mousa abedini

Floods are one of the natural phenomena that can cause significant damage to infrastructure, farmlands, and the environment. This phenomenon primarily occurs due to heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of these factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to map flood hazard zones and examine their relationship with land use using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model in the Razi Chay watershed in Ardabil Province.

In this study, data from Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 2022, a 30-meter ASTER DEM map, a 1:50,000 scale topographic map, a 1:250,000 scale geological map, and other detailed information of the studied watershed were utilized. Ten parameters influencing flood occurrence were analyzed, including elevation, slope, slope aspect, vegetation cover, geological formations, distance from the river, flow direction, land use, precipitation, and drainage density. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was employed to determine the importance of each variable.

Among the studied parameters, slope (with a weight of 30%), elevation (with a weight of 21%), and land use (with a weight of 17%) were assigned the highest weights, indicating their significant influence in controlling flood occurrence in the Razi Chay watershed. The results show that approximately 36% of the Razi Chay watershed falls within high-risk and very high-risk zones. These areas are typically located in the lower part of the watershed, often at the confluence of the two main streams. Considering the spatial distribution of settlements in the region, it can be concluded that most of the settlements in the lower part of the watershed are exposed to flood risks

The purpose of this research was to investigate the geotourism potential of Khalkhal in Ardabil Province. A case study was conducted on six areas: Haft Khaneh Cave, Nareh Gar Waterfall, Asalem-Khalkhal Road, Aznav Spring, Andbil, and Pirtaghi Suspension Bridge. The methods used in the research were the Feylot method and the Hadzik methods. The results of the Hadzik model showed that, based on the scientific value, surplus, and vulnerability as evaluated by experts and visitors to the geotourism sites, the areas were ranked as follows: Haft Khaneh Cave (36.093), Narehgar Waterfall (47.895), Asalem-Khalkhal Road (49.248), Aznav Spring (67.691), Andbil (28.965), and Pirtaghi Suspension Bridge (39.944). The highest score in this model was attributed to Aznav Spring. The results of the Feylot model indicated that, based on the sub-indices studied, the geotourism area of Asalem-Khalkhal Road received the highest score (25.11), with the other studied areas ranked accordingly. It is concluded that Aznav Spring, Asalem-Khalkhal Road, and Narehgar Waterfall have greater potential for the development of geotourism compared to the other areas.

Today, the tourism industry has become one of the main sources of income and employment creation at the international level. Identifying the geotourism potential and tourist attractions of each region, along with proper planning, can help develop this industry and attract tourists. Despite having high tourism capabilities, the tourist village of Bileh Darq has remained unknown due to lack of attention and investment, insufficient advertising, etc. The main objective of this research was to investigate the ecotourism capabilities of Bileh Darq village using the Pereira model.

This region has always been of great interest to tourists due to its many natural attractions (ecotourism and geotourism). This research has investigated and analyzed the geotourism and ecotourism capabilities of the village of Bileh Daragh using the Pereira model. For this purpose, using the opinions of experts, local people and tourists, questions designed for the Pereira model (40 questionnaires) were conducted, tested and analyzed.

After calculating the data with the Pereira model, the geomorphological grade of the region was 3.7, which was obtained from the scientific value indices of 4.25 and the complementary value indices of 3.05. In addition, the management grade of the researched area was 7.6, which was obtained from the calculation of the conservation value indices of 2.05 and the functional value indices of 4.65. Finally, the tourist village of Bileh Daragh has obtained a score of 14 out of a maximum of 20 points in total values, which indicates the high ecotourism capabilities. However, the region's geotourism attractions remain unknown due to lack of investment and adequate advertising. The results of this study can help tourism managers and planners to plan properly and develop the tourism industry and attract tourists with scientific support and considering the region's geotourism capabilities.

Snow and glaciers play a fundamental role in terrestrial life and human sustenance, significantly influencing our daily lives. Therefore, the primary objective of this research is to examine and evaluate the surface temperature of the Earth and snow cover using topographic components and changes in snow cover (SC) in the Meshgin Shahr watershed. In this study, Landsat 5, 8, and 9 images were utilized in the Earth Inheritance System to calculate the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) was computed for the same images using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the summer season. The results indicate an inverse relationship between surface temperature and snow cover. The analysis of snow cover (SC) maps and elevation classes reveals that, until the year 2007, all regions were covered with snow at elevations higher than 4381 meters. However, post-2007, fluctuations have been observed. At elevations below 2000 meters, the annual average temperature ranges from 14.97 to 0.97 degrees Celsius, decreasing with increasing altitude. In higher elevations exceeding 3500 meters, the annual average temperature ranges from 24.84 to 12.64 degrees Celsius. According to the current research results, the maximum greenness occurred in 1993, covering an area of 1041.74 square kilometers. In that year, the snow-covered area was 1642.37 square kilometers. In contrast, the minimum vegetation cover occurred in 2006, with an area of 237.42 square kilometers, corresponding to a snow cover area of 1003.63 square kilometers.

Soil erosion is one of the most common types of soil degradation that has destructive effects on the environment and human life. The severity of soil erosion is usually estimated using various models. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the intensity of soil erosion hazard and its relationship with environmental factors in the Virmooni watershed in Guilan province,To achieve the research goal, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model was used, which includes the factors of rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topography, vegetation cover, and soil conservation practices. For this purpose, data from rain gauges of the Iran Meteorological Organization, 1:250000 soil texture map of Iran, 30-meter ASTER Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Landsat 8 OLI satellite image were prepared in the GIS environment. After overlaying the layers, the annual soil erosion amount in the watershed was estimated.In the next step, environmental factors that are effective in soil erosion occurrence were created in the GIS environment, including topographic wetness index, stream power index, slope curvature, profile curvature, surface curvature, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Finally, zoning maps were prepared. The results of this study showed that the soil erosion rate for the entire watershed was estimated to be between 0 and 1/80 tons per hectare per year. Among the effective factors of the studied model, the topography factor had the highest correlation (0/91) with soil erosion compared to other factors.In another study, the relationship between environmental factors and annual soil loss was investigated. The results showed that the NDVI had the highest correlation (R2=0.62) with soil erosion compared to other factors. The stream power index had the lowest correlation (R2=0.11). This research confirms the possibility of integrating environmental factors affecting soil erosion.

