nazila khatib zanjani

This study aims to design a blended learning model tailored for the post-COVID era, focusing on the mediating role of e-learning maturity.

Methods and Materials: 

This applied research used a descriptive-survey approach for data collection, combined with a qualitative-exploratory method. Data were collected cross-sectionally from a sample of 122 academic experts in distance education planning and educational technology, each with at least 15 years of experience. Purposive sampling with snowballing was applied until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data were gathered through literature reviews and semi-structured interviews, validated by experts, and ensured for reliability through repeated responses.

Key components identified for the blended learning model included: educational processes (e.g., operationalizing knowledge, collaborative learning approaches), progress processes (e.g., flexibility, customized development goals), support processes (e.g., technical and emotional support), evaluation processes (e.g., performance and creativity evaluation), quality control processes (e.g., technology-based quality monitoring), and management processes (e.g., resource allocation and educational management).

The proposed blended learning model provides a comprehensive framework for post-COVID education, emphasizing e-learning maturity to enhance adaptability, effectiveness, and quality in educational practices.

 The speed of growth and change of knowledge in engineering fields, has led to the need for new approaches. Connectivism theory has solved this problem by placing the learner at the center of learning and providing a new definition of learning. MOOCs have been a successful experience based on this theory. Recently, researchers have introduced hybrid MOOCs by combining the distributive property of xMOOCs and the network property of cMOOCs to earn diverse skills and presented positive results. In order to achieve the goal of the research, which is to identify the components of the personalized learning environment in engineering education with hybrid MOOC technology, the components in cMOOCs and xMOOCs were investigated with the method of qualitative content analysis. For this purpose, 41 domestic and foreign researches were selected from the statistical population of related electronic researches by purposeful sampling method. Then, the data reached theoretical saturation by interviewing 7 experts in this field. Then, the data were qualitatively analyzed and the related themes of coding and the categories of self-learning, self-motivation, self-leadership, personalization, evaluation of communication, creation of strengthening and elimination of communication and social network platform were obtained in two groups of individual independence and networking.

The present research was done to conceptualize the open pedagogy in the thought of Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida and its progression in the distance education system. In terms of the type of research, the present research is theoretical, the statistical population includes all sources and documents related to open pedagogy, the educational perspective of Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, and distance education, which contains all electronic and written books, articles, magazines, sites and reliable databases, theses, and doctoral theses. The statistical sample is all available sources and documents related to the subject. The method of data collection is the library and the researchers studied and analyzed all electronic and written books, articles, magazines, sites, and reliable databases, theses, and doctoral theses to the extent of sufficiency. To answer the research question, the collected information was classified, analyzed, and interpreted. Education experts’ opinions have been used to determine validity and reliability. Nine key categories were extracted from the collected information: 1. Aim, 2. Teacher, 3. Student, 4. Teaching method, 5. Content and topic, 6. Planning, 7. School, 8. Evaluation, and 9. Resources. The results of the research reveal that the concept of open pedagogy existed in most of the main subcategories, except for the two categories of planning and resources. Open pedagogy is the most suitable pedagogy for distance education.

Davies technology acceptance model is one of the simplest and most powerful acceptance review models. The present research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the acceptance model of information and communication technology (ICT) in virtual education from the point of view of teachers of exceptional schools in Guilan province. The research method is quantitative in terms of general approach and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population is 760 teachers of exceptional schools in Guilan province, of which 260 were selected by simple random. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed to collect data. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.75 shows the reliability of the questionnaire in collecting the required data. In order to determine the structural validity and fit of the designed model, confirmatory factor analysis method and structural equation model were also used. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between individual factors, social factors, organizational factors, innovation characteristics, understanding of usefulness, understanding of ease of use, attitude, willingness to use technology and use of technology. Also, the results of the research showed that the variables used in the research were a suitable model for examining the pattern of acceptance of information and communication technologies based on the Davis model of technology acceptance among teachers of exceptional schools in Guilan province. According to the fit indicators obtained in the research, it is recommended to hold in-service classes with higher quality and more organizational support from information and communication technology.

