parastoo karimi

Counter-discourses with religious, mythological and metaphorical motifs are among the most diverse counter-discourses in the novel Jazire sargardani. The novel Jazire sargardani by Daneshvar is one of the socio-political novels after the Islamic Revolution, in which the author was able to examine the social forces and intellectual developments of the revolution generation, taking into account the conditions of Iran in the 1950s, and give a realistic picture of Iran's social situation. In this novel, to express ideologies such as the ideology of freedom, westernization, conflict and class divide, seeking justice, etc., the scholar has been influenced by Quranic verses, hadiths, national stories-mythologies and metaphorical antidotes. Investigating the types and methods of deepening and intellectual, semantic and cultural development of counter-discourses and their structure is essential for better understanding of the narratives; Therefore, in this research, the reflection of religious, mythological and epic counter-discourses in the novel Jazire sargardani has been investigated with a descriptive-analytical method. The emerging data show that in some cases, the author has used pods to emphasize or justify discourses or to convince and persuade his audience. For example, to oppose Westernization, while some characters consider following the West and imitating it as the only way out of problems, using Quranic verses reminds Iranian Islamic culture, or to express the concept of seeking justice from the story of Bahram Khorramdin and the epic. Ashura has benefited. By this method, he strengthens and supports critical discourses.

 Sufi behavior and character is not limited to one or more specific aspects, because in their behavioral system, many special and even unique customs can be seen, and adherence to them was sometimes considered as a condition of Sufiism. This behavior of ours also appeared in Sufi living areas, including in the way of living and making a living, which sometimes forced them to wander and wander. The main purpose of this essay is to investigate and analyze the behavior of flaner as one of the behaviors of Sufis in Attar"s Masnavis and Molana"s Masnavi and to analyze and explain Attar"s and Molana"s views in this regard.

 The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical based on library studies and document analysis.

 The findings of the research indicate that Attar and Molana do not have a positive view of flaner and begging and if begging and poverty are praised in some verses and anecdotes of these two mystical poets, the meaning of poverty. God is the only one who is truly in need; Both Attar and Molana are opponents of tyranny, unemployment, and begging as a type of abnormal social behavior.

 The results of the research show that Attar and Molana do not consider Tawakkul as the permission of begging and roaming dervishes and others, and they are strongly against begging for a living based on egoism and gluttony. Attar"s approach in Elahinameh is more critical than his other Masnavies, and Molana has condemned flaner in many ways in the six books of Masnavies.

In literary studies, metaphor is considered as the basic element of creativity and a characteristic expression of the author's artistic individuality. Metaphor can be used by writers in various social contexts to support the basic propositions and beliefs of a specific ideology or point of view. Every social context contains a dominant ideology and several subordinate ideologies. In the battle between these ideologies in social contexts, metaphors play an important role. Fauconnier and Turner (1995) raised a new issue in cognitive linguistics and metaphor by showing that all metaphors are not made from matching the source and target domains, as proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). According to Fauconnier and Turner (1999), mental spaces are small conceptual domains that are created in a person's mind while speaking or thinking. Contemporary novels, including Shahrnūsh Pārsipur’s The Dog and the Long Winter (Sag va Zemestan Boland) are more appropriate and opt to be viewed from this theoretical point, due to their metaphorical language and the proximity of their language to the metaphorical pole; they are free from the limitations governing some formal types of literature such as classical poetry and technical prose. The current research is a theoretical in the sense that it is library-based and the data is investigate via the descriptive-analytical method. To this end, Pārsipur’s novel was carefully studied, and its metaphors were thoroughly extracted. Then, all the metaphors were described and analyzed in order to determine the conceptual domain used in the construction of their mental spaces. The findings revealed that the conceptual domains used in the metaphors of The Dog and the Long Winter play a role in the construction of the mental spaces proposed in the theory of Fauconnier and Turner. The metaphors were classified in terms of eight group as follows:  ontological metaphors (phenomenal or material), characterizing metaphors, directional metaphors for positive and negative entities, structural metaphors (the conceptual domain of objects, body parts, and the concept of life, natural phenomena and animals). In general, it can be said that, in all constructed metaphors, the use of conceptual domains in the construction of metaphors and conveying specific meanings to the audience has been done intentional.