Soil erosion is one of the environmental problems that is a threat to natural resources, agriculture and environment, and in this regard, time and place information of soil erosion plays an effective role in management measures, erosion control and watershed management. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the amount of soil erosion in Kozehh Topraghi watershed with the model (RUSLE) and its relationship with vegetation indicators. To achieve the goal of the research, the RUSLE experimental model, which includes R, K, LS, C and P factors, has been used. For this purpose, using the rain gauge data obtained from the Meteorological Organization, the soil texture layer 1:250000 of Iran, the digital model of 30 meters height of Aster and also the satellite image of Landsat 8 OLI have been prepared in the environment of the geographic information system (GIS) and after overlapping layers, the amount of annual soil erosion at the basin level was estimated. In the next step, the geomorphic and vegetation indices that are effective in the occurrence of soil erosion include topographic moisture index (TWI), waterway power index (SPI), domain curvature index (Curvatore), section curvature index (Profil Curvatore), surface curvature index (Plan) Curvatore) and Normal Vegetation Index (NDVI) were created in ArcMap environment and zoning maps were prepared. In line with this, GIS 10.8, ENVI 5.6, Excel, Word software were used to prepare maps as well as analysis. The results of this study showed that the amount of soil erosion for the whole basin was estimated between 0 and 26.63 tons per hectare per year. In another study, the relationship between geomorphic indices and vegetation cover with annual soil erosion rate was conducted, and the results showed that surface curvature indices and normal vegetation cover are the most influential with correlation coefficients of 0.39 and 0.26, respectively, compared to other indices. Also, Curvatore has the least effect with a value of 0.021. Therefore, it is concluded that based on the results obtained from the analysis of parameters related to erosion in the RUSLE model, as well as the indicators used in relation to soil erosion, finally, the surface curvature index and the vegetation index as an influencing factor compared to other parameters have the highest performance in the estimation of watershed soil erosion. The results of this research confirm the possibility of combining effective geomorphic and vegetation indicators on erosion, as well as the possibility of using other effective indicators and RS and GIS capabilities to quantitatively estimate soil erosion values. A

The environmental consequences of land subsidence are destructive, costly and irreparable, and include creating cracks on the surface of the earth, damaging human structures such as building foundations, streets, bridges, roads, and power transmission lines. Sewage is destruction of irrigation systems and fertile agricultural soils and damage to ancient sites. Remote sensing methods, unlike mapping data and topographical maps, which are in physical contact with terrestrial phenomena, are without the slightest interference on terrestrial phenomena, and measuring and evaluating changes in phenomena are evaluated from a distance. Short receiving time and high spatial accuracy of radar images have made it used as a general and widely used tool to estimate land subsidence. According to the statistics announced in the country of Iran, the adverse effects caused by land subsidence are not a low number and are rapidly developing and spreading in different regions of the country. Leave irreparable damage. Ardabil plain, with its rich underground water resources and good soil, has always been of interest in the last half century and has been a suitable place for providing drinking water and agriculture. With the boom of agriculture from the 1960s onwards and as a result the excessive harvest from the aforementioned table since 1363, the aforementioned source began to decline and the continuation of this situation in the following years caused this plain to become more critical.

In order to carry out this research, the data of 22 piezometric wells in the Ardabil plain have been used. The time period used in this research is a 7-year period from 1395 to 1402. The method used for the data of this section is the BRF method, as one of the methods of radial functions, which is used due to its low error value and high accuracy. SAR images of the European Space Agency's Sentinel 1 satellite in SLC format and with vv polarization have been used to find out the changes in land subsidence in the Ardabil plain. The images used by the Sentinel 1 satellite (in c-band with a wavelength of 5.6 cm) are in the group of sensors with medium resolution in terms of spatial resolution. The radar interferometry method provides the possibility of producing a digital model of the ground height, whose optimal height accuracy for c-band data with a wavelength of 5.6 cm is about 5 meters. This method is able to reveal surface changes in the ground in different intervals with millimeter accuracy by using at least 2 or more radar images. In this method, an artificial interferogram is produced with the help of digital elevation model of the earth and conversion of height into phase, and in this way, with the help of reverse DEM data, the phase effect caused by topography is calculated and removed from the phase difference values. The remaining phase difference belongs to the effect of surface displacement and atmosphere.

The results of the investigation of piezometric wells in the area of Ardabil Plain show that the maximum drop in the underground water level is 48.77 meters in the southeast of Ardabil Plain and the lowest drop in the underground water level is 1.57 meters in the north. Eastern Ardabil plain was calculated. The amount of fluctuations in the water level of piezometric wells shows that the highest amount of fluctuations was in the area of Pirqavam wells, Arallovi Bozor and Khalil Abad lands. The lowest fluctuation was also observed in the area of Agchechai wells, Nojedeh. In the studied time period, the water level of Khalilabad piezometric well in 2015 was 2.96 meters, while in 1402, the water level in this area reached 46.3 meters. During 7 years, the water level has dropped by 43 meters, which indicates a critical situation in this sector. The lowest fluctuation of the water level is also for the Aghche-chai well. The land subsidence map of Ardabil plain shows that: the south-eastern parts of Ardabil city and also to some extent in the southern part have suffered ground subsidence due to the extraction of underground water. In the next order, the western parts of Ardabil city are prone to land subsidence. Based on this map, the maximum amount of ground subsidence has been calculated at around 598 mm in the area of Khalil Abad well. In the area of Khalil Abad well, the situation of underground water level drop is very critical and it has dropped by 43 meters during 7 years from 1395 to 1402. The overlapping results of the underground water level and co-depth curves with the results of radar interferometry show the accuracy of the findings in this section. Overlapping the location of the historical sites with the land subsidence map shows that, first of all, Tapraqlu hill (first millennium BC) is in the area of land subsidence with a rate of 250 mm.