With the Covid 19 epidemic; Educational centers were forced to use web-based education, and teachers' attitudes towards this type of education and their media and information literacy are among the requirements of education to realize the progress of students, so this research aims to investigate the relationship between The media and information literacy of teachers and their attitude towards web-based education was carried out with the academic progress of students in the era of Corona.
The descriptive research method was correlation type. Statistical Society; 294 students and 332 teachers were selected to determine the sample size using Cochran's formula, which due to the spread of Coronavirus and the lack of access to all Samples was used from the available sampling method. Research tools; Yazdani's media literacy questionnaire (2013), Vatanparast et al.'s (2015) attitude toward web-based education questionnaire, Pham and Taylor's (1990) academic achievement questionnaire, whose validity is through face validity and reliability by Cronbach's alpha (0.91) was evaluated. Pearson's correlation coefficient and factor analysis were used to analyze the data.
The results showed that there is a difference between media and information literacy of teachers to web-based education with students' academic progress (0.352), between teachers' information needs (0.626), teachers' information location (0.157), and information evaluation. teachers (0.266), organization of teachers' information (0.230), exchange of teachers' information (0.213), teachers' interest in working in the virtual environment (0.214), anxiety to work in the teachers' virtual environment (171) -0.0) and there is a positive correlation between the importance of teachers' virtual training (0.133) and the academic progress of students during the Corona era in 2021.
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that increasing teachers' media and information literacy and their attitude towards web-based education leads to students' academic progress.

Nowadays, the discussion of virtual education, especiallybased on the constructivist approach has received double attentionfrom experts and planners of educational systems. As a result, theaim of this study was to presenting the optimal pattern of virtualeducation based on the constructivist approach.

In a qualitative research from among thevirtual education specialists number of 10 people were selected as asample with the purposeful and snowball sampling methods andaccording to the principle of theoretical saturation. The research toolwas a semi-structured interview, which its validity was confirmedby the triangulation method and its reliability was obtained by theCohen's kappa coefficient method 0.83. Data were analyzed byopen, axial and selective coding method in lisrel software version2020.

The findings showed that 136 indicators, 20 componentsand 8 dimensions were identified for the optimal pattern of virtualeducation based on the constructivist approach. In this pattern, thedimensions include organizational (with 2 components ofadministrative affairs and educational service affairs), pedagogical(with 6 components of educational goals, educational content,learner characteristics, teacher characteristics, teaching and learningstrategies and interaction), technology (with 2 components ofhardware and software), user interface design (with 2 componentsof personalization and accessibility), evaluation (with 2 componentsof institution and program evaluation and learner evaluation),managerial (with 1 component of management team), supportservices (with 3 components of student support, teacher support andresource support) and ethical and legal considerations (with 2components of learning rules and regulations and legal issues).Finally, the optimal pattern of virtual education based on theconstructivist approach was designed.

The optimal pattern of virtual education based on theconstructivist approach designed in this study can help specialistsand planners of educational systems in improving the quality ofeducation.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of conversational style education through multimedia on increasing communication skills of female students. The research method was quasi-experimental and the statistical population included female students in sixth grade of District 2 of school system in Tehran(Iran), of whom 60 were selected by cluster sampling and placed in two groups of control and experiment. Data collection tools included Attar's standard communication skills questionnaire (2007) whose face validity was confirmed by eleven teachers using Delphi technique and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha coefficient for subscales, emotion management, others perception and assertiveness. It was equal to 0.92, 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. Research data were analyzed using SPSS.22 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the control and experimental groups regarding students' communication skills at the level of 95%. Students' communication skills in conversational style through multimedia were better than students trained in the traditional way. The results of this study indicate the positive role of interactive teaching through multimedia in increasing the communication skills of primary school students, and this emphasizes that schools and educational institutions need more multimedia tools to deepen Learn and enhance learners' communication skills.

