the region. Finally, the identification of the stakeholder indicates a combination of all three categories of organizational-institutional structures among the main and secondary stakeholders. Although some institutional-organizational actors have a greater role in the growth and expansion of the growing spatial-physical region by gaining more points in the form of primary and secondary stakeholders, it is evident that the current explosive growth is not limited to the performance of any single organization or institution related to the urban land. Instead the connections between these institutions are synergistic with the mechanism of influence of other elements of the coalition regime (private sector and the public) in the form of a network that facilitates such conditions. Under these circumstances, it is not possible for the government or the market alone to manage the challenge of encroachment on sacred and surrounding lands and informal processes related to land and housing in the region. Instead, it requires institutionalization. More precisely, the formation of a suitable institutional environment that can support public interests rather than short-term interests of those with power, interest, and influence. In addition, this institutional environment should be based on strengthening individual and organizational-institutional understanding and awareness of the region and be accompanied by social demands. In such a way that all stakeholders and actors in the field of urban land voluntarily advocate for the preservation and protection of the region’s lands. Overall, it seems that the will of the private sector, social structures, and even contrary to the expectation, the organizational-institutional structures of the region, are in service of violations and informal processes with a self-interested view.

Factors contributing to increased life expectancy and a low fertility rate, leading to an aging population, were initially observed in the developed countries during the mid-20th century and are now extending to developing nations. Given the impending consequences of the aging crisis in our country, research on aging is of paramount importance. Notably, the relationship between the presence of the elderly in the community and the concept of age-friendly communities is crucial. This study aims to identify factors influencing age-friendly communities and elucidate theories regarding the presence of the elderly in the community, with a specific focus on aging in place. Employing a qualitative approach, this research utilizes grounded theory within the framework of the Strauss and Corbin methodology. The research data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 31 individuals aged 60 and over, selected from two-day care centers: Rangin Kaman Sepid, Bozorgan Sahebdel, and Kolbeye Noor in Isfahan, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. The study highlights that the contextual condition for an age-friendly community is the residence of the elderly in their respective neighborhoods. According to the findings, the creation of an age-friendly community is fostered by the connection between the community and the elderly in everyday situations, adapting to their needs and enabling aging in place. This involves interactive contexts related to event orientation, leisure, socialization, and neighborhood accessibility for the elderly, providing opportunities for self-expression and social support.

The regeneration of historical textures to adapt these textures to the modern needs of urbanization and to preserve their identity is an important matter, and due to the multi-stakeholder nature of the reconstruction processes and the involvement of different interests of the stakeholders in the processes, conflict of interests is inevitable. The current research aims to identify the factors affecting the occurrence of conflicts of interest and the effects of conflicts in the regeneration process of historical textures. The current research is qualitative. The statistical population of the research includes the beneficiaries of the regeneration of the Nafar Abad neighborhood, who were identified in the form of 18 groups by studying the available documents. Using the snowball sampling method, which went until theoretical saturation, 31 people were selected as the representatives of the interested groups. The data needed for the research was collected through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was also done through thematic analysis and using MAXQDA. The research findings show that several factors in managerial, economic, legal, executive, and social dimensions cause conflicts of interest in reconstructing historical textures, including the factors of urban management, the number of key stakeholders, and urban rules and regulations. The conflict of interests acts as a mutual influence and impression with the regeneration process so that the conflict of interests appears under the influence of the defined regeneration process. After it occurs, the conflicts begin to affect the regeneration process.

Historical textures and related issues are some of the most important issues and challenges of urban planning. Urban regeneration is one of the most critical recent approaches in worn-out and historical textures; due to the nature, extent, and comprehensiveness of this approach in covering various economic, social, physical, environmental, and cultural dimensions, much complexity appears in regeneration projects. One of the main reasons for the complexity and uncertainty of urban regeneration projects is that there are different stakeholders in these projects, which increases the possibility of conflicts of interest in the regeneration process. In this way, it is important to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of conflict of interest in the process of regeneration of historical textures, despite the existence of wide and valuable areas of historical textures in the country, as well as their need for regeneration to match the modern and contemporary needs of citizens' lives. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors affecting the occurrence of conflict of interests in the process of regeneration of historical textures as a fundamental challenge in the path of realization and efficiency of programs of regeneration of historical textures and also to identify the effects of conflict of interests in the process of regeneration historical textures which was done using qualitative research method and case study approach. The Nafarabad neighborhood of Rey City was selected as a case study from the historical and old neighborhoods of Rey City.