The results of the application of this method revealed a very high level of land subsidence for the Ardabil plain (598 mm during a 7-year period). The southeastern areas of Ardabil plain have found a critical situation in recent years due to unprincipled exploitation and lack of proper management. Overlapping the location of the historical sites with the land subsidence map showed that Taparaglu hill with a rate of 250 mm and Ozrik Tepe-si with a rate of 69 mm are in the area of land subsidence, respectively. The three historic sites of Qala-Bovini, Niar Tepesi and Tezre Tepesi are also located in the area prone to land subsidence with rates of 27 mm, 46 mm and 49 mm, respectively. The cause of land subsidence in the Ardabil plain, according to the studies conducted on the changes in the underground water level, is the excessive exploitation of the underground water resources for the cultivation of agricultural products and providing the possibility of compaction of the underlying layers. In general, it can be said that the research results indicate the involvement of historical sites in the area of land subsidence.

Riverbank erosion is a hydraulic process in which the tensile force of flowing water causes the separation of soil particles from the bank. River channel changes, bank erosion, and bank sedimentation are natural processes in alluvial rivers that can lead to the destruction of surrounding agricultural lands and damage to human infrastructure near the river.In this research, the Rasgen model (Levels 1, 2, and 3) was used to evaluate the condition of the Darehroud River and measure the extent of bank erosion. Level 1 was utilized to determine the channel type after calculating the river slope in the study area. Based on the slopes obtained from different sections, field observations of the river's cross-sections, and its planform during field studies, and considering the river classification system based on slope in Level 1 of Rasgen, the examined sections were categorized into Groups B and A.For this study, six sections from Gavlan village to Laqan village, spanning a length of 5 kilometers, were selected. After determining the river classification in Levels 1 and 2, the conditions of the Darehroud River were evaluated using Level 3 of the Rasgen system. The results indicate that sections 2, 5, and 6 (Group 4B) with total scores of 91, 85, and 111, respectively, and section 4A with a score of 87 are in a weak and unstable condition. In contrast, sections 1 and 3 (Type 4A) with scores of 91 and 87, respectively, are in a good and stable condition.Overall, the classification of the Darehroud River based on the Rasgen model (Levels 1, 2, and 3) provides a logical assessment that delivers more detailed and accurate information for river management applications.

 Statement of the Problem: 

Landslides are among the most important geomorphological hazards in mountainous areas. Large-scale landslides often have significant social and economic impacts, making them one of the costliest natural disasters worldwide, causing considerable damage to individuals and infrastructure each year. Nowadays, due to climate change and human activities, the frequency, intensity, and impact of landslides have increased, posing significant threats to life and property. In recent years, with rapid socio-economic development, the spatial extent of human activities has also gradually expanded. The occurrence of heavy rainfall has increased the frequency of landslides in mountainous areas and the resulting economic losses have gradually increased, turning landslides into barriers to human environment development. Given the complex physics and diverse nature of triggering mechanisms (such as rainfall and earthquakes), dynamic landslide monitoring is vital for risk assessment and management. While small landslides constitute the majority of landslide events annually, large landslides are usually responsible for a significant portion of casualties and damages. In most parts of the world, identifying their locations and effects still faces many challenges due to the diversity of landslide types and morphologies, as well as the difficulty in collecting and updating survey forms. Therefore, the development of tools and techniques for identifying and monitoring these widespread gravitational processes is of great importance. Spatial assessment and preparation of hazard maps are fundamental strategies in landslide risk management. In the present study, spatial assessment and zoning of landslide risk in the Zemkan watershed in Kermanshah have been addressed. This watershed drains parts of the western slopes of the Zagros Mountainous area and has a high potential for landslides.

In order to assess the spatial risk of landslides in the watershed, studies of 13 factors affecting landslide occurrence were conducted, including elevation, slope, aspect, the Melton ruggedness number, surface convexity, length of slope, valley depth, TWI, precipitation, geological formations, distance from streams, distance from roads, and vegetation cover. In line with the research objectives, the necessary data were obtained from 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 topographic maps; 1:100,000 and 1:250,000 geological maps; Aster satellite images with a resolution of 27 meters; Sentinel satellite images (with a resolution of 10 meters) and Google Earth (GeoEye with an approximate resolution of 1 meter); climate data; field studies; and library resources. ArcGIS, ENVI, and SAGA GIS software were used for the preparation and preparation of thematic layers and the execution of research models. A catastrophe theory-based approach was employed for zoning and spatial prediction of landslide occurrence risk in the Zemkan watershed area. Functions of catastrophe theory were used in GIS environment to combine and overlay these factors. The model employed was used to address uncertainties associated with decision-making and data classification. In this model, the weight of criteria is determined by the internal mechanism of the system, which has a mathematical nature.

The results of the research demonstrate the satisfactory performance of catastrophe theory functions in zoning the risk of landslides. The model accuracy, calculated using field mapping of landslide zones and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, was approximately 90%. Catastrophe theory-based modeling showed that slope factors with a coefficient of 1.3, precipitation with a coefficient of 1.2, elevation with a coefficient of 1.1, and geological formations with a coefficient of 1 are the most important variables affecting landslide occurrence in the Zemkan watershed. Over 32.4% of the study area fell into high and very high susceptibility classes. Several conditions have led to significant portions of the central and southern parts of the Zemkan watershed having a high landslide potential. In this regard, factors such as high elevation and slope, significant precipitation, the presence of landslide-sensitive geological formations such as marl, clayey limestone, and shale (Kazhomi formation), westward orientation perpendicular to westward winds, long slopes, high drainage density, and human interventions are noteworthy.

