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Abstract:New religious movements that have emerged in protest against Western modernity, include variety of tendencies. Despite the fact that many of the famous leaders of these movements, such as Ashou, Quillo and Castaneda, have opposed philosophy, they have been influenced by the new philosophies, especially the teachings of existentialism. Existentialist philosophy began officially in twentieth century by the publication of Kierkegaard's works. There are many teachings in this school related to human existence and life used by new religious movements in an Unreasonable way. This paper, without paying attention to the critical study of existentialism, describes teachings of this school, which we can see in works of some most famous leaders of new religious movements, namely, Ashou, Quillo and Carlos Castaneda. Also, the imperfect use of these leaders is explained in this paper.

The article presents a historical review of the belief that the payment of khums was exempted by some of the Imams (AS). For this purpose, first the narrations that cite the exemption of khums by each Imam (AS) have been categorically gathered and their validity have been assessed. Next, its conditions that caused this phenomenon during the era of the Imam (AS) have been analyzed. Further, other historical evidences have also been mentioned which reject this belief; evidences like the belief that zakat can be replaced by khums for the family of the Prophet (PBUH), the existence of ahadith that affirms the payment of khums  from Imams (AS) that quoted narrations of tahlil. In addition, the creation and support of a wide network of representatives along with the duties including collection of khums by the succeeding Imams (AS) are among other proofs that reject the historical viewpoint of khums being absolutely exempted. Therefore, it seems that alongside the general rule of khums exemption, concerning khums of transferred property through dealings of non-Shi’a with Shi’a, the political, social, and security conditions of some the Imams (AS) caused the Shi’a to temporarily be exempt from paying khums on their surplus belongings according to these ahadith. The exemption of khums has been occurred in specific cases given the specific conditions of the people that referred to Imams (AS) for this purpose and it never has been generalized to all people at all times.

Rosacea is an inflammatory, chronic and cosmetically annoying common dermatologic disorder which presents with cutaneous telangiectasia, sustained erythema with courses of flares and flushings, papulopustular lesions, ocular involvement or disfigurating phymas. Although there are many relative effective medical therapies, however there are not any promissable treatment. Due to chronic nature of disease and exhausting usage of topical or systemic therapies , we decided to review Pubmed’s literature for non-medical physical therapies, looking for more effective modalities and minimal side effects, particularly in intractable cases.

Fusarium ear rot with Fusarium verticillioides is one of the most important corn diseases around the world. Plants respond to pathogens attack by activating complex defense strategies. Defense response to pathogen infection includes changes in the expression of a large number of plant genes which may be a gene expression increase or decrease. Three lines with different resistance levels to fusarium fungus (C7, B73, MO17) cultivated based on RCBD design. After silking manual pollination was carried out and 15 days after that inoculation with fusarium funus was done by syringe (for seed inoculation) or needle (for silk inoculation). Then, silk and corn grain were sampled at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after contamination. Non inoculated ear was used as control. After RNA extraction and cDNA production, synthesis the Real-Time PCR technique, the relative expression pattern of PAL, PR-1 genes were measured and data were analyzed using REST software. All genotypes are able to express PAL and PR-1 genes after infection with Fusarium fungus and their only difference is in the level of gene expression. Major changes in the expression of defense genes in the resistant and susceptible lines occur before infection. Resistant line have a high level of expression of PAL and PR-1 genes before contamination and that may be the primary barrier against a pathogen attack, but susceptible line to resistant line, after infection, the expression of PAL, PR-1 genes begins.

The enemy tracks, identifies and positions all the activities of the radar systems through the use of advanced Electronic Information Sensors (ELINT) at various military bases from the air, space, land, sea and cyberspace. The main purpose of research is to develop electronically passive defense strategies of radar army systems, in confronting threats of interpreting, identification and location of radar’s system enemy electronic intelligence (ELINT) sensors. The time domain is the status of army electronic passive defense radar and researches related to the threats until five years ago and proposals for the next ten years horizon for army 1404 horizon landscape. Geographic scope is the place mission of Khatam ol-Anbiya Air Defense Base, Ground, air and navy forces, and army headquarters. The total population are 74 and 15 members of the population are as a community of experts. Using expert method, environmental factors (strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities) were recognized, matrix SWOT was used to develop the strategy and multi-criteria decision software and the application TOPSIS were used to analyze and prioritize the strategies. In the end, the result of the research showed that electronic passive defense, increases deterrence, reduces vulnerability, continue vital activities, improves national sustainability, facilitates crisis management, and the safety of radar systems.