The current research is applied and based on a qualitative methodological approach. The research strategy is also an Abductive strategy, and the case study approach was used to complete the research. In the current research, the key stakeholders of the regeneration process were identified using available documents, and then snowball sampling was used to collect data. In this way, 18 key stakeholder groups, including urban management organizations and institutions at the policy, decision-making, and executive levels, and the local community, including owners, residents, businesses, investors, and pilgrims, were identified as key stakeholders. The data required for the research was also collected through semi-structured interviews with the key stakeholders of the regeneration process of the Nafarabad neighborhood; in total, 31 interviews were conducted, and the data analysis was done through the thematic analysis method.

Based on the research findings, the key stakeholders of the regeneration process were identified in 18 groups and divided into two categories as internal and external stakeholders based on Freeman's classification and primary and secondary stakeholders according to Clarkson's classification. Conflict of interest occurs under the influence of several factors. According to the findings and results of qualitative data analysis based on thematic analysis, 21 main concepts were extracted as factors influencing the occurrence of conflict of interest. Then, according to the frequency of the obtained codes, factors such as urban management, the number of key stakeholders, and city rules and regulations were identified as the most important factors in conflicts of interest. In order to get an overview of the dimensions affecting the occurrence of conflict of interest and a better understanding of the nature of the factors affecting the occurrence of conflict of interest, the obtained factors were categorized according to their nature. In this way, the factors affecting the occurrence of conflict of interest are mainly managerial, executive, legal, economic, and social, which cause conflict of interest. In this way, the management and social dimensions, considering they include more factors than other dimensions, play a greater role in the conflict of interest in regenerating historical textures. The occurrence of conflict of interest during the regeneration process has effects on the regeneration process, which include the slowness and stagnation of the regeneration process, the degradation of social capital, the imposition of costs on the beneficiaries, the deviation and change in the goals of the plan and the reduction or non-realization of the plans, which these effects cause the regeneration process is not completed optimally.

The analysis of the present research shows that the conflict of interest occurs due to several factors in the regeneration of historical textures. Factors affecting the emergence of conflict of interest act in such a way that stimulating interests influencing them and changing the extent of obtaining benefits by different stakeholders causes the emergence of conflict of interest. Based on the five categories of factors, management factors have taken the largest share in the interviews regarding conflict of interest, which seems logical. Because urban management can control other conflicting factors, and by controlling other factors, conflict of interest can be brought to the lowest level. Therefore, perhaps the most important features of good urban management in the current era can be considered the optimal management of the interests of the urban stakeholders and agreement-making and interactive management. According to previous research results, the relationship between the conflict of interests and the process of urban regeneration needs to be examined. Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that the occurrence of a conflict of interest has a reciprocal influence on the process of regeneration in such a way that the conflict of interest affected by the defined process of regeneration by the planners may appear. Also, the conflict of interest will affect the process of regeneration and will cause slowness or changes in this process.

The acceleration of decision-making processes within urban planning has instigated significant transformations across various facets of cities, encompassing economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. Consequently, heightened emphasis has been directed towards the cultivation of urban entrepreneurial environments as instrumental mechanisms for enhancing societal decision-making capabilities. Recognizing the pivotal role of this approach in fostering sociocultural and entrepreneurial dynamics within urban settings, the imperative to organize vibrant locales, currently grappling with formidable challenges and deficient planning strategies, has become increasingly pronounced. Aligned with its defined objective, the present study employs the meta-synthesis method to articulate a conceptual model aimed at elucidating the interplay between the "urban regeneration" and "urban entrepreneurial ecosystem" paradigms in the formation of entrepreneurial locales. To ascertain the qualitative criteria and components, the Delphi technique was utilized to validate the criteria derived from the applied quantitative methodology, thereby achieving a more precise validation grounded in expert opinions. Through an in-depth exploration of the core tenets and principles underpinning these two pivotal approaches, the findings of this study culminated in the identification of six components encapsulating the attributes, interdependencies, intervention modalities, constituents, resources, recommendations, perspectives, policies, and conceptual frameworks germane to the synergistic interaction between the aforementioned approaches. Consequently, a comprehensive framework is delineated to facilitate the establishment of entrepreneurial locales through mechanisms such as sociocultural engagements, elevation of societal well-being, sustainable generation of financial resources and employment opportunities, integration of intelligent systems within the societal fabric, and the cultivation of knowledge dissemination and educational initiatives. Moreover, this research underscores fundamental pathways for prospective investigations in this domain, thereby laying the groundwork for future scholarly endeavors.