Critical discourse analysis is an approach that examines language as a form of social function and emphasizes the reproduction of social and political power through text and dialogue. One of the types of discourse analysis is critical discourse, which tries to systematically explore the unknown relationships between texts, events, discourse practices and structures, the relationships of cultural and social processes at a wide level. In this research, the discourses related to the ideology of "freedom" in the novel "Dog and Long Winter" have been investigated with the descriptive-analytical method and by referring to Fairclough's critical model, the level of influence and the set of tricks used by the author to express his ideological goals are determined. The purpose of the author of this research is to discover the natural implied propositions that have an ideological meaning and are used in the discourses related to the hegemony of freedom in the novel "Long Dog and Winter". Perhaps a large number of these assumptions (for example, the use of metaphors, symbols, or the selection of words specific to female writers, etc.) have become completely natural, and people are generally unaware of their existence; The emerging data show that all the elements of the novel - including "title selection", "repetition", a large number of negative words against positive words, the gray theme of the novel, metaphors, the author's perspective, the context of the situation, etc. coherent, they contribute to the presentation of the ideological concept of "freedom".

This study aims to evaluate and compare coastline displacement and erosion intensity on the Caspian Sea's southern shores in the largest ports of Northern Iran, including Amirabad, Fereydunkenar, Nowshahr, Anzali, and Astara. Landsat satellite images were used to estimate the morphological status of the coasts in terms of erosion, sedimentation characteristics, diversity of existing coastal landforms, and changes in the GIS environment were used by digital coastline analysis software (DSAS) over the years 1995 to 2021. It has been indicated that the southern shores of the Caspian Sea differed in how they responded to the construction of port structures and Caspian Sea level (CSL) changes, and the areas of Amirabad and Astara ports had the highest displacements as well as accurate measurements of sedimentation and erosion rates, respectively. Given this situation, the beaches overlooking the ports of Nowshahr and Anzali have had significant changes in sedimentation, while the coast of Fereydunkenar had a very slow erosion rate. The northern ports of Iran, as well as changes in the Caspian Sea level (CSL), have direct physical impacts on the adjacent coasts. The management of concentrated sediment resources on the coast is a reliable solution to reducing erosion rate very effectively and the use of sand resources to mitigate coast erosion.

Influenced by European literature, constitutionalist intellectuals began to critique past literature in a revolutionary way; moreover, in order to establish "literary democracy," they called for literature that would serve to awaken people and bring about political change. Confrontation with Europe is the main cultural issue in the constitutional period. The attitude of the traditional Iranian society towards the European civilization caused the intellectual awakening of the intellectuals and the adoption of a new attitude towards politics and culture. Fascination with Western civilization and uncritical treatment of its effects made the humiliation of Iran's cultural heritage seem like a kind of modernism. With the arrival of Western culture in Iran, some believed that moving towards Western models could elevate Iranian society and return it to its former greatness. Imitating the West, they made reforms (Westernization) because they believed the prosperity of Iranian society could result from a comprehensive imitation of the West, so they tried to follow the example of the West in form/content (Westernization). But the third group, by emphasizing the system of indigenous values, Islamic-Iranian culture, etc., found a principled solution to achieve progress. In this study, we have tried to identify the discourse of "westernization" in the novel "Dog and Long Winter" by Shahrnush Parsipur, with political, social and ideological issues, and to explain the production of each discourse. Also, the complex structure of textual production, linguistic features and metalanguage effective in creating this work have been examined based on the method of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis.

