mostafa nemati

Since its discovery in 1961, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been recognized as a significant healthcare-associated pathogen (HA-MRSA) and a notorious 'superbug'. Typing is crucial for surveillance, epidemiology analysis, infection control of MRSA and sequencing of the spa gene is one of the most common methods used for determining the origin of this bacterium in humans and animals. This research aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance and spa type of S. aureus strains collected from outpatients in two hospitals in the Wasit province of Iraq.

The study analyzed 200 outpatient MRSA isolates by collecting nasal and sputum samples from patients. Standard biochemical and molecular methods based on the nuc gene were used to identify S. aureus bacteria and amplify the mecA and spa genes. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was employed to determine the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates using penicillin, cefoxitin, vancomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, imipenem, clindamycin, chloramphenicol and rifampicin.

Thirty-five (17.5%) out of 200 isolates were identified as S. aureus by biochemical and molecular methods. The prevalence of MRSA was more common in women than in men. Antibiogram results showed that most of the isolates were resistant to penicillin (94.2%) and sensitive to imipenem (100%), clindamycin (100%), and chloramphenicol (100%). Of these 35 isolates, 30 (87.5%) and 26 strains (74.3%) were positive for the mecA and spa genes. Typing based on spa gene sequencing revealed four different patterns: t386, t3579, t10002 and t10234.

 Variations in the spa gene among different S. aureus isolates may be of clinical importance when treating staphylococcal infections. In this study, spa typing revealed four different patterns in Iraq, representing diagnostic and therapeutic implications

Cousinia kermanshahensis Attar, Ghahr, & Assadi is a biennial herbaceous species belonging to the Asteraceae family. This species is endemic to Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Based on IUCN guidelines, three criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species: Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), and size of populations. Based on field studies and plot sampling, C. kermanshahensis occupies 0.03 km2. The extent of occurrence was estimated to be 1.929 km2 using GeoCAT software. According to our results, C. kermanshahensis is a critically endangered (CR) species. Although the spiny leaves and capitules protect the plant from grazing, the limited populations around the village can pose a serious threat to it. By preserving its seeds in the Natural Resources Seed Bank and cultivating them in Iran's National Botanical Garden, ex-situ conservation is recommended. Furthermore, Natural Resources and the Watershed Management Organization should protect this endemic species' habitats.

Food and Mouth Disease (FMD) is considered one of the most important and common diseases of the ruminants population, which is able to impose heavy economic losses on the bodies of the country's animal husbandry industry. In this regard, vaccination is considered to be the most effective method to prevent disease, which unfortunately, in some cases, vaccination has caused damage to the industry and subsequently dissatisfaction of livestock farmers. The purpose of this study is a comparative evaluation of the types of complications caused by the injection of different types of FMD vaccines available in the country.

The current study was conducted in the field and data collection, between March 2015 and March 2021, on the adult population of large and small ruminants in Alborz, Ilam and provinces. It has been done on 9 different vaccines.

The results showed that the cumulative side effects caused by the injection of vaccines was not significant (p>0.05), while the separate side effects of vaccines number 1, 5 and 7, were significant (p<0.05).

The results of the study indicated that significant side effects have no important clinical values and counted as the natural reactions of any vaccine. In addition, it was concluded that the Iran made vaccines can be very useful and beneficial in disease prevention and control.

Antibiotic resistance is rising dramatically worldwide, and thus the production of new antibiotics is indispensable. Recent scientific initiatives have focused on the bioprospecting of microorganisms' secondary metabolites, with a particular focus on the look for natural products with antimicrobial properties derived from endophytes. All plant species, regardless of their type, are thought to anchor endophytic bacteria (EB). There are many potential uses for the natural therapeutic compounds made by EB in medicine, agriculture, and the pharmaceutical industry. To investigate antibacterial properties in this study, Actinomycetota (formerly, Actinobacteria) were isolated from Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss., identified, and underwent bioprospecting by morphological and molecular methods. Samples were collected from Ilam, Iran, and then divided into roots, leaves, stems, and flowers. After disinfection, they were cut into 2 mm pieces, cultured on casein agar culture medium, and incubated at 28°C for up to four weeks. Actinomycetota was identified using the polymerase chain reaction method targeting the 16S rRNA gene. To evaluate the antibacterial properties of the isolated Actinomycetota, the agar diffusion method was used. In parallel, the frequencies of biosynthetic gene clusters, including polyketide synthase (PKS-I and PKS-II) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes, were determined in the isolated Actinomycetota. Ninety bacteria were isolated from different parts of Anthemis flowers. Thirty-eight (42.2%) of these bacteria belonged to the phylum Actinomycetota, and out of these 38, 15 isolates (39.5%) had antibacterial properties. Of these, 11 isolates (73.3%) exhibited antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, 2 (13.3%) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 3 (20%) against Escherichia coli, and two isolates (13.3%) against Salmonella enterica sub-species of enterica serovar Typhimurium. The results of the molecular analysis of PKS-I, PKS-II, and NRPS genes showed that out of 38 isolated Actinomycetota strains, 23 isolates (60.5%) carried PKS-I gene, 6 (15.8%) harbored PKS-II gene, and 20 isolates (52.6%) had NRPS gene. This study indicates that Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. has a number of active Actinomycetota that produce secondary metabolites with antibacterial properties.