Considering the importance of the curriculum elementsand attention to the postmodernism movement, the present researchwas conducted with the aim of identifying and criticizing theeducational trauma of the curriculum elements of thepostmodernism movement based on the fundamental reformdocument.

This study in terms of purpose wasapplied and in terms of implementation method was qualitative fromtype of analytical-critical. The research population was all thewritten sources about the curriculum of the postmodernismmovement and fundamental reform document, and to select thesamples was used from the census sampling method. The researchtool was taking notes from the texts and the data obtained from themwere analyzed by content analysis method.

In this study, the educational trauma of the curriculumelements of the postmodernism movement based on Klein's 9elements including goals, content, learning and teaching strategies,educational materials and resources, learning activities, teachingtime, teaching space, grouping and evaluation are identified andthen these items based on the fundamental reform document werereviewed and criticized.

The findings of this study indicate the existence ofpractical implications for education specialists and planners todesign and implement programs to improve the curriculumelements.

The purpose of this study is to design and validate a mobile learning (ML) school student education service model. The research method is integrated and qualitative and quantitative. The statistical population in the qualitative section included university professors, experts in the field of transportation, and Rahvar police, numbering 30 people. Purposeful sampling was done through the interview process and the data collection tool, in addition to the interview, was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 57 questions according to Khan e-learning model, which was finally confirmed after validity (judgment of experts and professors) and reliability (alpha calculation). Cronbach (0.92) entered the quantitative section in which the statistical population was determined by Morgan (1972) table 389 people (out of 560 participants) who were selected as the sample size by simple random sampling.The collection tool in the quantitative section was a 29-item researcher-made questionnaire based on Khan model for taxi and school service drivers, which was distributed among school and taxi drivers after verifying the validity. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data. In descriptive statistics, the central index and dispersion such as mean, standard deviation and in the inferential part of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis at 95% confidence level with SPSS software. S18 and PLS version 3 were performed

The main objective of this research is to determine the important factors of using mobile learning in organic agriculture education. The methodology of this study is quantitative and qualitative and it is an applied research. The statistical population of the study was agriculture experts in East Azerbaijan province (N = 429). Based on the Cochran Formula, a sample size of 202 was estimated by cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which its content validity was confirmed by experts. Initial reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using by Cronbach's alpha (0,77- 0.93). Structural validity and composite reliability (CR) of the research tool were also obtained by estimating the measurement model after applying the necessary corrections. Data was analyzed using by SPSS20 and AMOS20 soft wares in the form of structural equation modeling. The results of the research displayed that 85, 1 % of the experts were in the moderate to high level in terms of skills of working with mobile learning tools. 71, 2% of the experts were in the moderate to high level in terms of attitudes toward the use of mobile learning in organic agriculture education. Finally, structural model analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy, utility, attitude, social, and facilitating components with using mobile learning in organic farming education and explained 95 percent of its variances.

The Fundamental Reform Document of Education, IRI was approved by the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution in 2011. Based on different reports and studies, however, it seems that a decade after approval, not only the majority of its operational strategies have not been implemented, but its setting and establishment is still in a state of ambiguity. As school's educational staff are the most crucial element of implementing such a document, this survey measures school readiness and staff familiarity. In this case, the survey method was used comprises the number of 129 educational staff working in public and private schools at different levels elementary, middle, and high schools including girls and boys) was studied in Tehran and Kerman provinces. Results showed that educational staff is familiar with the Fundamental Reform Document of Education, its theoretical foundation, and subsequently with its six subsystems, respectively. The readiness of schools to implement the Fundamental Reform Document of Education is also as follows: 81% for the relationship between schools and institutions, 77% for educational staffs readiness, 76% fostering affairs, 73% for the preparedness of classrooms, workshops, and laboratories, 72% for teachers with professional experiences, 71% for access to internet infrastructure, 66% for sports space, facilities, and equipment, 65% for schools' institutional autonomy for decision-making, and 56% for financial resources. At the final stage of this article, we submitted a model for utilizing the school’s capacity to implement the Fundamental Reform Document of Education.

