nassrin kazemzadeh

The stigma as one of the most important concepts of Erving Goffman in dramatic sociology that investigates the identity that arises with the creation of a gap between social identity (that arises in the interaction with other people) and the potential identity (with which individuals define themselves). Such people are not able to follow the common norms of society and as a result they are not accepted by others and a "stigma" is put on their forehead. In the novel Chicago by Alaa Al  Aswany, we are witnessed to the stigma attached to two main female characters, Shayma (Egyptian) and Carol (American). These two Eastern and Western women who are dealing with the stigma. With a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to investigate the "Stigma" theory of Goffman and to analyze the action of each of the female protagonists against the stigma and find solutions for it. The results indicate that Shayma is facing the stigma of having an illicit relationship with her classmate and getting pregnant by him, and to get rid of it, she has an abortion. But Carol suffers from ethnic-racial stigma that has faced her with social rejection, she succumbs to other stigmas in order to get rid of it and achieve a desirable social status.

Intruduction:

 One of the Most Important Immigration issues in Recent Decades is the Increasing Involvement of Women in the Migration Process especially the Increase in the Migration of Independent Women. It is Called "Feminization of Migration”. Immigration Can Improve Women's Independence and Empowerment in the Family and the Society, Change Traditional Norms, Introduce them to Fairer Social Norms as well as Improve Women's Rights, Gender Equality, and Economic, Social, Employment and Educational Opportunities. Although Immigration Can be very Beneficial, it can also Create Many limitations, Including Social norms and limited laws, Racial Discrimination, Exploitation, and Psychological Trauma. In the novel Al-Kaferat, Ali Badr tells the Story of the migration of Sufi to Belgium, who has to Emigrate Illegally so as to Escape forced Marriage, Poverty, loneliness, Discrimination, Sexual Violence, and War.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the migration of women and its psychological consequences in a descriptive-analytical manner. The study seeks to answer the fundamental question of ‘what are the psychological consequences of Sufi’s migration in the novel Al-Kaferat?’

As a female refugee immigrant, Sufi goes through a process from the moment she arrives in Belgium until she is accepted as a citizen. At the beginning of her arrival in Belgium, she encounters a kind of cultural shock or initial passivity. This stage includes several cases, first in the form of a honeymoon, in which everything is pleasant and attractive for her. But this stage does not last long because it confronts Sufi with some damage, including her apparent difference as an Arab woman from the people of the host country. This makes her an unpleasant and threatening alien. What makes it even more difficult for her is to obtain an asylum permit, learn the Belgian language and find a suitable job. Most importantly, the discriminatory behaviors she faces at work as an immigrant woman is painful. Sufi tries to adapt to the host community to some extent by learning the target language, finding a job, and reducing the pressure of this cultural blow. After this stage, Sufi experiences a kind of marginalization and frustration that leads her to deep sadness and ultimately suicide, which is due to loneliness, lack of good communication in the new place, and lack of acceptance. In the last stage, Sufism reaches a new orientation in the form of adaptation to the new culture. This compatibility occurs in the form of complete resemblance to the host community. In the case of a change of the fundamental views in Sufi’s life, from a refugee to a legal immigrant, to a change of identity from Fatima to a Sufi, to trying to speak Belgian without a her non-native accent, and to a change of residence from an immigrant to Belgium. The changes in dress and behavior lead to unlimited social relationships with Belgian men.

Immigration may be voluntary or forced. Voluntary migration is primarily an economic incentive to improve one's living and working conditions. But forced migration is the result of coercion and for political reasons. In the past, women migrated as dependent on men, while, nowadays, many women migrate alone or with their children. The migration of women as workers, refugees, students, business partners, etc. can be called the feminization of migration. This type of migration is strongly influenced by gender and can be along with restrictions, opportunities and incentives for migration. Feminization of immigration is a gender pattern of migration in which a high number of women leave their place of residence or birth for work or marriage. For many years, women have been neglected in studies related to immigration. Migration of women often induces two other changes or transformations: the feminization of poverty and the feminization of work. Feminization of immigration is one of the most problematic forms of migration, which leads to issues such as violence, abuse of women and their exploitation in social aspects. Women, like men, for various reasons, such as finding better living conditions, protecting their children, escaping political and work turmoil, sometimes prefer to migrate with an ambiguous fate. Among the many causes that affect this, the strong ones can be enumerated as poverty and material needs as well as the need for family support, just like the case men. However, poverty is not always the main reason for women's decision to migrate. Social conditions and the effects of traditions and customs on the family situation also affect this decision.

One of the important aspects of migration, which has been considered by various researchers, including the language community, since the second half of the twentieth century, especially in the recent decade, is the linguistic consequences of migration. The second generation of immigrants, who were born in exile or immigrated with their parents as children, are more prone to mother-tongue encounters.Novel “ Tahta Samae Kopenhagen” Contemporary Iraqi novelist Hura al-Nadavi narrates a group of second-generation Iraqi immigrants in Denmark who, as a result of their resemblance to the host society, the language and culture of their homeland, have faded has also led to some sort of identity confusion for them.This article intends to analyze the linguistic consequences of migration in the second generation of immigrants in this novel in a descriptive-analytical way and relying on the literature of language's society.The results indicate that the dominant bilingualism, borrowing of vocabulary and phonetics, language change and in some cases language preservation and language adaptation are the most important consequences of second generation. It should be noted that the role of parents in the occurrence of these consequences is eye-catching.