One of the pivotal concepts in Maritime Law is a ship’s seaworthiness. Not only its effect is not limited to one element of the shipping industry, but also affects Marine transport, Marine Insurance, Marine Pollution, Carriage of Goods by Sea, Liability, and all other respected bodies in shipping. The concept of seaworthiness has evolved over many years, but it is not clearly point to the exact coverage of seaworthiness in any particular stage of the ship voyage, especially while she is making her way through the fairways and channels to be finally alongside. The ship owner is obliged to provide a seaworthy ship which is the core in the carriage of goods by sea, included in charter parties, where the contract of carriage is between the ship owner and charterer. As seaworthiness is not usually defined in modern standard form charter parties, the meaning of the concept must be ascertained from cases being decided at common law. For this purpose, a large number of decisions of maritime courts were reviewed in order to know the main body of ideology of competent maritime courts to explain and interpret the concept of seaworthiness of a ship.As a result, it is important to analyze the position of the current law; the Common Law, the Hague/Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules, and the other related regulations, to assess the importance of this concept (As a duty), and how the courts dealt with it under the different types of carriage contracts. Furthermore, it would be important to assess whether the current law is sufficient to reflect the changes in the shipping industry in general, and especially after the introduction of the ISM and ISPS Codes which could considerably affect the carrier’s obligation; or if a desire for change in the law is needed to reflect the changes.

One of the social beliefs in the field of family is that customs and ethics should be governed in marital relationships, and a Sharia and legal logic cannot and should not be involved in this matter. In this regard, some people don't agree with Sharia and legal requirements in marital relationships and believe that the Holy Quran confirms that by ordering to follow customs. This analytical-documentary research was conducted with the aim of reviewing and analyzing the conflict between the rule of the necessity of behaving reasonably and jurisprudential-legal requirements in marital relationships; thus, all written jurisprudential sources in the field of marital relationships within family were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the rule of the necessity of behaving reasonably should be taken into account in both extracting the jurisprudential rulings of couples' relationships and legislative system. Moreover, jurisprudential and legal requirements are not only in conflict with the rule of the necessity of behaving reasonably, but they are one of the executive guarantees of the rule of the necessity of behaving reasonably.

To search endophytic bacteria diversity and evaluate their antibacterial activity, healthy medicinal plant of Scrophularia striata was chosen in this study. One hundred endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface-sterilized tissues (root, stem and leaf) of S. striata. Using sequence analysis targeting 16S rRNA gene, eight genera, including Agrococcus, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Chryseobacterium, Delftia, Kocuria, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas were identified. Antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria was examined against some test bacteria, employing agar well diffusion method. Out of 31 endophytic bacterial isolates, 24(77.42%) isolates showed significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, 17(54.84%) isolates exhibited maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus, 14(45.16%) isolates against Escherichia coli and 5(16.13%) isolates showed positive activity against Proteus mirabilis.The results obtained in this study suggested that the medicinal plant, S. striatais is a potent source of endophytic bacteria with antibacterial activity and offers promise for discovery of more impressive biological compounds.

In this study the effect of fundamental variables and size on stock return is considered. The aim of the study is to answer two questions about each variable. The first question is how the effects of variables on the return have changed through time. In order to answer this question, the effect of each variable is considered in three consequential time window: 2004-08, 2009-13, and 2014-18. The second question in on the effects of variables in 2018. The return of the market in this year significantly deviated from historical average and it could be marked as an anomaly. The study aims to investigate how this irregularity affects the association between return and variables. In order to answer to this question, the effect of each variable is considered in two time window: 2004-17, 2004-18. The data in this study consists of price and financial statements listed companies in Tehran Stock exchange from 2004 to 2018 which are analyzed by methods used in Fama and French (1993) and Assadi and Eslami (1393). The results suggest that the effect of some variables has changed through time. The results also have shown that market irregularity in 2018 significantly changed the effect of some variables on stock return.