This study was conducted with the aim of conceptualizing open pedagogy in the thought and lifestyle of ancient philosophers and examining how it developed in the lives of societies of that time.

In terms of type of research is theoretical and qualitative research method is descriptiveanalytical. The statistical population, by the nature of the subject, includes all sources and documents related to open pedagogy and the educational perspective of ancient philosophers, including all electronic and written books, articles, magazines, sites and valid databases, dissertations and doctoral dissertations. The statistical sample is all available sources and documents related to the subject. The method of data collection is a library in which researchers have sufficiently studied and analyzed and filed all electronic and written books, articles, journals, sites and databases, dissertations and doctoral dissertations.

To answer the research question, the collected information was classified, analyzed and interpreted. From the collected information, 9 main categories: 1. Objective 2. Teacher 3. Student 4. Teaching method 5. Content and topic 6. Planning 7. School 8. Evaluation 9. Resources were extracted.

The results show that more of the sub-categories of purpose and teacher and a small number of sub-categories of student, teaching method, planning and school were in the educational perspectives and lifestyle of ancient philosophers and almost none of the sub-categories of subject and content were evaluation. And the sources were not in the educational views and lifestyles of the ancient philosophers.

The aim of this study is to evaluate e-learning systems at Payam Noor University (PNU) based on learning usability criteria.

This was an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive survey in terms of data analysis. The statistical population included 2600 undergraduate and graduate students at the Shahriar branch of PNU using e-learning methods in 2019-2020 academic year. The sample size was estimated using Morgan table. A total of 335 participants were selected through stratified sampling. The validity of questionnaire was verified by consulting 25 experts in distance education using Delphi method, and the reliability of the total questionnaire, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, was found to be (α=0.73). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.

In the e-learning courses offered by PNU, the components of “visibility”, “flexibility”, “course management”, “accessibility”, “consistency and functionality”, “memorability”, “completeness” and “aesthetics” are in a favorable situation (P<0.001). However, the components of “error prevention”, “interactivity, feedback and help”, “assessment strategy” and “reducing redundancy” are not in a favorable situation (P>0.05).

Educational institutions should not merely focus on content in their design of e-learning courses. They should also incorporate interactive and group exercises so that students can understand educational materials, and actively and creatively engage in the learning process based on their personal experiences.

The aim of this study was to design a combination learning model in technical and vocational education.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and exploratory (quantitative and qualitative) in terms of implementation method. The research population was in the qualitative part of documents and resources and specialists in the field of combined learning and in the quantitative part were the principals and students of technical and vocational schools in Zanjan province in the academic year 2018-19. The sample of research was in the qualitative part of documents and resources related to combined learning and 17 experts in the field of learning who were selected according to the principle of theoretical saturation by sampling method of network experts and in the quantitative part were 176 administrators and students who according to Krejcie and Morgan table with Cluster sampling method was selected. Data were collected by filing methods, interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire (39 items) whose face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and its reliability was obtained by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha method of 0.81. Qualitative data were analyzed by open and axial coding method based on Klein model and quantitative data were analyzed by Delphi methods to determine the validation of the model and t-test.

The results showed that combined learning in technical and vocational education included 43 basic concepts and 9 structural concepts including learning objectives, learning content, learning activities, learning strategies, grouping, learning materials and resources, learning time, learning location and evaluation. The combined learning model of design and its validity by experts with Delphi method was approved in two stages and the number of basic concepts was reduced from 43 to 39. The results of t-test also showed that technical readiness and readiness of human factors combined learning had an effective role in technical and vocational education.

According to the results, the designed model of combined learning approved by experts can be used in combined learning environments in technical and professional organizations and can be a criterion for future research in this organization.