With respect to the fact that housing satisfies a social need, in addition to the impact of economic factors, the social factors are alsoimportant in housing market. The broad economic and social developments in previous years require a study on their impacts on home ownership, so recognizing important factors is a good guide for planners and policy makers. Since people with higher education need to spend some money on their education and this education status increases the expectation of people with higher degrees with respect to their salaries and employment opportunities, therefore studying the impact of education level on the probability of home ownership and evaluating its trend in different time horizons has a critical importance. Since about twenty percent of higher education graduates of Iran do reside in Tehran province, this effect for Tehran province is stronger and of higher importance. In this study with emphasis on recognizing the effect of factors identified in theoretical basis, we have used logit and probit models to investigate the importance of some factors affecting the status of home ownership with emphasis on education level of head of households during the years 1997, 2002 and 2007. The results show that the socio-economic characteristics of households have a significant effect on housing ownership and the relationship between education level of head of household and home ownership is negative. Also the probability of home ownership in families with higher education decrease in the years under study.

Fatigue and sleep disorders are experienced by most patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Since these problems can interfere with a patient''s daily functioning، this research examined the effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique (PMRT) on fatigue and sleep quality in patients with MS. This quasi-experimental study adopted a pretest-posttest single group design. A total of 67 individuals with MS received a PMRT intervention for seven weeks. A demographic questionnaire، a PMRT form، the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)، and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics، Wilcoxon test، and Spearman’s correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The mean FSS scores were 5. 25± 0. 13 before the intervention 4. 37 ± 0. 13 after the intervention. Moreover، the mean sleep quality scores decreased from 8. 34± 0. 446 in pretest to 5. 18± 0. 345 in posttest (P < 0. 001). This study supported the beneficial effects of PMRT on reducing fatigue and improving sleep quality in patients with MS.

Recently we have witnessed residential lighting features in Tehran which have caused visual turbulence in Tehran night landscape due to the absence of guiding regulations and the lack of public awareness from public lighting entity. This reveals the need for legislations to control this process. To establish regulating principals, a scientific understanding of the lighting in the city has to be fulfilled. In this regard, 50 samples of residential lighting in Tehran in the form of a study were carried out along with extensive field observations. Observations show that the general residential lighting features follow three main approaches including realistic performance, decorative as well as meaningful. In addition, taking into account the conceptual and visual criteria, the facades can be categorized in six groups with different characteristics. The six categories present Tehran's six residential facade lighting styles that are running in parallel in the whole city. According to a sample survey, the most frequent style is the Roman classical lighting in different areas of the city. In the following building facades of the second and third category are more abundant in which designers have paid a greater attention to color and form attractions. Meaningful and selective categories contribute to a small percentage of residential sites in Tehran. Facades in which the lighting is used for instilling a sense of meaning or emphasizing on a certain concept do not have a strong position in night landscape of the city. However, a cycle can be observed in lighting approaches. A cycle which begins with selective (having functional goals) approaches and after passing decorative approaches ends up with the same selective lighting approach in order to express the meaning and particular purpose and aesthetics rather than function focuses. Nevertheless, the decorative use of lighting in residential buildings and a large variety and inconsistency of the lighting of the environment has led to visual inconformity. Categorizing lighting approaches and recognizing theoretical aspects and characteristics of each of these categories can be considered the first step in management and regulations of night landscape of residential neighborhoods.

Image is an emergence, the emergence of a dynamic idea in the body of a dynamic statement that is directly rooted in ontology. With such an authenticity and inclusiveness, promotion of images should be on the top of educational programs; image should be in the focus of attentions rather than being faded or forgotten. Literary image is created by technical and particular writing and its dynamism is always dependent on its regeneration and reconstruction. Image, in its usual sense, refers to the statement of idea, including imagery, text and its constituent elements (phonetic features and words); and in its particular sense, image refers to creation (for example, creation of a literary work or passage). Author's worldviews are manifested in their writings; a limited worldview leads to a simple language and an inclusive worldview leads to complex clauses and rich sentences. Technical (or long) sentences bring about complex as well as flexible language structures. Creation in these sentences that require more mental activity and dynamism and usually lead to particular writing is more concrete. Some of the fields in the humanities, i. e. literature, philosophy, and art, more than other fields, have the potential to take advantage of different kinds of creativity, including application of creative images, particular writing, and scientific felicity.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of Parental rearing style on the style of religious orientation of students in Shiraz city. To conduct this research, 271 students which are third years in high school of Shiraz (138 girls and 133 boys) in the manner of sampling, in multi-stages were selected. To gather data we have used the questionnaire of parenting styles for the parents of Bamrynd Diana (1967) and the questionnaire for measuring religious orientation (Alborzi, 1382). In order to analyze the raw data statistical regression techniques were used. Analysis of the results showed that 30% of the variance for similarities and 23% of the variance for the breaking up could be predicted by parenting style. The results showed that the logical style of Parental rearing has a direct impact on the religious orientations which are similarities, and also has the opposite effect on the breaking up religious orientations. Simple styles has negative effect on the breaking up of religious orientation but for the assimilation of religious orientation were vice versa. On the breaking up of religiously authoritarian style for making a positive impact,but for the assimilation of religious orientation were viceversa.