"Urban space production is a complex and multidimensional issue in which space is considered both a social product and a political agent. In this research, the relationship between space and power in a specific city has been examined using Actor-Network Theory (ANT), which is a sociological approach to analyzing the relationships between human and non-human actors. The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the power networks (actors) involved in the production of urban spaces. The research method is a case study, and the case under study is Abbasabad lands in Tehran, which is one of the largest urban development projects in Iran. The research data has been collected through semi-structured interviews and field observations, and they have been analyzed using a descriptive-analytical approach."The results indicate that in the Abbasabad zone, the government and its affiliated organizations have formed power networks using their political and economic influence, depriving other actors of participating in space production. It has also been revealed that the network of actors and power in this area is not in line with the needs and desires of the citizens, and even the role of experts and the private sector in space production has been influenced by political factors.

The development of information and communication technology in the 20th century and the entry into the information age in the field of change in the global political and economic environment have seen many developments. Entering the information age has provided the foundation and root of the construction of the neoliberal government since the 1970s, and it has included changes in the current structures in its projects. Under the banner of these changes, the reorganization of capitalism can take place by describing the changes by informants. The economics of information provides an overview of the components of the economy and new changes, considering Castells' belief in connecting those components in the concept of "space of flows" as opposed to "space of places". Because of this, the city faces a new nature of space. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to reread the concept of space and urban space and its changes under the influence of the development of information and communication technology.

For this purpose, using the systematic review method, articles related to the effects of information and communication technology development on the city and urban space and place have been extracted, examined, and analyzed. This started by searching for valid articles and was done by studying the abstract and research results of more than 100 articles, monitoring them, and finally selecting 42 articles after entering the Excel software environment. The published articles are in English and between the period of 30 years, 1990-2020.

The review and analysis of the articles have separated the sub-branches related to the change of urban space and place due to the development of information and communication technologies into four main areas: urban design, urban planning, urban participation, and travel patterns. According to the results of the analysis, the areas and sub-areas effective in creating changes in the urban space and place were extracted, and shared spaces and dedicated spaces related to the four main areas were presented.

The development of information and communication technology will affect urban spaces and places in different ways and different aspects. Therefore, there is a need to reorganize urban activities and urban space and place. Information and communication technology can play a role as a factor in strengthening urban space, improving the quality of public spaces, and improving the performance of urban spaces. Therefore, the valuable location values multiply and affect the issue of location. Keyword

Cities and especially metropolises, due to the concentration of power and wealth factors, play anirreplaceable role in the developments of the contemporary world, in such a way that cities, due to theconcentration of capital - especially in the form of fixed capital - are considered as an important source for theflow of profit, which this flow through It is realized by political forces and mainly in favor of capitalist groups;Therefore, it is obvious that the metropolises under the oil system produce their style and spatial-functionalstructure corresponding to their economic and political situation, according to the specific politicalcharacteristics, so the exploration of the pattern of social-urban relations in the oil economy is the goal of thisresearch. . For this purpose, using a critical approach, historical documents in the socio-spatial field have beenanalyzed. The results of this study show that the formation of unequal social relations and speculative socialrelations grows in the framework of the rent system, and these inequalities continue to show themselves in thebody and urban structure after passing through the smoothness of the sp.