The present study was a correlational study that aimed to design an optimal Mook model at Payame Noor University. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the research included experts from the academic community and higher education specialists and administrators of Payame Noor University. To determine the qualitative samples of the research and the participants of the study, the snowball method was used until the theoretical saturation was reached. Moreover, the second group of the statistical population of the study included 900 faculty members of Payame Noord University in Tehran province. Due to the different nature of Payame Noor University, 270 people were selected as subjects of study through Cochran's formula and simple random sampling method. In addition, semi-structured interview tools and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect data. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part was the theoretical coding derived from the method of data theorizing of the foundation. Moreover, Pearson correlation, one-sample t-test, structural equation modeling (confirmatory factor analysis) and heuristic factor analysis were also used in quantitative part. The results of the study showed that the components of Mook consisted of target selection, target audience, needs assessment in Mooks, feasibility study in Mooks, selection of appropriate title, selection of Mook type, creating a platform and its features in Mooks; content preparation, support, interactive platform, engagement and evaluation strategy. Consequently, information technology, management, academic and professional competence as influential factors as well as components of academic performance, critical thinking and collaborative learning were as influential factors.

The advent of the Internet in the world led to a new generation of mass media in the world called the New Age.The rapid spread of new means of mass communication and the increase of its users at the level of the "global village" of electronics and the emergence of the world has certainly been accompanied by fundamental changes in the world.The power of transnational communications overshadowed power relations in the world in a way that overshadowed cultural and social values.The culture and education of any country is one of the most fundamental components of the identity and values of that society, which today is under the influence of the media in terms of vulnerability and may also affect individual and social values.In today's world, the media inspires thought, culture, behavior, and in fact the cultural identity of human beings and leaves a significant relationship on the general culture of societies.The media can be effective in changing the pattern and lifestyle of human beings, as well as promoting culture and spirituality among human beings and making them happier.The purpose of this study is to represent the cultural foundations and values and norms that govern society, which under the relationship of communication and new technologies of mass communication of human, family, moral and religious values are changing and transforming.Communication was based on cultural-educational values.This research is in the category of descriptive-survey research in terms of applied purpose and method.The statistical population of the present study is 62 employees of all tax staff in the city of Ahvaz.The collection tool in this study is a standard questionnaire, the reliability of this questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.915.PLS3 structural equation modeling software was used to analyze the collected data.The results showed that technology infrastructure has a significant relationship on individualism, avoiding uncertainty and power distance.Also, the acceptance of information and communication technology is related to honesty and power distance.

The purpose of the present study was to present a predictive model of MOOC at Payam-e-Noor University based on the components of management and professional competence.

The research method was by purpose, applied; in terms of data type, (quantitative); in terms of data collection method or nature, and the research method was non-experimental - correlation. The statistical population of this study was 900 faculty members of Payam Noor University in Tehran. Due to the different nature of Payame Noor University, 270 people were selected as the subjects using Cochran formula and simple random sampling. The research tool consisted of a researcher-made questionnaire with 37 questions related to MOOC and two standard questionnaires of 20 and 15 questions for management variables (Wiele & Boselie Questionnaire, 2002) and professional competence (Molaeinejad questionnaire, 2012). The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and reliability coefficient (MOOC, management and scientific / professional competence) of 0.7. Structural equation modeling (confirmatory factor analysis) was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the components of management, scientific / professional competence, were effective factors on the implementation of the music in Payam-e-Noor University.

With the presence of mock-ups, it facilitates the access of institutions and organizations to inclusive learning and facilitates the virtual learning process. In the field of MOOC management, the university can be effective in providing MOOCs courses by preserving and developing fair behavior and speech.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Casts on environmental students’ learning with flipped classroom method and compare with current virtual education method in Payame Noor University. The research method is semi-experimental with pre and posttest in two groups. The statistical population included all virtual master students majoring in environmental education who consisted of 170 students among whom 60 were selected through available sampling, and then were divided into two groups. The research instrument was a researcher-made test consisted of 20 questions whose validity was estimated by some experts and its reliability was measured via Cronbach’s alpha as 0.82. The procedure consisted of 12 sessions with current virtual class for witness group and for the experimental group, gave some podcasts about courses before the session was started and they had exercises and group discussion in class. The collected data were analyzed by SPSSv.22 in both descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Paired t-test and independent t-test). The results showed that there was a significant difference between students’ learning with the podcast education in the flipped classroom method and current virtual education (sig=0.000). Based on the results of this study, it seems that using podcasts in virtual education has a greater impact on students` learning and it is better to include it in the curriculum development of virtual courses.

