nasrin mansouri

Literature that emerges under the influence of conditions such as suffocation and tyranny and the deprivation of individual and social freedoms and professions in order to assert itself against internal and external currents is called resistance literature. Such literature is valuable. For it is a voluntary reaction to the invasion and aggression of internal and external enemies. This literature contains elements such as drawing the faces of the suffering people, calling for struggle, depicting the crimes of the enemy, glorifying the dead and creating hope for the future, glorifying the fatherland and using national and historical symbols. This literature is realistic and has the components of realism, such as detailed description, the third person of the narrator and typification. Sahar Khalifa in her novel Rabi Har and Afaf Khalaf in Loghat-Alma depict Palestine as the main source and show the struggle and confrontation between Israelis and Palestinians. This investigation, carried out using the descriptive-analytical method within the framework of library studies, aims to answer the question of how these two novels reflect the components of resistance literature. The results of this research show that the description of the occupiers' crimes, such as the destruction of houses, mosques and schools, the looting of property and agricultural products, and the struggle of the people and the creation of terror are among the themes of the two novels.

Resistance literature is usually referred to works that are influenced by conditions such as suffocation, internal tyranny, lack of individual and social freedoms, lawlessness, conflict with the rules of power, usurpation of power, property and land. This literature wants to confront injustice and oppression, whether their origin is domestic or foreign. Arabic poetry was the leader in it, until soon the novel appeared and was widely welcomed by the people, so contemporary writers made it a means of encouraging resistance and standing. Palestinian women have made significant progress in writing Palestinian resistance novels. Among them, we can mention Sahar Khalifa, Afaf Khalaf and Sohad Auni Abdul Hadi. Sohad Abdul Hadi has written the novel Zakira Zaitoune, which is the subject of this article. The current research, which was carried out with a descriptive and analytical method in the context of library studies, aims to answer the question of how and which components of the Palestinian resistance literature have been reflected in the novel Zakira Zaitouneh? Based on the results of this research, the author has been successful in describing the looting of people's property and the creation of terror by the Zionists, as well as the lack of weapons to defend the people and the land of Palestine.

Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) affects 15-20% of term pregnancies. Recent studies have shown that MSAF has adverse effects on neonatal outcomes. There is no scientific consensus on the incidence of fetal distress in MSAF neonates, and most cesarean sections due to MSAF are unnecessary. The present study was conducted to assess umbilical artery blood pH in neonates with MSAF and to examine whether there is a relationship between MSAF and fetal distress. A clinical survey case-control was conducted on the neonates of 200 pregnant women admitted to a delivery unit of the obstetrics and Gynecology center in Amir al-Momenin Hospital, Zabol in 2014. Neonates born with MSAF made up the case group, and the control group consisted of neonates born with clear amniotic fluid. Umbilical cord arterial pH, gestational age, gender, mode of delivery, and one and five-minute Apgar scores were considered in both groups. The mean pH of the umbilical cord artery blood in the infants of the case group was 7.25, and the mean pH of the umbilical cord artery in the infants of the control group was 7.29 (P = 0.93). The mean gestational age in the case and control groups was 40.08 weeks and 38.32 weeks, respectively (P= 0.03). In this study, a cesarean delivery (P=0.001) and female gender (P= 0.016) were higher in the case group than in the control group. MSAF does not necessarily imply fetal distress, so urgent cesarean sections are unnecessary. This study showed that based on the acidity variables of the umbilical cord artery, there is no statistically significant correlation between the Apgar score at the 1st and 5th minute. While a significant difference has been observed between the type of delivery, gestational age and baby's gender.