Introduction :

Today, on the one hand, rapid changes in work and life environments, and on the other hand, the requirement of capital infrastructure have led to significant economic urban development (multidimensional flow). What’s more, the main basis of economic development and being in the flow of sustainable development (for cities) are based on innovations, which is a city-oriented capital and catalyst of economic development. “Innovation Area” creates a suitable environment for innovative centers, makes society more dynamic at the heart of sustainable development, and brings about a knowledge-based and innovative economy. This is an environment aiming to create value for increasing standards, quality of life, and entrepreneurship; that is, it leads to the economic development of neighborhoods. Modares Innovation District (MID) sets out to create a correlation circle between the business world and the academic world(universities). It is planning and developing to accelerate and fasten the process of making a knowledge-based economy, growth of innovations, training skills, and increasing the quality of people’s lives (neighborhoods). In other words, one of the most critical properties of Modares innovation district is the connection between anchor pioneering institutes, that are in clusters of start-ups, growth centers, businesses, and accelerators alongside the innovation hubs. It seems to be true to say that these areas try to create economic, social, and physical networks in a growing context where start-ups and different economic firms in the context of knowledge, technology, and innovation hub (Tarbiat Modares University) have moved on. Also, Modares innovation area, with h knowledge-based economy, using social innovation, overcomes two challenges in sustainable development: socio-physical redevelopment and balancing job and housing issues. 

This project sets up to answer the challenges and goals of innovation districts by choosing some information based on case studies and the framework of concepts analyzed in the area of innovations. The data of this research have been collected in library methods. Also, cluster analysis and questionnaires (specialists in urbanism, economic, and social spheres) have been applied to recognize and evaluate the process of the innovation district. Moreover, the combination of AHP technic with GIS through Marinoni program in GIS, has been used by means of resultant coefficients of analyzing of specialists.

One of the most important strides of this project is to achieve the concepts of innovation districts, their resultant experiences of recent years, and the way to respond to people’s needs, especially social ones. In this research, deep recognition of the theoretical framework of innovation districts and identifying of main parts of these areas have been done. Moreover, the function of these areas has been evaluated to lead the impacts of development to the right path by means of the last experiences of policy-making patterns of innovation districts. Evaluations in this project are carried out in three steps: 1- indicator-making, 2- introducing physical and spatial structure and networking, and 3- analyzing the probable impacts of elements of the innovation district. In the first step, this project recognizes and analyzes the innovation district by means of recognition layers of the innovation area. The second step evaluates possible and actual networks and impressive and impressionable elements like physical and spatial structure, and the third step evaluates the influence of elements in the Modares innovation district.

This project tries to recognize various impacts of MID development so that it can provide a specific pattern for controlling, leading, and making balance among actors of this district. The results of the analysis have emerged as “the pattern of policy-making for Modares innovation district development” showing MID needs a local policy-making system. Eventually, the results of this project are presented in 3 phases. Firstly, development impacts on assets of the innovation district have been evaluated, then controlling levers for these impacts have been introduced, and finally, patterns of policy-making and solutions for controlling and leading the development effects on the innovation district have been shown. Lastly, creating enterprise networks to develop businesses in a knowledge-based economy context is the most important goal of this project. To achieve success of this area, some user-based policies with collaborative leadership have been considered as essential results. On one hand, recognizing and introducing some catalysts for creating and leading a growing context, and on the other hand considering some levers for controlling the impacts of development are the most important factors of policymaking in innovation areas. Some solutions have been considered as private and public collaborative tools. Results show that the most important and influential element of Modare’s innovation area is enterprise. Modares University and Modares Science and Technology Park play a key role as the hub and main anchor of this innovation area.

The development of the city to produce urban spaces and both are intertwined with the issue of power. Power structures and processes often lead to the gradual elimination of disorganized groups and interests in favor of organized and resource-dominated groups and interests. The pressure of the powers that be is problematic and the vacuum of the powers that are not causes imbalances in society. Analyzing these power relations helps urban decision-makers to find better solutions to urban problems.

The actors of the production of the desired urban space have been identified through semi-structured interviews with the method of snowball sampling to reach the experts of the target community of the research, as well as frequent field observations and documentary review to complete and verify. Then, the power relations between these actors were measured and analyzed through the flow analysis method using Ucinet software and the power of the actors was measured and analyzed through the interaction analysis method using MicMac software.

Geographical area of research:

The study area is a unique and highly populated urban space of Abbasabad lands with an area of 554 hectares is located in the central part of Tehran metropolis.

