o. jafari

Listeriosis, an important illness with a high mortality rate (up to 30%), is caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Nowadays, there are several reports that display the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in fisheries products. Therefore, it is important to investigate and control the expression of virulence genes and adhesion-related genes in different strains of this bacterium in foodstuffs. In this study, the expression levels of inlA, hly, lmo1634, lmo1847, sigB, and prfA genes in two isolates (food and clinical) were investigated under the influence of NaCl and lime juice in the shrimp broth. The results of the independent t-test for the prfA gene demonstrated that the expression level in the treatments of clinical strain was significantly higher than the food strain (p<0.05). Similarly, the average expression of both adhesion genes (lmo1847 and lmo1634) and stress gene (sigB) in the studied treatments for the clinical strain was significantly higher than the food strain. In both strains, the role of lime juice in increasing the expression of virulence and adhesion genes was significantly higher than in NaCl treatments (p<0.05). Overall, it can be stated that the transcription level of virulence- and adhesion-related genes upon exposure to preservatives may be different in the various L. monocytogenes isolates.

The present study was done to investigate the phenotype-environment associations of common carp in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea (Gomishan, Miankaleh, Rezvanshahr, and Anzali Wetland) during winter 2016. The morphometric data of the specimens were procured from their left sides using the Image J and TpsDig2. Both geometric and morphometric methods were applied. The two-block partial least squares was used to examine the relationship between morphological and environmental characteristics. Significant positive correlation (p<0.05) was found between two data sets of morphology and environment, indicating a high level of adaptation for C. carpio in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea. The observed correlation between geometric and environmental data (0.74) was higher than the traditional morphometric-environment correlation (0.50). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study trying to make a comparison between two methods of morphometric studies in relation to environment, by doing an evenness function on the raw data. The higher level of correlation obtained by geometric data with environmental parameters may imply its advantage in future morph-environment association studies. The obtained results in the present study also can provide basic required information for the wild population conservation strategies in common carp in the southern basin of the Caspian Sea.

Background and

Traditional medicine has been a part of the culture and of the public health system. The Kermanshah province is rich in species and medicinal herbs. Numerous traditional markets that offer local herbs and spices indicate the interest of the people of this land in the herbs. Therefore, this study investigates professional features and knowledge of medicinal plants suppliers in the city of Kermanshah in 2012.

Methods used according to its purpose are a descriptive survey. The population for this study comprised of all distributors of medicinal plants in the city of Kermanshah, which were 24 units. In order to build up collect data, the set of documents to the questionnaire was designed. First questionnaire was approved by the relevant experts and a pilot study with a choice of 10 Attar, outside the scope of this research, to evaluate the reliability of measuring instruments. Cronbach's alpha of the necessary changes, (α=0.87) was obtained to indicate the reliability of the survey instrument.

The results of this study showed that 79.2%) have the average level of knowledge in the field of medicinal plants and 45.9% of them have college degrees. The results indicate that the (88%) of the company's suppliers of medicinal herbs attended in training classes. The most sold plants were borage, cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, peppermint, chamomile, chicory. Many buyers use them for treatment of illness such as Gastrointestinal, neurological, psychological, and cold.

We recommend with regard to the city's field of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Production at Kermanshah University, apply herbs shall be licensed to experts in this field and by relevant institutions; training courses are also will be organized for other suppliers. Also, the University of Pharmacology supervises and inspects their activities.