Craniofacial measurements are one of the important parts of anthropology that determine the morphological features of the face and head. Considering the importance and position of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and the ethnic diversity of its students, the aim of this study is to measure the different variables of head, face and stature of medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and to investigate the relationship between these variables.

In the present study, the variables of skull length, skull width and skull height were measured in 200 medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. SPSS 16 software was used for statistical analysis. The P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

The variables of stature (P= 0.0001), skull length (P= 0.0001) and skull height (P = 0.044) showed significant differences between the two genders, but there was no significant difference in skull width between them (P= 0.865). According to the linear regression, there was a significant relationship between stature and cranial length ((P= 0.0001), (P= 0.016)) and also between stature and cranial height ((P= 0.0001), (P= 0.0001)) in all cases and in male subjects. In addition, there was a relation between stature and cranial width in female subjects (P= 0.013).

The existence of significant relationships between different variables of the cranium and stature makes it possible to estimate stature based on these variables.

The growth of the world economy in the last century has led to the consumption of many goods, and on the other hand, the process of globalization has led to the formation of huge flows of goods around the world; But the production, transportation, storage and consumption of these goods have created many environmental problems. Today, global warming due to the production and widespread emission of greenhouse gases is a major environmental concern. Governments, working groups and large corporations are preparing to face this threat. The field of operations research has a long history of improving operational methods, especially in reducing costs. In this study, the authors summarize the significant contributions of operations research to green logistics, which includes a combination of environmental dimensions and aspects in procurement processes. By focusing on the design, planning, and oversight of the supply chain, inventory, and facility decisions provide a summary of current developments and developments that may occur in the future. In this direction, various researches that have studied OR models of logistics programs from environmental dimensions will also be mentioned.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of protected glutamine (Gln) supplementation in the diet of Holstein fresh cows after parturition on dry matter intake (DMI), plasma metabolites, body condition score (BCS) and reproductive performance. Forty Holstein dairy cows (796±58 kg of pre-parturition live weight; 3.25±0.35 BCS) at zero d of parturition were divided to four groups (n=10), including: basal diet (control group: a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of 49% forage and 51% concentrate mixture on dry matter (DM) basis), basal diet supplemented with 150, 250 or 350 g of Gln protected with formaldehyde/cow per day. Dry matter intake of experimental treatments on 21 d after calving were 12.09, 14.39, 15.40 and 97.15 kg/d respectively (P=0.02). Plasma glucose concentrations of 1 to 4 treatments on 21 d after calving were 48.8, 55.0, 59.2 and 60.5 mg/dl respectively (P<0.01). total protein concentrations of 1 to 4 treatments on 21 d after calving were 5.02, 5.98, 7.10 and 7.20 g/dl respectively (P<0.01). AST concentrations of 1 to 4 treatments on 21 d after calving were 132.5, 82.1, 73.3 and 71.3 U/l respectively (P<0.01). Dietary supplementation with protected Gln had no effect on blood urinary nitrogen (P>0.05). The cows that received Gln changed the BCS less than the control treatment (P=0.03). Dietary supplementation of Gln had no effect on reproductive performance and the number of artificial insemination leading to pregnancy and also the interval between calving to pregnancy were not significant between treatments (P <0.05).

Pre-pubertal nutrition managements are considered essential for animal health, optimizing production and reproductive performance in livestock.
In this study, the effects of dietary low and high energy and protein provisions on body growth, blood metabolites and inherent safety index were investigated in pre-pubertal Kurdish female lambs.
We fed 40 healthy Kurdish female lambs (30±8.6 days old and weighing 10.2±3.4 kg) were randomly divided into one of two experimental diets in pre-weaning period: high energy and protein (HEP, 2.50 Mcal ME/kg dry matter (DM) and 148 g CP/kg DM) or low energy and protein (LEP, 2.02 Mcal ME/kg DM and 87 g CP/kg DM). At the time of weaning, one half of lambs from each group was randomly separated and assigned to HEP or LEP. So there were four treatment groups in post-weaning period: H-H (HEP pre- and post-weaning); H-L (HEP pre-weaning and LEP post-weaning); L-H (LEP pre-weaning and HEP post-weaning) and L-L (LEP pre and post-weaning, control group). Treatment effects on dry matter intake, milk intake, serum metabolite profiles, inherent safety index and growth were examined.
Pre-pubertal plane were significantly affected above mention parameters at post- weaning period (P It has been observed that diet energy and protein and body energy reserves are much important regulators of growth and health indicators in Kurdish female lambs.