The output of software analysis and analysis of the results obtained a level of communication and power of actors in the production of urban space in Abbasabad, which showed that there is no balance in the power of actors and citizens are at the lowest level of influence and role and influence in none They did not participate in the preparation, approval and implementation of the plan, and the independent private sector is not present in this process..

Among the innovations of this research: 1- Using two softwares, MacMac and Ucinet, to identify and analyze the power of urban space production actors in a study sample. 2- In the field of developing the existing knowledge in urban planning, in order to make the production of urban spaces more citizen-oriented, using the latest ideas of thinkers in the field of urban planning and power, proposing the "government-space-people" model and forming a "public institution of spacemen" Urban "(executive-operational) and the presentation of the PIUS theory is proposed.

The automobile which is the most important and vital invention of the 20th century, led to the horizontal expansion of cities and their excessive dispersion, which in addition to creating environmental crises and conflicts with the goals of sustainable development, has brought urban and social isolation with itself. In this regard, among the most important proposals that were welcomed and considered at the end of the 20th century was the development based on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). In a short definition this approach means that dense development with a very suitable and appropriate dense combination of reasonable arrangement of uses near stations and public transport routes that leads to the formation of a quality of life as well as an acceptable and high level of economic competition becomes sociable and at the same time meets the environmental requirements related to sustainable development. In the past few years, following the recognition of the benefits of the development approach based on public transportation in the development plans of cities and the tendency to use this approach to improve the quality of the urban environment and ensure the welfare of the citizens as much as possible, redefining the railway stations (both suburban and inner city) and accordingly their role in the structure of cities has been highly noticed among experts and professionals. In order to measure and calculate the capacity of development based on public transportation in Karaj city, Golshahr metro station located on Karaj-Tehran metro line 5 was selected as a case study and TOD central station. In this research, using the analytical-descriptive method and detailed field knowledge of the studied area, it is showed that in order to implement TOD, it is necessary to change the principles of urban planning, including land use and development, density patterns, urban rules and regulations in Golshahr metro site and the policies related to the transportation and traffic sector should be redefined based on reducing and decreasing the dominant pattern of using private cars and also promoting pedestrians in the use of public transportation. It can be said that considering the favorable condition of Golshahr metro site to accept and allow the complementary principles of TOD, including the social and economic status of the target area, by implementing effective and efficient policies such as strengthening the physical and environmental attractions in order to increase the station's consumer community, developing social activities complementary to the station and as a result increasing economic activities in the station and its surroundings, it is possible to implement the development approach based on public transportation in the area around Golshahr Karaj metro station to a suitable extent. As a result, the policy-making methods in the field of land use planning in the target areas of development based on public transportation can be one of the key topics of complementary research on the feasibility of developing this approach around the target stations to synergize the results of these researches after providing a possible positive response to the feasibility study.

Urban squares are pivotal in 21st-century cities, serving as communal hubs where individuals experience a genuine sense of belonging and community. However, recent redesigns of several squares in Iran have fallen short of expected quality standards. This inadequacy may stem from the prevalent reliance on design ideas shaped by casual observations and designers' personal experiences. While these observations and experiences hold significance, they lack the depth required to comprehend the intricacies of a successful urban square. A profound understanding of the relationship between a space's social and physical aspects and the activities therein necessitates tapping into the community's attitudes toward these spaces. Hence, the central aim of this study is an in-depth exploration of the multi-dimensionality inherent in people/space interaction, considering it as an attitude concept. To accomplish this, a meticulously chosen sample of five urban squares in Tehran serves as the focal point. Employing a 12-item scale, the study seeks to elucidate individuals' interactions with these urban squares and discern the features that resonate most strongly with them. Rigorous testing on a sample of 411 citizens who regularly utilize these Tehran urban squares ensures the scale's reliability and validity. The analysis of the data unveiled three discernible constructs governing individuals' interaction with urban squares, constituting their attitude concept: affective, cognitive, and conative. However, a nuanced hierarchy emerged, with the affective and cognitive constructs assuming higher importance compared to the moderately significant behavioral construct. Additionally, there were moderate correlations observed among these constructs. In the exploration of established psychological models on place, structural equation modeling (SEM) was instrumental. The Higher-Order model emerged as fitting, effectively capturing the intricate interplay between individuals and urban spaces. These findings bear significant implications for the design and management of urban squares. The key takeaway is the necessity of formulating tailored outreach policies and plans that prioritize elements resonating with users on an affective and cognitive level, shifting away from a sole reliance on instrumental responses tied to practical needs