The phenomenon of migration is one of the most complex demographic phenomena, and the process of adaptation of migrants to the destination is a much more complex phenomenon.Because living in a new human society, which is based on a set of specific value frameworks, specific expectations, requires a degree of adaptation.This adaptation takes place during culturalization, that is, the changes that individuals make in response to their cultural environment in order to have the power to meet the challenges posed by the collision of two different cultures. chikago by Ala al-Asvani is the story of the emigration of a number of Egyptian intellectuals who immigrate to the United States to continue their education and have a better future.After entering the new community, these people adopt cultural strategies to be more compatible with the host country. this paper aims to address this strategy by relying on the theory of Bery culture to address these strategies from the personality of the novel and answer the questions that the characters of this novel are adapted to the new western culture and which is influenced by what cultural strategies proposed in john Bery theory. the results indicate that the process of culture is a complex and complex process and elements such as religious, ethnic, patriotic, and individual attitudes are involved. with different backgrounds and attitudes in this process, various strategies such as separation, similarity and integration are adopted to adapt to the new environment. It is to be noted that integration strategy is the best strategy for resolving cultural challenges because the expatriate needs to create a dual or compound identity to have beneficial interaction in the new environment, so as to preserve the culture of the host, can adapt to the values and cultural norms of the host community.

Attachment to the neighborhood is a psychological component that indicates a positive mental feeling of people towards their neighborhood. This feeling, which arises from the emotional, cognitive and behavioral links with the place, causes the residents to commit to the place of residence and their desire to maintain contact with it over time and at different stages of life.Mahalla is one of the prominent and pivotal places of the Arabic novel, which has a significant presence in the noble novels of Mahfouz, including his novel "Khan al-Khalili"; And it is considered as a vital artery in which the characters of the novel travel and in some cases even leads to the evolution of events in the structure of the novel.This research intends to explore the effective indicators in creating attachment or non-attachment to the neighborhood in this novel in a descriptive-analytical way and relying on the approach of environmental psychology which has a special view on the interrelationship between man and place. Give.The results show that attachment to the neighborhood in the novel "Khan al-Khalili" is done in the light of psychological, moral, ideological and biographical characteristics.It is worth mentioning that the psychological index plays a more prominent role in creating attachment or non-attachment of characters to the neighborhood.

The term third place was devised by ray Oldenburg a sociologist near 1990 to explain places that would assemble the people without planning and creativity in the direction of community construction.a third place is a public place where neither hom serves as a first place nor location as a second place. Gardens and parks and caffes and coffee shops and cafes and libraries and any institution that makes social health a third place.the novel “khan alkhalili” for naguib Mahfouz consists of two third central location, cafes and casino, each plays a significant role in the development of ahmads and rushdy of two main characters of the novel.the aims of this study is to study the identity of the third places in order to analyze the identity properties of the two third places as the opposite of identity in the novel.the results suggest that coffee bar and casino have features such as easy positioning and easy clients and stable clients

Place attachment as one of the levels of sense of place means emotional and positive connection between the person and the place.this link is the result of emotional and emotional interactions and the deep behavioral behavior of individuals with place.Since the site is one of the important and influential elements of the novel,attachment to location can be considered as important indicator to examine the location and its role in personality attachment.The “swissra vatan va tabeidgah” novel of sana abousharrar has many spatial capabilities to express the attachment of spatial attachment.This study intends to analyze the dimensions of attachment to place and following those steps in the presence of person in the position that leads to the creation of attachment using the text presented in environmental psychology.The results suggest that attachment to place in this novel is influenced by physical and social dimensions and temporal and temporal aspects,as well as the presence of people at the site during phases of physical presence to full commitment to place in the long time.

Sense of belonging of a person to an emotional and meaningful place makes that place valuable and distinctly interesting for him or her. This sense is associated with psychological, physical, and even social contexts. So far, most pieces of research on fictional locations have been on descriptive aspects, but dealing with a location in the light of sense of belonging justifies various psychological, emotional, and physical attachments of the characters and their mutual engagement with the story setting. In this regard, the text goes away from being a mere description of a place. The place in the novel “Enni ashtaqho elayk” has a very colorful meaning for Abou Sharar. The corresponding descriptions are based on the approach of environmental psychology that focuses on the place and its relationship with the individual. This fictional phenomenon can be analyzed in such a way so as to indicate the artistic features of the location in the story. This research seeks to explore the formation of a sense of belonging to place in the novel by a descriptive method. The sense is so strong that the characters of the story cannot feel alive without it. From the psychological point of view, there are three dimensions of sense of belonging found in the story including interpersonal and spatial and structural. Of these, the spatial dimension better accounts for the formation of the sense of belonging to the place.

Short short story is one of the divisions of literary fiction that is written in reaction to some of the social, cultural, economical, and political factors; this is accompanied by the advancement of technology and man's reluctance towards long fictions in the seventy decades of the twentieth century.The form of such prose should be shorter than a short story, less than 500 words and no more than 1500. Elements of 'conflict', 'characterization', 'setting' and other elements of the short story should be used skillfully. Similar to other literary works, short short stories has a certain style which is one of the most important elements of it. Mahmoud Shaghir is one of the most prominent writers of the contemporary Arab and Palestine. Ritual for Naughty Women is his first collocation of short short story that includes sensitive and deliberative moments of women's life; it is an effort to promote their status in society. This article aims to consider the style of this collection using an analytical –descriptive method. The results of this research indicates that the collection includes new technical characteristics and prominent stylistic devices such as focusing on character's inside, clear and transparent code, separation (contrast and contradiction), deviation, negative endings, repetition, personification, the structure of the present story emphasizes on future verb expressing the reality with such bravery.