Economic growth rate is one of the most important economic variables that are affected by various factors. According to empirical studies, many visible and invisible political, social, and economic factors have been effective on the growth rate in Iran; Factors that cannot all be included in an economic model. The conventional methods preclude us from commenting with certainty about the effectiveness of some of these factors on the growth rate. Based on this argument, in this research, the fuzzy approach has been used to investigate the effect of the economic sanctions imposed against Iran along with other variables affecting the economic growth rate in the period after the Islamic Revolution (1357-1400). The results show that severe economic sanctions with a high and strong fuzzy coefficient have had a significant negative effect on the growth rate in Iran. After severe sanctions, budget deficit, liquidity, exchange rate, and moderate sanctions have had the most negative effects on the economic growth rate in this period. The fuzzy coefficients obtained for the variables of oil revenues, labor force growth, physical capital, human capital, degree of openness of the economy, economic growth rate of the previous year, and net foreign direct investment in Iran, respectively, indicate the positive effect of these variables on the growth rate in this period of time. Also, the result of the re-estimation of the model, taking into account the first breaks of the variables of oil revenues and budget deficit in the economic growth rate, confirms the output of the first model. In this case, severe economic sanctions have had the most negative effect on Iran's economic growth rate.

As the most common type of inherited retinal degenerative disease, retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has taken clinical and prenatal attention. Considering the clinical importance of consanguineous marriages, new mutations in this type of pregnancy have a high risk and increase the importance of Prenatal Diagnosis (PND). In vitro analysis was done through Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) for a 36-year-old woman who was referred to a genetic laboratory in Kermanshah in 2021 for PND. The woman had consanguineous marriage and was pregnant with twins (a boy and a girl). Mutation confirmation tests were also performed on her husband and both fetuses to find mutations. Moreover, in silico analyses were performed by SWISS-MODEL, ProSA, Molprobity, Swiss-Pdb Viewer, and ERRAT. The WES analysis showed a novel mutation of the RP2 gene (exon2:c. 359G>C: p.R120P) in the 36-year-old pregnant woman. Mutations identified in her husband and her twins revealed changes in protein conformations. Further modeling and validation evaluations showed the replacement of Arg by Pro at the 120th residue site of the cognate protein. For the first time, our report introduced a novel missense mutation in the RP2 gene associated with severe signs of RP in an Iranian family based on an X-linked recessive pattern of genetic inheritance. These findings may pave the way for a better diagnosis of RP in genetic counseling and PND.

Exchange rate is one of the important economic variables that are affected by various factors. Since the exchange rate in any country is considered one of the basic indicators in determining the degree of international competition and explaining the internal situation of that country's economy, with the aim of investigating the role of economic sanctions imposed on the exchange rate in Iran, this research was carried out. According to empirical studies, several visible and invisible factors have affected the exchange rate in the country; Factors that sometimes can not all be considered in one economic model; therefore, even with conventional methods, it is not possible to comment with certainty on the extent to which some of these factors affect the exchange rate. Based on this argument, in order to use an appropriate method, in order to investigate the effect of financial and commercial sanctions imposed on Iran along with other variables affecting the exchange rate in the period after the Islamic Revolution (1978-2020) from a fuzzy approach is used. The results show that severe economic sanctions with a high and strong fuzzy coefficient have had a positive and significant effect on the exchange rate in Iran. Also, liquidity, budget deficit, balance of payments, inflation and adaptive exchange rate expectations, respectively, after the severe sanctions, have had the greatest impact on increasing the exchange rate in recent years. The fuzzy coefficients obtained for the variables of oil revenues, the degree of openness of the economy, economic growth and interest rate on account of domestic investment deposit, indicate the negative effect of these variables on the exchange rate in Iran in this period.