The main objective of this research is to determine the related factors of using mobile learning in organic agriculture education. The statistical population of the study was literate farmers in East Azerbaijan province (N = 149192). Based on the Cochran Formula, a sample size of 382 was estimated by cluster sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which its content validity was confirmed by experts. Initial reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using by Cronbach's alpha for each part of the questionnaire (0.8-0.497). Structural validity and composite reliability (CR) of the research tool were also obtained by estimating the measurement model after applying the necessary corrections. Data was analyzed using by SPSS Win20 and AMOS 20 softwares in the form of structural equation modeling. The results of the research displayed that 50.5% of the farmers were in low level in terms of skills of working with mobile learning tools. 52.4% of the farmers were in the moderate level in terms of attitudes toward the use of mobile learning in organic agriculture education and 28.8% have a higher attitude level. By increasing the levels of variables literacy and income of farmers, their tendency to use mobile learning in organic farming education increases. Finally, structural model analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between content, skill, utility, financial, psychological and attitude components with using mobile learning in organic farming education and explained 86 percent of its variances.
Index Terms: Mobile Learning, Agricultural Education, Organic Agriculture

Self-control on Internet usage would be lost in an individual due to exposure to Internet addiction and the individual would experience negative outputs in life. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between anxiety, physical, and mental symptoms amongst students exposed to and without Internet addiction.
A cross-sectional descriptive study, utilizing self-report questionnaires, was conducted 2016. The statistical community consisted of 17,000 students. The sample consists of 304 students who were selected by applying the cluster sampling method. In this research, two standard instruments Young’s Internet addiction test and Beck’s anxiety questionnaire were used, where the reliability of them were accepted by 10 specialists and the validity of them were calculated by Cronbach Alpha as 0.71 and 0.92. At first, the addiction test was done in order to identify the students exposed to and without Internet addiction. After getting the scores and identifying 2 groups, an anxiety questionnaire was completed by samples. Data analysis was done by use of an independent t-test and ANOVA by SPSSv.22.
The results showed that high total grades of anxiety and its subscales (panic, autonomic, neurophysiological, and mental) amongst students who exposed Internet addiction in comparison to other groups (P = 0.001). Furthermore, master students showed high scores in Internet addiction compared to bachelor students (P = 0.003). While there is no significant association between general anxiety, gender, and Internet addition (P > 0.001), age also does not show a meaningful relationship with Internet addiction and anxiety (P > 0.001).
The findings showed that there is a significant difference between students exposed to Internet addiction with students without Internet addiction. In reality, the students who exposed Internet addiction reported high grades of anxiety and its subscales (panic, autonomic, neurophysiological and mental). In general, Internet addiction students experienced high level of anxiety and its symptoms.

The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting on the development of electronic-book in order to provide an appropriate model. Population of this study is secondary school teachers of Esfahan city the number of 1876 men and women formed. 320 person were selected with multi-stage cluster sampling from areas 2, 3 and 5 of Esfahan education. For data collection, the library and field methods were used. The instruments were questionnaire on four factors for the attractiveness of electronic books(availability, the ability to interact with books, multimedia books and flexibility of the book), motivation to learn and develop attractive electronic books. The validity content and its reliabilitybyAlphaKronbakh 93/0=α was calculated. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (including table frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression) were used. The results showed, among four aspects of availability, The ability to interact with books and flexibility, Multimedia of the book has significant relationship with the development of attractive of e-books, at 05/0>P. Learning motivation, was the mediating variable between the four dimensions(availability, reliability and flexibility of interacting with books, multimedia books being) with the development of the attractiveness of electronic books in the 05/0> P, respectively. The results showed that experimental research has been fitted relatively good.