In the present study, a model based on catastrophe theory was utilized to mitigate uncertainties associated with decision-making and data classification. In this model, the weights of criteria are determined by the internal mechanism of the system, which has a mathematical nature. The results of the model are repeatable and generalizable, thereby reducing decision-making uncertainties and enabling the integration of multiple quantitative and qualitative data. The research findings indicate the effectiveness of catastrophe theory functions based on GIS in spatial assessment and zoning of landslide risk in the study area. The alignment of landslide field mapping with landslide risk zoning maps and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicates a model accuracy of approximately 90%. The model results show that slope, precipitation, elevation, and geology are the most important factors influencing landslide occurrence in the Zemkan watershed. A significant portion of the study area falls into high and very high susceptibility classes of landslides, indicating a considerable potential for landslides in the Zemkan watershed and the need for planning to mitigate the risks associated with landslide occurrence.

 the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between land use changes and ground surface temperature in Parsabad city in Ardabil province using Google Earth Engine system. In this regard, the land use map of Parsabad city was prepared by calling the data of Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 1 satellites in the Google Earth Engine programming environment, and in the next step, its correctness and overall accuracy were validated using the Kappa coefficient. In the next step, the data of Sentinel 5 satellite was used to investigate the aerosols of the studied city, and its daily trend was calculated using the regression and skewness method during the period of 2023-2018. In the next step, the pollution density map of the studied city was drawn and by calling MODIS satellite data, temperature anomaly map and average temperature during the time period of (2018-2023) were prepared, and the night LST trend and the night LST thermal island profile chart in the mentioned time period In the summer months (July) with an average of 297 Kelvin, and minimum values are observed in the winter months (January) with an average of 270 Kelvin. Finally, by extracting the data of city aerosol density maps with average temperature in ArcMAP software environment, the correlation between these two phenomena was analyzed by simple linear regression method. The results showed that there was an inverse relationship between these two phenomena. Also, the amount of daily aerosols has been increasing since the middle of 2021 and its negative skewness has shown the increase of pollution in the inner city areas in recent years.

, the purpose of the current research is to assess and zonate the risk of flooding using the MFFPI model in Shafarood watershed, Gilan province. In this regard, in order to achieve the goals of the research, 6 parameters of the MFFPI model were used, including the parameters of slope, slope, flow density, soil texture, rock permeability, and land use. For this purpose, Landsat 8 satellite images, topographic map with a scale of 1:50000, geology 1:100000 of Razvanshahr city (taken from the Natural Resources Organization) were used to extract and prepare functional maps. In the next step, the mentioned maps were produced in the Arc Map environment. Finally, based on the scoring table of the MFFPI model, each of the maps extracted using the Raster Calculator plugin was given a weight corresponding to the classification class, and the weighted layers of the parameters of domain curvature, slope, flow density, soil texture, rock permeability, and land use were produced. In the last step, by combining the 6 parameters of the studied model, the final flash flood zoning map for the Shafarood watershed was prepared and produced in 5 classes (very low, low, medium, high and very high risk). The results of the final flood zoning showed that the areas of the southern and southwestern parts of the basin had very high and high risk potential, and on the other hand, the central parts of the basin had medium and low risk potential. The results of this research can help managers and relevant officials to identify and deal with possible flood risks in the future, especially in areas with high flood risk potential, to prevent financial and life losses for the studied area by making correct decisions.

This research performed for assessment of erosion condition of the Tajyar catchment located in NW of Iran with regard to the importance of soil erosion, especially in mountainous catchments. In this way, it was tried to estimate erosion and sediment yield rates using EPM and MPSIAC models based on ability of geographic information system (GIS). Data used involved maps, satellite photos, statistic of weather and water gage stations. Results indicated that it was considerable differences between the models with point of estimated erosion and sediment yield, so that estimated total sediment yield is equal to 99342/76 ton per year in MPSIAC model and 16089/37 ton per year in EPM model, it showed that studied catchment is placed in medium erosion class using MPSIAC model and in low erosion class using EPM model. Finally, it concluded that MPSIAC model has better efficiency than EPM model because involving more factors, joining influence of factors in hand and more accuracy of pointing tables and related equations in other hand. However calibration of MPSIAC model in order reduction of errors and more accurate prediction can give more good and trusty results

Active geomorphology studies the dynamic and dynamic processes that are effective in the formation of the earth and its features (Taghian and Malekzadeh, 1401; Keller and Pinter, 2002). Geomorphic indices can be used as a useful and efficient tool in investigating tectonic and neotectonic activities, because by using them, you can easily identify areas that have experienced fast or slow tectonic activities in the past (Abedini, 2015). These indicators show the relationship between tectonics and surface effects well, and with the knowledge of this relationship, tectonic events can be interpreted by examining the shapes and unevenness of the earth's surface (Morisava and Hack, 2020).Iranian plateau is a folded alpine region. Currently, it is under pressure from all sides and neotectonic movements are still continuing in it. The occurrence of frequent earthquakes in Iran is one of the consequences of active neotectonic movements at present. The location of the epicenter of most of the recorded earthquakes along the two folded and young belts of the northern and southern margins (Alborz and Zagros), Iran, shows this connection well (Berberian & King, 1981). Almost no region in the world can be found that has not been affected by neotectonic changes during the last few thousand years (Keller & Pinter, 2002).

The Dizj Safar Ali Chai watershed is located in the 100,000th sheet of Varzeghan in a part of the Alborz-Azerbaijan tectonic unit that includes Qara Dagh and Arsbaran mountains, and it is one of the sub-basins of the Varzeghan watershed in East Azerbaijan province. (figure 1). Barracks and alluvial cones can be seen on the southern edge of Varzeghan around the Dizaj Safar Ali Chai river. Due to the hard rock units and the mountainous nature of the region and the high slope of the rivers in the northern part of the basin, they have often created narrow valleys. Except for the southern part of the region, which consists of Pliocene deposits and has smooth and worn surfaces, the rest of the region is formed of sharp and rough ridges due to the presence of hard rocks despite rainfall and erosion. Locally and regionally, due to the processes Chemical weathering and alteration, mountains with worn and smooth surfaces are also observed. In Figure (1), the geographical location of the studied area is presented. Figure 1- Geographical location of the studied area, source: authors, 2022.