Tinea capitis is one of the most common fungal infections in dermatology. Although the new medications and development in social health have reduced its incidence, it is still common in Iran, especially in rural areas. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of complications of kerion. Eighteen affected patients, who were hospitalized in dermatology ward because of kerion, in a 10-year period, were revisited and according to their medical documents, data collection forms were filled. 61.1% of the patients were younger than 10 years of age and 77.7% were male. The mean disease duration from the onset of symptoms to the time of correct diagnosis and management was 16.9 days. The frequency of scar and alopecia was equal in all groups and occurred in 100% of patients. Two patients also suffered from isolation due to scarring alopecia. Various types of medications, made no difference in the prognosis and resultant scarring alopecia. The frequency and types of sequela showed no relationship with age, type of medication and duration from the onset of disease and correct management. Scar and alopecia occurred in all patients. Further investigations on the new treatment modalities are required to reduce scar formation.

Aging is not a disease but a personal– social experience, a critical and crucial process of human development and is considered as a natural process in life. Cognitive disorders of aging are a common problem which can be accounted for a very wide spectrum of aging disorders. This study was performed to examine the effectiveness of reminiscence groups on the elders’, cognitive status. This was a quasi- experimental study of time- series type. 45 elder people referring to day centers in Golestan Province were chosen using the available method and then were randomly divided into four groups which participated in 8 (1- 1. 5h) reminiscence sessions. Using a questionnaire, cognitive status of elders’ was evaluated before and after intervention. Data analysis was performed using spss v.14. The mean of the cognitive status, 24± 2 before the intervention and 25± 2 after intervention, showed a significant difference (P< 0.01). Using the information stated in the questionnaire, significant differences were observed in the cognitive status of the obtained results before and after the intervention (P< 0.01). According to the results, it can be said that reminiscence can improve the cognitive status of the elders’. Therefore, this effective, efficient, inexpensive and applicable therapy can be used in taking care of the elders’ or in the prevention of amnesia in them in care centers or at home.

Due to the destructive effects of natural disasters and with this in mind that our community is vulnerable to natural disasters and hazards، special attention is needed for considering plans and natural disaster reduction principles and their effects. Most administrative policy interference with physical limitations while community-based components are devoted now a very great position in this field. In fact the traditional approach focused on retrofitting structure of city in crisis management، nowadays the challenge with functional reality need another aspect of social functions that finally provide increased levels of resiliency. DAVAM (Community Emergency Response Volunteers) is the new policy has been implemented in recent years relying on dimensions of social networks according to crisis. Finding of research indicate that expect solidarity index in DAVAM group، responsibility and how to manage and organize indicators have a meaningful relationship with cognitive and behavioral components of crisis management.

In the relation of existence nad quiddity it is well – known that quiddity is subject to existence and is abstracted from it, and more strictly and more analytically it has no status but a shadowy and derivative status in relation to existence. Such an analysis and explanation of quiddity is compatible with the principle of principality of existence and unity of being but there is serious doubt in allowing the ascription of it to those theosophists who have not been in a position to determine one of these two (existence and quiddity) as a most original one, in particular Ibn Sina. In the books of Shaykh there are many phrases in which the quiddities have been considered to have an independent and thingness of their own and a bove it there are books in which Shaykh has dealt with the determination, origination and subsistence of quiddity before the occurance of existence (wether objective existence and intellectual existence or imaginary) and even has located a place and locus for this status of quiddity. On the other hand, searching in Mulla Sadra’s works shows us that although in his teaching method – that in early stage as far as possible he walks in with the ancients and agrees with them – sometimes he accepts a kind of status regardless of existence for quiddity but when he speaks from his own true position with an emphasis on his principles, he negates any thingness independent of existence for quiddity and accepts no status for it except as a shadow in relation to existence.Therefore, on the one hand according to texts of Shaykh which we have at our hand does not confirm the place and qualifications Mulla Sadra accords to quiddity, and on the other hand the fundamentals of Shaykh unlike that of Mulla Sadra does not demand such a necessity.