Banks, as financial intermediaries, play an important role in the economy and financial markets by allocating financial resources. Due to the importance of creating banks' liquidity, in this research, first, the liquidity creation index was calculated using Berger and Bauman's (2009) method, and then using two generalized moment models (GMM) and panel vector auto regression model (PVAR), the effects of various impulses (economic, financial and banking) on the creation of liquidity in Iranian banks during the period of 2015-2018 have been investigated. The estimation results of the models indicate that impulses of GDP and interest rate of bank deposits have a positive effect and impulses of credit risk, interest rate of facilities and effective exchange rate have a negative effect on the creation of banks' liquidity. The research results show that a one percent increase in credit risk, interest rate of bank facilities and effective exchange rate causes a decrease of 0.228, 0.525 and 0.468 percent of banks' liquidity, respectively, while a one percent increase in bank deposit interest rate and The gross domestic product increases the liquidity of banks by 0.448 and 0.014 percent. Also, in the investigation of Granger causality between the variables, the two-way causal relationship between the variables has been confirmed. The results of PVAR method are consistent with GMM and confirm it. It can be argued that the results obtained from research models have sufficient strength.

The second law of thermodynamics or the law of Entropy is a warning to economic activists and economic policymakers who pursue the goal of unlimited economic growth without considering the capacity of the environment. The main goal of this paper is to answer the question whether energy input is a substitute for capital and other inputs in the automotive, chemical and food industries. For this purpose, while using the data of companies indexed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 1386-1400 Hs, the Translog cost function was estimated. Substitution of inputs in the selected industries was judged based on price elasticities and Allen's elasticity of substitution. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the results showed that the cross elasticities and Allen's substitution elasticities between electricity and other energy carriers are negative and therefore these inputs are not substitutes for electricity. In other words, in the production process of the aforementioned industries, electricity and other energy inputs are needed. Also, the findings of this research showed that Allen's elasticity of substitution between electricity and capital is negative, and therefore these two inputs are complementary to each other. Due to the fact that it is not possible to replace electricity with other inputs in the selected industries, it can be concluded that the growth of these industries regardless of the capacity of the environment will bring harmful effects on the environment through energy supply for these industries.

Iran's economy has been facing the problem of inflation for more than half a century. According to empirical studies, various visible and invisible political, economic, cultural, etc. factors have been effective in increasing the inflation rate; Factors that sometimes cannot all be considered in one economic model. Therefore, it is not possible to comment with certainty on the extent to which some factors affect the inflation rate with conventional methods. Based on this argument, in order to use an appropriate method in this study, from the fuzzy approach to investigate the severity of the impact of economic sanctions imposed on Iran along with other variables affecting inflation, in the period after the Islamic Revolution (1978-2020), Used. The results show that severe economic sanctions against Iran with a strong fuzzy coefficient, have a positive and significant effect on inflation in Iran. Also, liquidity, people's adaptive expectations, budget deficit and exchange rate fluctuations, respectively, after the severe sanctions, have had the greatest impact on increasing inflation. The obtained fuzzy coefficients of oil revenues and economic growth (excluding oil) indicate the negative effect of these two variables on the inflation rate in Iran.

In recent decades, the risks and environmental damage caused by economic growth, population growth and energy consumption have become more apparent. Meanwhile, one of the new advances in the study of the relationship between economic factors affecting environmental quality is the attention to the spatial nature of environmental phenomena. Therefore, the aim of this study was to model the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth along with other influential factors. CO2 emissions as a criterion for environmental pollution in Iran have been studied using the Spatial Durbin Model(SDM) and in the framework of spatial panel data among the provinces of Iran during the period 2003-2017. The results of this study show that in total, real GDP per capita increases CO2 emissions at the provincial level, because the positive real GDP per capita coefficient is larger than the negative real GDP per capita coefficient of space. Another very important variable is the intensity of energy consumption and its spatial interruption, which has the highest significant and positive coefficients in the model of this paper. Also, the weighted price of provincial energy and its space interruption have had a significant and negative effect on CO2 emissions. Also increasing the degree of urbanization in neighboring provinces has increased CO2 emissions. Finally, the spatial interruption coefficient of the dependent variable is significant and positive, which shows that the increase in CO2 emissions in neighboring provinces has increased CO2 emissions in the same province.