The AF values for the studied basin are calculated as 300. As can be seen, the degree of symmetry in the Safar Ali basin is low and indicates the uplift on the left bank of the main waterway and tectonic activities and asymmetry (Figure 8 and Table 1). This index reflects the balance between erosion forces (with a tendency to create sinusoidal fronts) and tectonic forces with a tendency to create straight fronts (Verios et al., 2004). Different researchers have expressed different values to indicate the level of activity of the basin by this index (Table 4) and (Figure 10), numerical values close to 1 of the Smf index indicate mountains that are associated with active uplift and have straight fronts and depressions and outwards. They have less impact, but if the amount of uplift is reduced or becomes zero, the erosion process starts and shapes the mountain forehead in a sinusoidal and irregular manner, which becomes more irregular with the passage of time. Therefore, the increase in the slope of the mountain front (Smf index) indicates the tectonic stability of that front. The level of the slope of the mountain front in the Safar Ali watershed is 2.16, which is semi-active. In general, the lower this value is, the more active the area is. The obtained value indicates the semi-active tectonics in the region. Figure (10) shows the SMF index map of the studied basin.

Paying attention and understanding the dynamics and dynamics of the natural environment with a systemic and basin approach is of great importance and necessity in regional development and construction planning, because the accurate knowledge of these features can lead to the improvement of the environment and prevent the occurrence of hazards and financial and life losses. reduce Knowing the morphotectonic and morphodynamic issues and features in the Safar Ali drainage basin, the main purpose of this research was to investigate and analyze the amount of tectonic activities using geomorphological indicators such as asymmetry indicators (Af), drainage density index (D) and hypsometric integral. , the amount of sinuosity or meandering of the river (RS), the sinuosity of the mountain front (smf) and the ratio of the basin shape (BS) indicate the tectonic activity in the Safar Ali Dizaj catchment, and according to these results, it can be said that the Safar Ali Dizaj basin It has relatively high and active tectonic activity and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults of the region. The study and investigation of geomorphological and morphometric indicators in Dizj Safar Ali basin indicates that tectonics is active in the region. The results of this research showed that the Dizaj Safar Ali basin has a relatively high and semi-active tectonic activity, and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults in the region. Due to the existence of many faults around, near and inside the Dizj basin. Safar Ali and tectonic activity in the region, it can be said that the intensification of morphodynamic activity in the Safar Ali basin is related to and affected by tectonic factors in this basin. Finally, due to the presence of numerous faults in Varzghan region and near and within the study area, tectonic movements and earthquakes and range processes (creep, subsidence, landslides and soliflexion) are not far from expected in the area. Therefore, officials and subordinate organizations should apply special measures in civil works and constructions in this area in order to reduce the occurrence of human and financial losses and not to harm the well-being and comfort of the people.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the amount of soil loss in the land uses of the Nirchai watershed using the RUSLE model in Ardabil province. In order to carry out this research, first, the satellite image of the studied area related to the year 1400 and the month of June was received from the American Geological Research Center, and after atmospheric and radiometric corrections, a land use map was prepared using the supervised classification method using the support vector machine method. Then the RUSLE model was used to estimate the erosion rate. SPSS 21, Excel, ArcGIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to analyze and produce maps in this research. RUSLE model parameter layer includes rain erosion layer, soil layer, topography layer, vegetation layer and soil protection factor as well as various statistics related to rain gauge stations, hydrometry, topographic maps 1:50000, geology 1:100000 as well as DEM (20 meters area) and GIS geographic information system and remote sensing have been used. The results of this study showed that the average amount of annual soil erosion for the whole basin ranges from 0.5 to 14.25 tons per hectare per year. Also, the investigation of the regression relationships between the factors of RUSLE model and the amount of annual soil erosion showed that the topography factor (LS) with the highest value of the coefficient of determination R^2=0.93 is the most important in estimating the annual soil erosion using the RUSLE model.

Soil erosion is one of the serious environmental threats that can affect the political, social and economic aspects of countries. One of the widely used experimental models for estimating the amount of soil erosion is the modified global soil erosion equation known as the RUSLE model. The purpose of this research is to analyze and zonate the amount of soil erosion and its relationship with hydrogeomorphic indicators and vegetation cover of Khiavchai Meshkinshahr watershed in Ardabil province. RUSLE model factors include rain erosion (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (LS), vegetation (C) and protection operations (P). respectively, by using rainfall data, soil texture layer, digital model of height and land use were prepared in the environment of geographic information system (GIS) and after overlapping the layers, the amount of annual soil erosion between 0 and 150.54 tons per hectare per year in The area level was estimated. In the next step, the hydrogeomorphic and vegetation indices that are effective in soil erosion include topographic moisture index (TWI), waterway capacity index (SPI), domain curvature index (Curvatore), section curvature index (Profil Curvatore), surface curvature index (Plan) Curvatore) and Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) were created in ArcMap environment and zoning maps were prepared. The results of this research also showed that the topography factor with a correlation coefficient of 0.92% had the greatest impact on the estimation of annual soil erosion by the RUSLE model. In another study, the relationship between hydrogeomorphic indices and vegetation cover with annual soil erosion rate was conducted, and the results showed that normal vegetation cover indices and cross-sectional curvature were the most and least effective with correlation coefficients of 0.57 and 0.05, respectively, compared to other indices.The results of this research confirm the possibility of combining the effective indicators of hydrogeomorphic and vegetation on erosion, as well as the possibility of using other effective indicators and the capabilities of RS and GIS to quantitatively estimate the amounts of soil erosion.

The sun is known as the source of energy, the beginning of life and the source of all other energies. The global radiation of the sun is considered one of the fundamental structures of every climate. Therefore, knowing the characteristics and predicting these basic structures has a great impact on energy-related planning. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool for estimating solar radiation has been in recent years. In order to carry out this research, the images of 2020 Landsat 8 satellite, OLI sensor, TIRS sensor and Sabal algorithm were used. ENVI software was used for geometrical, atmospheric and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as the execution of calculations related to the Sabal model, and ArcGIS software was used for creating a database, spatial analysis, cartographic operations and finally implementing the model. The results show that the average maximum incoming shortwave radiation was 816 watts per square meter in July and the lowest value was 302 watts per square meter in February. Meanwhile, the highest amount of net radiation in June is in the range of 602-680 W/m2 with a value of 32%. The difference in the amount of net radiation reaching the earth in the studied area is caused by the difference in the angle of the sun and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, it can be concluded that the solar radiation in the region has the necessary potential for the implementation of solar photovoltaic projects in the year under review.

The phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the dangers that has occurred in many areas of the plains of our country in recent years and has led to many problems. Identifying areas subject to land subsidence and estimating its rate has an important role in managing and controlling this phenomenon. The radar interferometry technique is a powerful tool in estimation and has the amount of ground subsidence with an accuracy in the millimeter range using phase observations. In this research, the data of Sentinel 1A satellite from 2017 to 2021 have been used in order to monitor the subsidence that happened in Chenaran city by sensor-radar interference method. To investigate the subsidence of Chenaran city, radar interferometric method, Sentinel 1 satellite images and available information of piezometric wells in the area were used and the piezometric changes of the water level of the wells were analyzed. According to the results of the current research, the amount of land subsidence for each period is 9 cm for 2017-2018, 10 cm for 2018-2019, 10 cm for 2020-2019, and 13 cm for 2020-2021. be Also, the results of the radar interferometric technique showed that during the statistical period, 42 cm of subsidence occurred in the studied area. In addition, the areas with severe land subsidence, especially in the areas of Seyed Abad, Akhlamed, Haji Abad, Chahcheh, Hashem Abad, Kalate Sheikha, etc., corresponded to the areas with the highest level of underground water level drop. In general, the most important and main cause of land subsidence in the studied area is the excessive extraction of underground water resources, which has caused the dangers of land subsidence.

The landscape of the earth's surface as a complex system is the result of the interaction of factors such as geographical, climatic, temporal processes and human activities. The physical development of cities, without observing the principles of urban planning and taking into account the potential of their natural hazards, leads to the high vulnerability of cities. One of the most important dangers in the plains and plains of our country is the dangers caused by land subsidence, which for various reasons, such as over-harvesting of underground water resources and climate changes, causes many problems for agricultural lands, roads, and transmission lines. has become power and energy; Therefore, it is very necessary to investigate the causes and to control and reduce its risks (Abedini et al., 1402). Groundwater is one of the most important sources of water needed by the agricultural, drinking and industrial sectors, especially in the dry areas of the central plateau of Iran. Therefore, investigating the process of its qualitative changes is very important in the sustainable management of water resources (Arshad Hosseini et al., 1400). . Yilaghi city of Shandiz, which is a part of Targaba Shandiz city, is 1400 meters above sea level and is located at 59 degrees and 17 minutes of latitude and 36 degrees and 23 minutes of latitude. This city is adjacent to the central part of Mashhad from the north, Targaba city from the south, Neishabur from the east and Golbahar from the west, and has an area of about 37,825 square kilometers. Since Shandiz Mashhad is known as one of the holiday areas of Khorasan and is surrounded by thick and dense vegetation of towering sycamore trees and flowing rivers and tourist attractions (Karizno Aqueduct, Shandiz Historical Tower, Shandiz Padideh, Cozy Cottage Garden, Panjan Nama, Park It is mountainous and...), has a cool and summery climate and is one of the main centers of travelers and tourists in Mashhad and all over Iran. All over the south of this city are the heights of the Binalud mountain range of Khorasan, and Shirbad peak in the Zashk region of Shandiz is also considered the highest point of this mountain range and Khorasan province.

In order to investigate the subsidence rate of Shandiz city and its relationship with the drop in the underground water level, first the rate of land subsidence in the period of 2016-2023 was calculated annually by radar interferometric method and then the trend of changes in the water level of piezometric wells during 29 years was investigated. took Finally, the research results were verified by field surveys. In order to process by radar interferometric method, SNAP software was selected to obtain the final results of the subsidence rate based on the phase difference between the images taken on different dates. In order to study the latest status of the groundwater level in the study area, the statistical information of piezometric wells from 1370 to 1399 was obtained from Razavi Khorasan regional water, which was then prepared in the GIS software after annual averaging using the IDW interpolation model to prepare the groundwater level map. and was evaluated.

In the investigations carried out with SLC radar images of Sentil 1 satellite in relation to the city of Shandiz, 8 images were processed two by two in the Snap software, the image of the year 2016 with 2017, 2017 with 2018, 2018 with 2019, 2019 with 2020 and 2020-2021, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 images were checked and the amount of subsidence recorded for each period was 2 cm for 2016-2017, 6 cm for 2017-2018, 2 cm for 2018-2019, 5 cm for 2019-2020, for The 2020-2021 period was about 2 cm, 4 cm for the 2021-2022 period and about 1 cm for the 2022-2023 period. In the survey of the water level of Shandiz city from 1370 to 1399, the number of 2 main wells, Hassan Abad and Qasim Abad, which are located in the northeast and east of the city at a distance from it, were obtained with the same data, which information was obtained from the Khorasan Razavi Regional Water Organization. and was investigated. The data were averaged every 5 years and its maps were prepared using the IDW tool in the GIS environment for the study area. In the east of the region, the villages of Hesarsokh and Sarassiab were located in the area of high risk. The minimum and maximum water level drop in the 30-year period from 1370 to 1399 was calculated as 57.86 and 76.84 meters.

The results of interferometric studies showed that the amount of subsidence during 5 statistical periods in the studied area was 22 cm. The amount of subsidence recorded for each period is 2 cm for 2016-2017, 6 cm for 2017-2018, 2 cm for 2018-2019, 5 cm for 2019-2020, and 2 cm for 2020-2021. 4 cm for the 2021-2022 period and about 1 cm for the 2022-2023 period. According to the obtained results, the highest amount of subsidence has happened in the east, north and south of Shandiz from east to west. The water levels of the wells have reached their maximum decrease in the period from 1370 to 1399. The water level drop in this time period is at least 57.86 meters and the maximum is 76.84 meters, and all areas of Shandiz city have water level drops and are at risk. The subsidence has also covered most of the city areas. Shandiz city is a tourist area and all its geosites (Carizno Aqueduct, Shandiz Historical Tower, Shandiz Phenomenon, Cozy Cottage Garden, Finjan Nama, Mountain Park, etc.) are vulnerable to damage, therefore it needs special attention.

