mokhtar nouri

The Problem of Development has always been a topic of discussion for researchers and thinkers in various fields of social sciences. In this framework, “Critical Approach to Community-Based Development” is one of the leading works in the field of sociology of development, written by Margaret Ledwith.  Ledwith is a researcher in the field of communitarianism and social justice, which in this work examines the development of community-based. She has focused both on objective developments in Western societies such as England in the context of globalization and on two philosophical turning points of the twentieth century: the Brazilian philosopher Paolo Freire and the Italian philosopher Antonio Gramsci. According to Ledwith, community-based development requires a search between theory and method. According to him, community-based development forms the knowledge that is based on justice, equality, and democracy. It seems that the connection between theory and practice for change is one of the innovations of Ledwith in this work. The purpose of this article is to introduce the mentioned work, critique and evaluate it in both form and content and focus on Iranian society.

The book Virtuous Life in the Secular Age is the work of the Iranian thinker Farhang Rajaee and the Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor. This book Written based on a common concern between the two thinkers. This common concern is the relationship between "religion and modernity" and the possibility of a religious life in the modern world. The book is a combination of authorship and translation, and written in the Framework of Thomas Springs. In the present article, while introducing and reviewing the mentioned work, its critique and critical evaluation will be on the author's agenda. Criticism of the work indicates that methodologically the work has not been able to implement the four stages of Springs. Therefore, the most important critique of the present work can be considered a "methodological" critique.

This paper in the first in short look into form of  Stern's bookand then it criticizes the content of this book,especially threeimportant parts of it, which are the most difficult and at the same time The most important its parts, compared with Hegel's phenomenology but All his system. These are preface, introduction and the final chapter.We want to know how much Stern has been successful In consideration of the content of these three sections. Also does the seventh chapter of his book have internal coordination with content of them?

The book entitled “Theoretical Foundations of Politics in Multicultural Societies” has been written about the issue of multiculturalism and its theorizing. The question is, how should a political decision-making process be organized in a political community with different cultural, religious, and philosophical identities in a way that all members of the community have a peaceful co-existence. The book seeks to test the answers given to the question by examining the debates of contemporary liberalism and communitarianism. In other words, the general approach of the book is to defend communitarianism with a critical look at liberalism. The writer of the book analyzes and interprets the ideas put forward by communitarians and liberals from three perspectives of self, principles of political ethics, and policy of cultural differences. This paper will attempt to critically evaluate the book. The authors of this paper aim to answer the following questions. What is the focal point of the work? What is the purpose of this work and its place in the resources available in this area?

The institution of the modern state, based on the liberal doctrine of social contract, has been questioned in the age of globalization by the formation of paradigmatic transformations of political thought from different think tanks. This kind of criticism of liberal discourse encompasses a range of critical thinkers such as Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida Giorgo Agamben, Jacques Rancière and others. But the critique of the state by contemporary thinkers is not confined to this category of thinkers, but communitarianism, with its thinkers such as Al-Sadir McIntyre, can be regarded as one of these critical schools of thought in the paradigm of contemporary political philosophy with a critical look at the most important liberal propositions of modern times such as individualism, state neutrality, universality of this kind of thinking and an emphasis on concepts such as communitarianism, virtue, state moral interventionism, and contextualization. The focus of this article will be to examine McIntyre's critical attitude towards the issue of "state neutrality." The question is, "What is Al-Sadir McIntyre's view of the institution of government? And what is his position on the neutrality of the state in liberal thought? "It is assumed that “First of all, McIntyre has no endorsing view of modern government and its grand narrative, and is in favor of communism. It also denies the impartiality of the state in liberal thought and advocates the rule-based interventionism of the state to moralize citizens ". Macintyre is a new Aristotelian thinker who emphasizes the restoration of virtue and prosperity in the modern age as it was in the classical Greek era.

After the post-communist period and the domination of neoliberalism in politics and society, various thinkers tried to find a new way to revive differences in a new age. One of these thinkers is Giorgio Agamben. In his writings and works, he attempts to introduce oppressive differences such as women, refugees, immigrants and others into politics, providing the foundation for the "future community". He is looking for a way to dispel the natural order from the domination of political order, and therefore looks at the "language" as a secure backing. Agamben seeks to build a community in the future that can restore normal human life to the scene. Therefore, the permanent change of the subject in the form of singularity and movement within a happy society creates a kind of permanent fluidity between the entire human being and its unique.

The purpose of this article is to review the book of justice theory by John Rawls, a contemporary political philosopher. An attempt will be made to introduce a critical review on the agenda. What is Rawls's main issue? What is the purpose of this work and its place in the resources available in this area? One of the most important issues the authors are trying to address. But Rawls's main claim is justice as fairness, has been critically criticized by some schools of thought and thinkers in contemporary political philosophy. These critiques include critiques of libertarians, communitarians and contemporary feminists. Also, the explanation of the relationship between Islamic attitude and Justice Rawls theory is a subject that has been raised at the end of the article.