The Internet addiction among students in university is one of the modern addictions in modern societies. The purpose of this research was to compare of five-factor NEO personality traits among non-addiction and exposed to addiction students in Garmsar. This research was a comparative- causality study. The statistical population included all male and female bachelor`s degree students in Garmsar university during 2013 that 286 subjects were randomly selected by multistage clustering. Data was collected by two questionnaires including Yung`s Internet addiction test and the short form of five-factor Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Data analysis revealed a significant difference in non-addiction and exposed to addiction students between the personality traits of extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness (p Three personality traits of extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness are less in exposed addiction students than non-addiction groups. So, exposed to addiction students because of introversion have less agreeableness with others and reported less conscientiousness, so they spent much time on internet.

Internet addiction in the sense of problematic Internet or compulsive Internet use causes mental, social and occupational problems. Thus, surveying the prevalence of this disorder can promote preventive measures and appropriate solutions to its diffusion. In this descriptive study, the statistical population consists of all Payam Noor University students in Semnan Province. Of this population (15000 students), 597 students, using Krejcie and Morgan sample determining table, were selected based on the stratified random sampling. The Young’s questionnaire, Internet Addiction Test (IAT), which has been proved to be both reliable and valid, was administrated to collect the required data. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Chi-square Distribution) were used for data analysis, using SPSS V.19 software. The findings revealed that 23.8% of the students had moderate internet addiction and 1.8% had severe internet addiction. There was no difference between male and female students, regarding this addiction. Internet addiction is prevalent among students and so there is a need for remedial and preventive interventions.

The aim of this study is to shed light on the factors promoting the religious concepts and beliefs among the guidance- and high-school students in district 2 of Tehran. The study was a descriptive survey, and the statistical population consisted of all male and female guidance- and high-school students of district 2 of Tehran in the school year 2006-2007. Sample size was based on Morgan table and covered 384 students selected through simple random sampling. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability was confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha (0.85), respectively. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS v.11.5 software.The results showed that (1) there was a significant relationship between parent's character and the growth of religious beliefs of high-school students, (2) there was a significant relationship between cultural facilities of family with the growth of religious beliefs of students, (3) there was a significant relationship between the character of religious education teachers with the growth of religious beliefs of students, (4) there was a significant relationship between school facilities and the growth of religious beliefs of guidance- and high-school students and (5) there was a significant relationship between methods of propagation in community with the growth of religious beliefs of guidance- and high-school students. Regarding the findings and the significant relationship between the said factors and the growth of religious beliefs, they should be given due consideration by the society.

Effective listening and speaking constitutes more than 70% of our communication process. These skills are highly important, especially in nursing because nurses, as key members of the treatment process, have the highest amount of communication with patients. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the amount of the nurse's knowledge and awareness regarding these skills. We aimed to assess the nurse's awareness of verbal communication skills in the Ethics in Nursing Congress in 2010. In this descriptive survey, the data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire made by the researcher consisting of 8 demographic questions and 10 questions related to the participant's knowledge about effective listening and speaking skills. The face and content validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by related experts and a Chronbach' alpha of 0.80, respectively. The study population consisted of all employed nurses who participated in the Ethics in Nursing Congress. 160 nurses were ultimately selected. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 11.5. 64% of the participants had a weak knowledge about verbal communication skills and only 36% had relative knowledge about listening and speaking skills. This is while verbal; communication skills are considered as the foundations of communication in everyday life. Moreover, we found no significant relationship between social components and the participant's scores. We suggest enhancing the knowledge and awareness of nurses about these two fundamental skills to improve the patient-nurse relationship which most experts believe has a direct and considerable effect on the treatment of patients.