To determine the amount of sediment and flood zone and study water quality, engineering operations in rivers are necessary and any change in the steady state of rivers will cause a change in the physical characteristics of rivers and a new reaction in the behavior of rivers. The role of morphological studies in determining the quantity and quality of river reflection and predicting future river behavior. (Morphological studies of rivers, 2012). In Iran, many agricultural lands and good lands along rivers are eroded by floods, and many projects on the coast, such as bridges, residential areas and gardens, etc., have been destroyed. Therefore, river management is essential and the future behavior of rivers can be predicted by studying the natural response of rivers. (Sharifi Asadi, 1390). Khiavachai River starts from the confluence of the upper rivers of Dizo and Moil villages in the south and southeast of Meshginshahr. The current in Moil village is one of the main tributaries of Khiavachai. This river passes through a route about 15 km east of Meshginshahr city. In the meantime, many tributaries join the river. In addition, due to the mountainous nature of the region, the slope of the catchment towards the river is high and the slope of the riverbed is steep. The use of any river classification system is an attempt to simplify the complex relationships between rivers and their catchments. The primary purpose for classifying a river based on morphology is to understand the conditions of the river and its potential. In this regard, it is important that the classification system is a combination of river management issues, the development of river engineering projects and the discussion of river rehabilitation (Ward, 2008: 9). In the present study, according to the purpose and available data, part of the plan of the Khiavachai River canal is analyzed using the Rozgan hierarchy model Continuous change and transformation is one of the principles governing any river that along with the movement and flow of water and sediment in its bed, changes and displacements occur in other geometric characteristics of the river. On the other hand, self-regulation and variability of river canals can create hazards in the form of floods, erosion of the bed or turbulence of the bed, which is why lateral displacement and stability of rivers are of special geomorphic, engineering and ecological importance. Canal displacement can erode valuable lands, pose a threat, and threaten adjacent structures. . Therefore, the variability of rivers creates many problems for human societies, especially with regard to the efforts made to regulate or control rivers. In addition, these unintended consequences of human activities can lead to unfavorable results (Khairizadeh Arough, 2016: 4). Khiav Chai river basin is one of the basins of Qarasu river in Ardabil province, which is located in the northern slopes of Sabalan mountains and has four sub-basins, so this basin, like other basins in the country, is not immune to these problems, so It is important to study the morphological changes of river canals in order to find a suitable control solution to solve dynamic problems. Gregory et al. (2008) in an article entitled "Application of river geomorphology for river canal management" state that in the last three decades, there has been significant progress in the application of river geomorphology that can be used as a result of these studies to examine changes. Used an environment in management. Work on river canal management is more concerned with tolerance capacity, global climate change, environmental beauty, ecosystem health and public participation. The application of river geomorphology in the field of river canal changes related to the form and trend, canal change assessment, urbanization, canal construction, mining industry, the effect of engineering works, land use changes, is renewed and rehabilitated. Based on the research results, they have provided additives containing palohydrological inputs for use in river canal management that show how and how geomorphological research can be reviewed by managers. Hancock et al. (2010) used two landscape evolution models from SIBERIA and CAESAR in southeastern Australia and compared the results of this model in terms of erosion and geomorphological changes and erosion and sedimentation patterns. Hancock et al. (2011) model and simulate the effect of rainfall changes on erosion and duct movement in a study of the South East Australian Basin. In this study, they used the CAESAR cell model, which is able to show the rate of erosion and duct changes. The results show that the sensitivity of the basin to different rainfall patterns is very high. Slight changes in rainfall can lead to high sediment loads, indicating climate change. Batala et al. (2018) analyzed the geomorphological evolution of the natural river channel in the Mediterranean basin of Chile. In this study, the relationship between climate and river morphology has been investigated using remote sensing and satellite images. The results showed that morphological changes such as narrowing of the river canal and loss of vegetation by humans have caused the frequency and magnitude of flood events in this basin. Also, ten-year fluctuations in the Pacific Ocean and climatic activities and reduced discharge have led to river stability and simplification of the river channel drainage pattern.

Khiavchai watershed with an area of approximately 1300 hectares, is located on the western edge of Sabalan Mountain, in the south of Meshginshahr city. With eight sub-basins in the geographical range of 47 degrees and 38 minutes to 47 degrees and 48 minutes east longitude and 38 degrees and 11 minutes to 38 degrees 23 minutes north latitude, with a maximum altitude of 4560 meters above sea level at the location of Kasra peak in the southern heights The basin and the minimum height of 1375 meters is located at the exit of the basin at the location of Pol-e-Soltan hydrometric station. Khiavchai is the main river in this basin, which is one of the rivers with a history of landslides that is a real threat to natural resources and residents of the region. Khiavachai River is one of the important tributaries of Qarahsoo River in Meshginshahr city. The river originates from the heights of Hezar Mikh, Ai Qari, Deli Ali, Janvar Daghi and drinks the villages of Dizo, Aghbolagh, Nasrabad, Dastgir, Pashalo, Hajiloo and Meshgin city. The river was fed by springs and flows from south to north. The length of Khiavchai river is about 35 km and the average slope of its bed is 8% in mountainous areas and 4% in the plains and in the direction of south-north river flow (Farhang-e-Roods, 2005: 27). Figure (1) shows the geographical location of the study area. In order to study the morphology of Khiavachai river channel, it is necessary to use some variables and hydraulic parameters. In this regard, HEC - RAS hydrodynamic model was used as one of the most common models. The HEC-RAS model can perform water level profile calculations for variable constant flow in rivers and artificial canals in underground, supercritical and mixed flow regimes. The calculation of water surface profiles from one section to other sections is done by solving the energy equation as a standard step by step (Bruner, 2010: 27). Flow data for HEC-RAS include flow regime, flow information, baseline conditions and boundary conditions (Maroud, 2004: 29). For steady flow variable constant flow, the main method for calculating water level profiles between sections is called the direct phase method. The main computational method is based on iterative solution of energy equation. According to the flow and height of the water level in a cross section, the purpose of the standard step method is to calculate the height of the water level in the adjacent cross section. The energy equation (Bernoulli equation) is expressed as follows (Center for Hydrological Engineering, 2010, Chapter 2: 2).