Recent developments in the Arab World in general and in Egypt in particular have given rise to a torrent of theorizations and political analyses. This article seeks to apply an appropriate theory to analyze political developments in Egypt. The author has adopted John Foran’s theory of Third World social revolutions as the conceptual framework capable of analyzing those events. The question is as follows: Has the Egyptian revolution been able to present a successful example of social revolutions in the Third World according to John Foran’s theoretical approach? The hypothesis indicates that the developments leading to the Egyptian revolution have been consistent with Johan Foran’s theory of social revolutions. The findings of the research demonstrate that such factors as the dependent development, repressive government relying personally on Mubarak, formation of resistance political culture featured
in democratic and Islamist forms, economic depression and hardship and the impact of the world system are among the main parameters of Foran’s theory that paved the way for the advent of the revolution. The author concludes that the Egyptian revolution can be considered as one of the successful social revolutions in the Third World.

In the modern paradigm of political philosophy, we are faced with a hypothetical position that called social contract. The mentioned paradigm is from Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau to draw the origins of the legitimacy of the political society and the various categories of political philosophy, such as security and property. John Rawls restored the social contract again in the late 20th century. It seems that the purpose of using this hypothetical position from political philosophers is to provide a way of "knowing" about politics. The present article seeks to comparatively assess the position of the hypothetical social contract in the political thought of Hobbes and Locke with the thought of John Rawls in the contemporary era. Findings of the research indicate that the use of the hypothetical position of the social contract from the modern thinkers has a deeper position, while this position is only a representation tool for John Rawls. Because Rawls did not try to use the position of Hobbes and Locke to explain forming political society and its legitimacy, and was only seeking justification justice. For this purpose, we have used a comparative method for matching the ideas and the library method is also a tool for collecting information.

With the advent of constitutional discourse and awareness of the intellectuals of democratic principles, the concept of "citizenship" was gradually introduced into social and political literature of Iran. It seems to be important to increasingly study and enlighten this concept in Iranian political society that is experiencing the process of political transition to democracy and political development. Therefore, the main question of this paper was "what are the reasons for the impossibility of the formation of civil rights in contemporary political discourses of Iran?" To answer this question, the hypothesis was developed that "contemporary political discourses have failed to recognize civil rights in way deserving the modern human due to their non-participatory political culture and their tendency to authoritarianism, thus, civil rights have remained an idealistic concept and have not realized". This paper studied the historical conditions behind impossibility of formation of civil rights in contemporary political discourses from Qajar era to Islamic Republic era. For this purpose, this paper relied on theory of citizenship of Thomas Humphrey Marshal theoretically and on historical sociology and discourse methodologies to analyze conditions hindering formation of civil rights in contemporary political discourses. Further, the methodology used for test of hypotheses was descriptive-analytic and data collection was carried out using library method.

This paper¡ based on the approach of paradigmatic trying to rotate and change from modern political modernization paradigm to postmodernism discuss it. The formation of such a change of objective factors (economic¡ social and political changes) and subjective (epistemological changes) can contribute. This research focuses on subjective factors and assuming a combination of science and politics¡ and to link these two areas believes that a result of changes Epistemological happened in recent decades (especially from 1970 onwards)¡ political paradigms have been marked changes. So that a result the transition from the positivism to era of Post positivism¡ Political paradigm from structuralism and the central state toward pluralism and the opposition to the state has moved. A result these changes practice and political action has also undergone a profound transformation¡ because the power and politics as the main concepts from the state have been landing in all layers of society are current. This research attempts to show how the paradigmatic changes that have occurred in the field of epistemology¡ political paradigm change and activities¡ and political practice¡ not just in terms of political parties but also in the context of the new social movements have ability to plan and discuss. The basic assumption of this paper is that the transformation of the human sciences¡ including political science is in connection with the Paradigmatic changes epistemological and methodological.

All schools and common patterns in the traditional paradigm of political sociology in the relationship between society and government, and particularly decisive influence social forces on the power political within national state have been considered. But in recent decades due to the spread of globalization in various fields, and thus weakening the national state, it seems that scope area and threads and thus the dominant attitude in political sociology are major changes. Therefore it can besaid that the "paradigm" of political sociology is changing and transformation. In the traditional paradigm of concepts such as national state, the relationship between state and society, the ruling class, political elites, political parties and social base of the regime have been overcome, whereas in the new paradigm of sociology, power structures in the global level, the relationship between governments and global processes in different areas, the class of transnational identities, human rights and global citizenship, new social movements and etc. have been of prominent preference. This research tries to influence the process of globalization, especially the political and technical - the technological aspects to the formation of a paradigmatic changes in the field of political sociology.

Different various conflicts among Iran and the U. S relations have been created، since Islamic revolution in 1357. Since that time two countries have had a struggling and could relation، and the U. S use different strategies to restrict Iran''s policy goal because of challenges in their relations. One of the U. S newest and the most crucial deeds to change Islamic Republic of Iran is visible in their soft threats. Iran with the aim of different instruments and procedures react these threats، though. This article wants to evaluate social capital against the U. S soft threats as a tool. So، main goal of survey explained in a question: is it possible to use social capital as a means against the U. S soft threat? This survey offers a hypothesis that Islam republic of Iran is able to use and increase social capital among community in order to arise its own software and therefore fight against west software threats and neutrize them. This article is descriptive analytic and gather information through library source.