This study has investigated the effect of Central Banks transparency and independence on productivity growth during 1981–2018 in Iranian economy. Transparency and independence of central bank were measured by Dincer and Eichengreen index and Cukierman index respectively. The variables in this study which are in annual form are central bank transparency, central bank independence, GDP growth, productivity growth, inflation rate and free trade. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was used for model estimation. The coefficient of the error term is negative, statistically significant and equal to -0.308. It can be concluded that 30% of the short-run disequilibrium is adjusted to achieve long-run equilibrium. The results show that the transparency of the central bank has a positive effect and the coefficient is equal to 0.36 on productivity growth in the short-run, but it is effective on productivity growth in the long-run equal to 1.08. In the short-run, the independence of the central bank has a negative and significant effect on productivity growth equal to -3.09, but in the long-run the effect of this variable is positive and equal to 1.09.

Exchange rate is one of the most influential factors affecting Iranchr('39')s macroeconomic variables. Exchange rate fluctuations in Iran have always been one of the major challenges for policymakers. On the other hand, many central banks today consider transparency as one of the main and vital priorities in achieving the effectiveness of monetary policy and communicating effectively with the people and being accountable. This transparency can affect macroeconomic expectations and the exchange rate. In this study, the effect of central bank transparency on exchange rate fluctuations is investigated using the ARDL method over the period 1981-2018. This study is based on analytical, applied and correlational research methods, which uses time-series econometric regression model. The transparency of the central bank, as independent variable, is measured by Dincer & Eichengreen index, and exchange rate fluctuations, as dependent variable, are constructed by GARCH method. The results show that the transparency of the central bank reduces exchange rate fluctuations in both short run and long run, and there is a long-term synergistic relationship between research variables.

Some economists believe that economic crises and problems, such as economic volatility, high unemployment and inflation and the social losses, stem from the government's economic intervention and the implementation of its imperative policies. In this regard, the lack of implementation of the government’s imperative policies by central bank and its independence is still a controversial issue. In the present paper, using Stackelberg model and game theory approach, the efficiency of bond issuance is evaluated as a result of central bank independence and its effect on social loss. For this purpose, a 3-player game including government, central bank and speculators having different objective functions, is designed for Iran. Modeling and numerical analyzing are performed using softwares GAMS and MAPLE during 2005 to 2009. According to minimization of social loss, the results indicate if the government does not play a dominant leadership role, and conversely, if the central bank exerts its leadership in making monetary policy via open market operations (central bank independence), the social loss can be reached to its minimum level.

The experience of recent years has shown monetary policies have caused economic fluctuations rather than affect real economy because of administrative interest rate, issuing bonds and increasing their returns. These actions not only have increase the cost of government borrowing, but also increasing the minimum rates of absorbing capital in other markets and finally increased the general level of prices as well. In such situation, study about the relationship between fiscal and monetary authorities and speculators to achieving economic goals is important.therefore, in this paper,the relationship between three players, including government, central bank and speculators, has been analyzed using game theory according to Nash approaches in Iran, during (1384- 1388). For this purpose, a loss function (objective function) is defined for each player and via them the social loss is calculated. For obtaining quantitative results GAMS and MAPLE software have been used. Based on the results, the minimum of social loss along with improving speculators welfare (less loss) is obtained through central bank independence from the government.

In economic literature, one of the important roles of deposits is to provide a suitable background for investing. The basic aim of this research is to study the mechanism of some variables such as; inflation rate, Gross domestic product (GDP), stock price index, housing price index, the rate of profit sharing securities and their effects on the level of bank deposits in current banking system.Considering this explanting the present article is seeking to answer these questions: First; what are the relations among the rate of profit sharing securities and the level of bank deposits as well as GDP and other variables and the level of bank deposits? Second; how may the bank deposits and consequently the investment be increased?This paper use Autoregressive distraction Lags approach to examine the effect of any Variable Separately. In addition, the error correction model is applied to link short-time variables fluctuation to long-term rates.The results of this research show that there is a negative relation between the rate of profit-sharing securities and bank deposits level and a positive relation between GDP and bank deposits level