Introduction :

The expansion of urban space around the world has become a challenging issue in recent decades. To develop effective strategies to curb urban growth, understanding the forces and driving mechanisms of urban sprawl has particular importance. The phenomenon of urban-regional sprawl as one of the spatial changes is related to the pattern of sprawl of cities in metropolitan areas. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of urban-regional sprawl is vital, since, the spatial growth and expansion of cities and metropolitan areas have not only caused the increasing transformation of agricultural land into cities but also increased the demand for new natural resources that are very vital for the global environment. According to the studies conducted regarding the spatial growth of the metropolitan area, we are witnessing unusual growth of the metropolitan area and its discrete spatial development. The growth that has gone through various stages in the last 50 years and its consequences have been spatially manifested in the form of the formation of the urban area, the fragmentation of the suburbs, and the decline of the main metropolitan. Based on this, in this research, the organizational-institutional structures and mechanisms driving growth and spatial expansion of the Tehran metropolitan region have been measured and evaluated.

Methods and Materials:

Based on the background study as well as the nature of the subject, an attempt was made to use mixed methods (a combination of quantitative and qualitative data) to understand the effectiveness of the mechanisms and to understand the causes of the formation of the spatial structures of the region’s development. Qualitative coding of the data obtained from the interview with 18 university professors, city managers, and experts of related organizations and institutions made it possible to identify the main key categories and the components that form the organizational-institutional core categories that affect the growth of the metropolitan area of Tehran. Then, based on the results of these codings, a questionnaire consisting of 52 key questions was prepared with measuring the effectiveness of the mechanism of organizational-institutional structures (separated by 3 departments of government and official organizations and institutions, local institutions, and administrations and semi-official institutions) with calculating the weighted average of the core categories and components that form the mechanisms and ranking these categories and components. Measuring the influence of each of these factors was done in the form of a Likert scale. By examining the results of the questionnaires and calculating the weighted average value, the impact mechanism of each of the central categories and their forming concepts was determined, and in total, the weighted average rating of the assigned points determined which central categories and their forming components won the most privilege and the highest share in the increasing external growth of the metropolitan area of Tehran.

Local institutions and administrations with an average score of 4.25 among organizational-institutional structures have the greatest impact on the exponential external growth and expansion of the region, and quasi-governmental and semi-official organizations and institutions and governmental and official ones are ranked second and third with an average score of 4.17 and 3.96 respectively. Among the effective mechanisms, the monitoring gap mechanism of local institutions and administrations has the largest effect with a weighted mean of 4.46. and the components of the monitoring gap resulting from the weakness of political divisions among the mechanisms of local institutions and administrations and the lack of effective monitoring tools and the absence of a single supervisory authority in dealing with informal processes among the mechanisms of government and official organizations and institutions have the greatest impact on land acquisition in the region with a weighted mean of 4.50 and 4.42 respectively. 

According to the obtained results, local institutions and administrations as a whole have the greatest influence on land acquisition in the region through the mechanisms of weak management performance, monitoring gaps, and informal processes. While quasi-governmental and semi-official organizations and institutions and governmental and official organizations and institutions of the region are in the second and third ranks with an average score of 4.17 and 3.96, respectively. In fact, by moving towards the periphery and around the metropolis of Tehran and other cities and villages of the province due to fundamental structures and reasons such as the lack of a regionalism approach in structures that lack comprehensiveness and the dominant nature of metropolitan policymaking area and legal structures such as insufficient laws in the sanctuary and outside from privacy, the interactions in these areas are not taken into consideration as they should be. Therefore, the monitoring gap formed due to the power holes in these areas has provided a suitable platform for infiltrating and intensifying the common administrative corruption among some employees and officials of local institutions and offices in these areas. Obviously, this monitoring gap will increase by moving away from the central areas and moving towards the smaller levels of political divisions in the region.