In the last decade, the use of remote sensing has played an important role in identifying and assessing natural disasters, especially floods. Among these techniques, the Support Vector Machine algorithm (SVM) and Change Detection technique can be mentioned. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of these techniques in determining the effects of flood in Gori Belmak Wetland and Poldokhtar triple wetlands in the north of Molab and outlet of Poldokhtar watersheds in Lorestan Province, which was faced with flood in April 2019. The land use maps of the region were prepared by applying supervised classification method and the SVM on the Landsat 8 satellite image in the 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019. Validation of the maps and techniques using indicators of kappa and overall accuracy, showed the high accuracy of maps prepared. The kappa coefficient was calculated to be 0.87, 0.84, 0.83 and 0.87 for the maps of the studied years and the overall accuracy was 90.02, 89.51, 88.11 and 90.32, respectively. By extracting the water class, the changes that occurred on the water body of the wetlands were detected. The results showed that Gori Belmak Wetland, undergo extensive changes due to reasons such as drought in 2015, increase of 112.08 ha of surrounding arable lands between 2013 and 2019, as well as topographic features, especially lower slope than the three wetlands. In 2019, with the storage of flood, this wetland increased to 47.08 ha compared to 2017 and reached an area of 146.15 ha. The similarity of the results obtained in this study with the results of the research conducted in the study area by the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (EMS) and the Geoinformatics Unit research team on the flood of 2019 indicates the high accuracy of the used techniques and results of the present research.

One of the important issues about narration is the narrative sequence and the role of causal factors in fiction planning. The causal relationships of narrative creator, especially in our educational literature, are formed in relation to the various themes of society. In this article, we have tried to study the causal relations and dominant themes in Saadi's narrative as well as his way of solving the riddle of the anecdotes. The dominant causal relationships in Boostan's anecdotes as a teaching and ethical text were factors such as the culture and ideologies of society, ethical features, mystical discourse. Also, the presence of typographic characters in the narrative design was examined. Saadi's narrative in explaining the causal relations of his story is often the formation of a dialogue that solves the narrative's plot. The founding of the story based on these themes reflects Saadi's attention as a moral teacher to various social issues. The relationship between the structure and content for the boostan is triggered.

Wetlands are some of the most important ecosystems on Earth. They play a key role in alleviating floods and filtering polluted water and also provide habitats for many plants and animals. Wetlands also interact with climate change. Over the past 50 years, wetlands have been polluted and declined dramatically as land cover has changed in some regions. Remote sensing has been the most useful tool to acquire spatial and temporal information about wetlands. In this paper, digital processing of satellite images was used to investigate the trend of water level changes in this wetland Therefore, for this purpose, ETM + and OLI sensor images related to 2017 and 2000 were obtained from USGS database and processed by image classification (ML) method. Image processing accuracy of both periods based on kappa coefficient was more than 70%. The results of comparing the water body of the wetland in the two periods show a significant increase in water level in the cold season in the wetland and has a significant relationship with rainfall in the region. Due to the lack of ground information related to the condition of the wetland in the first period of the field study, the method used in the present study was able to monitor the changes in the wetland with relatively appropriate accuracy.

Many ancient Iranian stories are artistically emblazoned by poets as well as painters and artists. The story of Bahram Gur’s hunting trip with his slave girl- Kanizak- is among a number of anecdotes about the life of the Sassanid king that has been told differently by various sources. Comparisons of the details have taken distinct art forms and descriptions. With poets like Ferdowsi and Nezami, who have chronicled the diversities and common grounds of this subject; we are able to appreciate the effect and the possible influence of their poems on the art forms. In this research, which was based on descriptive and comlerative methods, after further review of Ferdowsi and Nezami’s expressions of the story of Bahram and Azadeh, the related images have been categorized in two parts: the pre-Islamic artifacts/relics and the Islamic period. Images depicted in ceramic, metal, and tile works were separately evaluated and noted to correspond with the lyrical works.It is also shown that this anecdote has been famous during a long period in a vast area. The resemblance between details in Ferdowsi’s descriptions and pre-Islamic images suggests the likelihood of error in dating those artworks or the probability that Ferdosi had access to images as the resource. About the Islamic period it is shown that Ferdosi’s narration of this story has been more famous than other narrations including Nizami’s.

In Nezami’s poems, particularly Haft Peikar and Eskandarnameh, colors get a symbolic aspect in many cases. Regarding what Nezami himself mentioned about each color and what has been declared in psychology of colors, it has been attempted to propose an interpretation for some symbols of poems. Moreover, in his works, a reference has been made to faith and Islam by green, celestial aspects by blue, exultation by yellow, enthusiasm and attempting for triumph by red, innocence and sublimity by black and all the negative aspects of this color and his view about blacks. In addition, albeit it has been determined that Nezami symbolizes good omen by light brown in Haft Peikar, he doesn’t consider this specific color to imply such concept per se.