Our information expanse step by step and we are trying to discover unknown things. The progress of science is somehow surprising. Although scientifically progresses is useful for human societies, but some thinkers beliefs that it causes the negligence to spirituality. The most important question which people have been encountered is whether or not humankind himself can link with spiritual world? Is it possible to demonstrate a special world which is not material?Another important question is whether or not any relationship between scientific results and the world of spirituality? Is there any relationship between miracles, munificence, weird, nonmaterial, and psychic subjects? Does holy book verify news which comes from an unusual and nonmaterial world? Does it verify surreptitious things which some spiritual people are talking about?Finally, if there any relation, what kind of relationship is between spirituality and these metaphysical phenomena?This research is a positive answer to above questions. There are close relationship between psychic phenomena and the world which Quran talks about as a surreptitious world. According to Quran, they are linking together in a way that even believing to metaphysical and nonmaterial world is somehow necessary.

End stage patient control and autonomy are core principles in human bio-medical ethics and key components of end-of-life (EOL) care. Albeit, according to modern medical ethics principles the centrality of the patient as decision maker may not be relevant to culturally diverse groups of end stage people. The purpose of this article is to present results of a literature review of end stage patient control and their family position within the context of end of life support. The review revealed that the interaction between medical control and ethical values in end of life support is multifaceted and unpredictable. According to the recommendations of American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine End-of-Life Consensus Panel and some other world class medical and ethical societies, culturally effective end of life support includes the following essential elements;•acceptance of and respect for cultural differences among all end stage patients •willingness to negotiate and compromise when world views differ •understanding of one's own values and biases •contact and communication skills that enhance empathy •information of the cultural practices of patient groups should be seen on a regular basis; and •attention that all patients are individuals and may not share the same views as others within their own ethnic groupAccording to the above description, applicants identified five domains of quality end of life support:1.receiving adequate pain control; 2.avoiding inappropriate prolongation of the dying process; 3.achieving a sense of control; 4.relieving burden on loved ones; and 5.strengthening relationships We emphasize that, despite above mentioned points and advices maintaining a sense of control is an essential element in the end of life support for some individuals, further study of the interplay between ethnicity, desire for control, and achieving a good death is needed.

Referring to the Holy Book of Islam, the Quran, we observe that the background of psychological operations dates back to the time before which man descended onto the earth. In fact, based on his oath, Satan has been seeking to mislead man since the beginning of man’s creation. Hence, psychological operations begin paratemporally with Satan’s disobeying God's command and gradually continue during history, especially during the time of the great prophets and the infallible Imams (a.s.). The series of articles entitled "A Review of Psychological Operations in Islam" seeks to study the emergence and development of psychological operations from the standpoint of Quranic verses, narrations, hadiths and other Islamic research sources. The historical research approach on psychological operations gives prominence to concentration on the psychological dimensions in the whole range of individual and social facets of man’s life from a religious perspective.

Referring to the Holy Book of Islam, the Quran, we observe that the background of psychological operations dates back to the time before which man descended onto the earth. In fact, based on his oath, Satan has been seeking to mislead man since the beginning of man’s creation. Hence, psychological operations begin paratemporally with Satan’s disobeying God's command and gradually continue during history, especially during the time of the great prophets and the infallible Imams (a.s.). The series of articles entitled "A Review of Psychological Operations in Islam" seeks to study the emergence and development of psychological operations from the standpoint of Quranic verses, narrations, hadiths and other Islamic research sources. The historical research approach on psychological operations gives prominence to concentration on the psychological dimensions in the whole range of individual and social facets of man’s life from a religious perspective.

Baba Taher Hamadani is one of the most well-known Persian poets of the fifth century. Researchers have not paid attention to him and his poetry as much as he really deserves. This is due to the fact that his poetry does not share anything with the courtly poetry of his age, and thus, was bereft of all materialistic possessions. Despite this, one should not forget that general public recite and remember a lot of his poems.The aim of this paper is to study three aspects of this poet’s influence on the succeeding poets, particularly those belonging to the Iraqi style era: incorporation, verbal, and semantic similarities. Even if we accept that these similarities are “connotative,” they indicate that Baba Taher’s thoughts and ideas have affected, and been employed by, other succeeding poets.