  Simulation results in HEC-RAS By sending information obtained from different layers of GIS to HEC-RAS and by entering other desired information such as discharge with different return periods, roughness coefficients and flow boundary conditions, this model will be able to calculate the water level at each section for return periods. Extracted the longitudinal profiles of the studied periods, its average slope, flow velocity distribution, critical water depth, wetting surface and environment, hydraulic radius, mean depth, landing number and type of flow regime at different sections and flooding levels. Due to the provision of basic geometric information in GIS, the application of the combination of HEC-RAS and GIS has a high capability in the management of flood plains in the basin. Figure (4-1) shows the water level profile of the Khiavachai watershed. The results showed that due to the introduction of separate flows for each interval and the ability of HEC-RAS software to calculate the water level profile in a step-by-step manner at the junction of water level intervals, it has been simulated correctly. It is natural that the larger the flood discharge, the more the surface will be submerged. What is important is the ratio of the extent of .

Soil erosion is a natural process that causes soil loss due to various environmental factors such as climate, soil, topography and vegetation (Abedini et al., 1402: 115). This phenomenon is one of the most critical problems that cause the destruction of land on the earth's surface all over the world. This phenomenon occurs as a result of complex interactions between natural and human-caused factors (Elson et al., 2022). Erosion is the movement of materials from one point to another, after the destruction of rock or soil, the resulting materials due to the loss of adhesion and density by various factors such as water, wind and snow, and depending on the strength It acts as a transport and deposition agent (Ahmadi, 212: 1386). Soil erosion is one of the most important factors of destruction and reduction of soil fertility, which is increasing throughout the year and leads to the loss of high-quality agricultural soil (Bayziz et al., 2011:238). The ever-increasing increase in world population, especially since the last half century, severe interference in water and soil resources (pressure on the land), has caused the study of soil erosion as one of the most important issues in its various dimensions, such as environmental effects, sustainable development of agriculture and food production. and so on, the more attention is paid to it (Abdini, 1400 and 1401(.Ghanbarlu watershed with an area of 34.50 square kilometers and 3450 hectares is one of the sub-basins of Dareh-Rood in Pars-Abad, Moghan city.

The WEPP model is a new technology for predicting erosion, which was established for the first time in 1985 by the US Soil Protection Organization (Refahi, 2016). This model has three methods of watershed, range and flow paths. The amount of soil erosion and sediment production is estimated in the watershed method, in slopes and waterways, in the slope method, in the slope and in the flow path method. In the recent method, the amount of erosion and deposition in waterways is not estimated and the waterway is the only transporter of incoming sediment. The required factors of the WEPP model are: topography, soil, climate, management and waterways. Two factors of slope and direction of slope are considered for the topography factor and GeoWEPP software is used to enter their information into the model. The slope factor was entered in two files: one in the slope file where the slope of the domain and the other in the waterway file where the slope of the waterway was entered. Slope information was entered into the software by means of a digital elevation model map (in GISASCII format) and as a longitudinal profile. Therefore, for this purpose, first the route of waterways was determined and a suitable cross-section for each domain was selected on the topographic map, and then the relevant profile was drawn with the help of ArcGIS software.The main goal of this research is to estimate the soil erosion and sedimentation rate of Ghanbarlo watershed with the WEPP model. In this research, according to the topic, various books, articles, official publications, theses and websites related to the topic have been used. Meteorological and regional water organization of Ardabil province was used to collect meteorological data and discharge and sediment statistics of the basin. Then, in order to directly observe and investigate erosion issues and identify existing phenomena in the area and take soil samples, several stages of field visit to the area have been carried out. Also, the soil laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and the laboratory of Moghan Soil Testing Company have been used to obtain the parameters of the WEPP process model in estimating the amount of erosion and sedimentation. WEPP model has three modes of watershed, flow paths and range. In the case of a watershed, the amount of sediment in the slopes and waterways is estimated. In the case of slopes, the amount of sediment is estimated in the slopes, and in the case of stream paths, the amount of sediment in the slopes is also estimated, and waterways are the only transporters of incoming sediment (Abadini and Toulabi, 2016). In this research, the amount of sediment was estimated with the above three modes. Estimating the sediment produced using the WEPP model was done in two steps: calculating the factors required by the model and entering the data into the software and calculating the sediment.

So far, many experimental and process models have been used to estimate erosion and sedimentation, each of which has strengths and weaknesses in prediction. As a process model, the WEPP model is able to estimate the amount of soil loss on the slopes and on the surface of a watershed based on each rainfall event or for consecutive years. The information required to implement the WEPP model is entered into the relevant software in 5 files: climate file, management file, soil file, slope slope and waterway. Finally, after preparing all the data and implementing the WEPP model, the model identified 5 types of management, 2 types of soil, and 5 types of waterways for the Canberra basin. Based on this, the amount of specific sediment was obtained with 3 methods of watershed, flow paths and range with 0.73, 0.168 and 0.119 tons per hectare per year and the range method of WEPP model was obtained with 0.119 tons per hectare per year. . The results show that the WEPP domain method provides better results in mountain basins (Figure 10).A similar scientific work done by Ahmadi al (2016) in Cherdavel basin, Ilam province, and its results also showed that the WEPP model is more accurate in estimating the amount of soil erosion and sediment production in the watershed compared to the hydrophysical method. In this model, the flow path method to estimate the amount of soil erosion and sediment production is close to the observed number in the hydrometric station, but because the range method is suitable with the natural conditions of the studied basin, it provides correct results and the results show this problem. That the domain method of the WEPP model has a suitable efficiency in the hilly and mountainous areas.