Resistance of pathogenic organisms to countenance antibiotics has become a worldwide problem with serious consequences on the treatment of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistance and also the detection of transferred antibiotic resistance by plasmid in clinical Proteus isolates.

A total of 250 urine samples were collected from patient suffered from urinary tract infection (UTI), and cultured on blood agar and MacConkey's agar. Positive cultures were diagnosed by routine microbiological and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated by agar dilution method, and also antibiotic resistance mediated by plasmid was determined using transformation of plasmids to plasmid free Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as competent cell.

Among 200 samples, 120 samples (60%) were collected from female and 80 samples (40%) were isolated from males. Out of 25 species (12.5%) were diagnosed as Proteus. Al isolates were resistant to ampicillin (maximum frequency), only 16% of isolates were resistance to amikacin (minimum resistance). Totally, 66.66% of Proteus isolates harbored plasmids. All plasmid containing P. mirabilis isolates were able to transferred resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, while rate of resistance to other antibiotics were as amikacin (88%), gentamycin (72%), tetracycline (50%), tobramycin (48%), ceftazidime, cefotaxime (32%) and ciprofloxacin (22%).

Widespread use of antibiotics cause to spread or emerge antibiotic resistances among bacteria by R–plasmids transfer.

Trifolium incarnatum L. is reported for the first time for the flora of Iran. It has been collected from Marivan area in Kurdistan province. This species belongs to the section Trifoilium anddistinguished from T. sylvaticum Gerard ex Loisel by the following characters: Dense, large head (about twice as much as the later one) and red flowers. Also it differs from T. stellatum L. by possessing larger leaflets, oblong heads (about two times longer than the later) and red flowers.

The contamination of poultry carcasses in slaughter house according to the number of poultry and systems has a risk for human health. In this research some Gram- negative bacteria were isolated from alimentary canal. In addition, serotyping of Salmonella was performed.
Four hundred alimentary canal specimens from 80 industrial poultry farms (5 chickens per farm) were sampled and sent to Ilam University laboratory. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified by mean of standard biochemical tests. The serotyping of salmonella isolates was carried out by the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Sequence analyses for a representative selection of Gram-negative bacteria were performed commercially by Macrogen, South Korea.
Findings: Out of 80 flocks, species of some genera including Proteus, Escherichia, Enterobacter and Salmonella were isolated form 75 (94 %), 40 (50%), 30 (38%) and 5 (6%) flocks, respectively. The results showed that three salmonellae were identified as Salmonella O7 (Group C1), one O8 (Group C2) and the other as O9 (Group D).
Discussion & The high presence of the bacteria in poultry’s alimentary tract in slaughter house immediately before they were slaughtered may be a pose for human health hazards. Thus, based on the findings of this study poultry’s alimentary tract bacteria should be considered as a potential source of contamination for the public health.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a bacterium found on the skin and hair of people and animals. S. aureus could product some extracellular protein.

One hundred and fifty S. aureus isolates that were collected from different resources were screened for the mecA, tst-1, eta and etb genes by PCR. 50 isolates were selected from human staphylococcal isolates and 100 from animal staphylococcal isolates.

Ten out of the 50 human S. aureus isolates and 5 out of 50 S. aureus isolates from milk cow were just positive for mecA but none of the poultry S. aureus isolates were positive for mecA. All of the isolates were negative for the eta, etb, tst-1.

The results in this study indicate that the prevalence of mecA in human staphylococcal isolates is higher than prevalence of this gene in poultry staphylococcal isolates in Ilam- Iran but for the other genes there is no difference. Detection of mecA in cow milk could be a pose for public health hazards.

Mostafa NematiTrifolium sylvaticum Eig. is reported for the first time for the flora of Iran. It has been collected from Marivan area in Kurdistan province. This species is distinguished from T. stellatum L. by the following characters: Stipules entire, head sessile, corolla short, 8 to 10 mm. long, etc.