Lack of nutritional knowledge is one of the most important reasons of nutritional problems and consequently im proper practice, which can lead to several complications. This study has been designed in order to compare knowledge, at ti tude and practices of the urban and rural households regarding iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in Boushehr, Golestan and Sis tan & Balouchestan provinces in 2004. The sampling method at household''s level in each province was the single-stage cluster sampling with equal size clus ters. The necessary data were gathered with a structured questionnaire and via the interviews between the questioners and the eligible people in each household. Comparison of frequency of variables between urban and rural areas were tested by chi square test. A total of 2306 households were selected as overall sample size. In urban areas, people recognized iron food sources better than rural areas. Knowledge level of respondents about vulnerable group for IDA and the favorite attitude of house holds toward IDA were better in urban areas of Sistan & Blouchestan and Golestan provinces. In Sistan & Ba louchestan and Golestan, rural households who drank tea immediately before or after meal was more than urban ones. The ma jor ity of preg nant and lactating mothers (except for rural areas of Bushehr) did not take iron supplement regularly. Less than 60 percent of children used iron drop regularly. Knowledge, attitude, and practice levels of households toward IDA were not acceptable. One of the best ways of improving nutritional practice is nutritional education with focus on applying available food resources.

The people of Arabian Peninsula have been partially and slightly familiar with unifying religions prior to Islam such as Hanifiyat, Judaism, Christianity, Sābaeyat, and Zoroastrian (Majusyat). It is bit natural that religious thought has had reflections in the poems of the era of Ignorance era, at least in some aspects. By investigating some of the poems, this study attempts to represent samples of religious thought in that era.Religious thought appears in the forms of numerous subjects in the poetry of ignorance i.e. God (Allah) and his characteristics such as Knowledge and Power, Justice, and Eternity, etc. Also other religious thought and beliefs concerning reliance, Judgment and destiny, religious stories and, mottos, prohibited months, holy places, the customs of hajj such as Ehram (limiting oneself to specified affairs), Talbieh (Here am I, yes), circumambulation (of the Kaaba) and victimizing etc.

Islamic philosophers have chosen different approaches to define philosophy such as subject-centered, method-centered, goal-centered, question-centered and a combinational approach. The goal-centered definitions are either unpractical and vast or cannot distinguish between philosophical and non-philosophical matters. The method-centered definitions do not exclude non-philosophical matters as well. The subject-centered definitions are practical and determinative but they have other problems. Thus the new Islamic wisdom or the insider wisdom tries to find a new definition and structure for philosophy through human’s incorporated being.

Quran is a linguistic text which God descended to the Great Prophet of Islam (PBUH) through the angel of revelation, the honest Gabriel, to guide the faithful people who accepted this invitation. Since it is a linguistic text and is descended in a certain geographical area, it is founded on the language of the Prophet’s tribe which is Arabic. Quran is descended to institute a new culture and fight against the ignorant culture of the time. What is the relation between Quran and the Arab culture of the time of descent? Some believe the birthplace of Quran’s text is the Arab culture therefore it is based on this culture. And because it has used the Arab concepts and acknowledgements, it is a guest of the Arab culture. However most Muslim scholars believe that not only it has not been affected by the Arab culture, rather it is descended to create a grate effect on it and reform the bases of this culture. This article will inspect the two approaches to Quran’s text and its birthplace.

Some writers consider revelation as a kind of inspiration and poem and religious experience resulted from the culture of the corresponding age. This is somehow that one cannot attribute epistemological truth to it. These writers also attribute this perspective to Muslim philosophers. This article will try to prove that the Islamic philosopher’s understandings of revelation, including the philosophy of the Lyceum and philosophy of Illumination and the transcendental philosophy, are completely in opposition with the theory of considering Quranic and Resali revelation as religious experience and poem [created be Prophet]. They consider revelation as a Divine truth. Therefore the Divine revelation takes place when a prophet passes the stages of potential intellect and habitual intellect and actualized intellect and reaches to acquired intellect and communicates with the Active Intellect. However Prophet is never considered as the subject creator of revelation according to the perspective of Muslim philosophers. Another subject mentioned here is how are the particular and general revelations created which are explained according to the perspectives of Ibn-Sina, Sheikh Ishraqh and Molla-Sadra.

Different religion’s scholars have diverse views about provability of God’s existence. Some not also believe the possibility of provability of God, but have also represented different demonstrations to prove their claim. The demonstration based on miracle and unordinary events is one of the demonstrations used by western scholars to prove God. Molla Ahmad Naraqi has also used this demonstration in his Anis-ol-Movahhedin. While explaining the expositions of late Naraqi, John Hospers, John Hick and Javadi Amoli, this article explains some queries of the critics and their answers.