Urban river valleys are natural corridors and aquatic habitats which provide an enlivening landscape for the cities and also they play an important role towards environmental, social, and cultural issues for urban residents and development in urban resident's life and development in their area. At the present time, structure and function of these valuable elements have been ruined due to non-planning growth and regardless to environmental subjects in municipal management and landscape planning that they have been converted to the runoff canal network or effluent. Several projects including restoration and rehabilitation of urban rivers have been defined to enhance environment of the city in Tehran. One of the weaknesses of urban management is distinguished just one dimension view towards development and even restoration. There are some solutions that can almost provide an ecologically sustainable condition for the river although the ability to return to the original state has been deprived. Implementation of engineering and managerial methods in compound and consideration of various dimensions of management are the main targets of this study, so land-use planning for the area around the river is applying as a suitable tool to restore and return it from a flooding area to a precious natural resource and servicing system. Of course, the objectives will obviously be reached if the key elements comprising ecology, economic, socio-culture, land-use, and executive and their subset indices have been considered in an integrating manner. In order to apply compound methods and presenting subjective results, Farahzad River Valley was selected as a case study.

Geographic Information System (GIS) and Urban River Survey (URS) were used to illustrate and classify sustainable ecological indices, respectively. At first, river area divided to 8 stretch in 50 meters then initial environmental indices including materials, habitat features, and flora were combined together and the features of each stretch were identified. Using cluster analysis, the values of initial indices were classified and entered in SPSS software. Therefore, the stretches were ranked from very good to poor in the various classes.

In overall, Farahzad River area were zoned in 4 qualitative classes, very good, good, moderate, and under moderate for landscape design. In the northern section of Farahzad River which is in the Kan Basin, about 32 percent of Farahzad River was situated in the very good class in terms of environmental indices. The very good class area was located in the mountain region. Because of the green spaces and gardens, approximately 11 percent was distinguished in good class. Both very good and good areas showed the potential for restoration and management of the river in these sectors. Nearly 12 percent of river stretch was classified in moderate level and other parts belong to moderate level. In the southern section of Farahzad River area which is located in the central catchment, the whole area was assessed in the under moderate level. That means probably it is possible for to define suitable land-uses gradually and design future landscape, with low changes.

Ultimately, sustainable recreation with river rehabilitation approach was distinguished as the best land-use of Farahzad River Valley Stretch that can considerably be implemented in the northern parts of the river and green space areas. Then, a thorough planning based on the holistic and integrated approach is required an account of river protection and rehabilitation if it is possible for the downstream parts, after Western Flood Control Canal where is under pressure by urban development.

Disaster risk is increasing sharply in cities around the world that are at hazards. Within cities, especially cities in low and middle-income countries, some urban spaces are constructed to distribute risks unfairly. For example, in Tehran, the existence of threatening hazards such as earthquakes, floods, fires and many environmental challenges along with a large area of unstable fabrics has caused this city to have special conditions in terms of disaster risk management.This study utilizes the approach of integrating disaster management policies and promotion of underutilised fabrics following the zoning of these fabrics in Tehran in terms of vulnerability to various hazards and provides solutions to control and reduce the damage caused by hazards with emphasis on policy-making, planning and prevention.

This research is applied-developmental in terms of type and its general model is descriptive-analytical and based on the evaluation method, during which the modeling, construction of a composite index and integration and superimposition of information layers and data based on the analytic hierarchy process to determine the final weight of spatial units and zoning of vulnerability of underutilised Fabrics in Tehran has been done. Indicator data and layers are also extracted from sources and various secondary data. Scoring of indices and sub-indices is based on experts' questionnaire and calculations were done in ARC GIS software.

In Tehran, there is a large overlap between the range of underutilised urban fabrics and higher levels of urban poverty, population concentration, and the potential for a variety of hazards. In this regard, underutilised fabrics of the southern half of Tehran, especially in regions 15, 18 and 20 in the first degree and regions 16, 17 and 19 in the second degree have the greatest potential for risk.

In some areas of Tehran, the realities of disaster management are much more complex than existing plans and policies. The disaster management system in underutilised fabrics requires a different mechanism compared to other parts of the city. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk in these areas, it is necessary to pay special attention to the issue of reducing urban poverty and vulnerability, and in general integrating policies and measures of disaster risk management and urban planning and social and economic development programs.